政府推动背景下森林碳汇项目农户参与的制约因素研究
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摘要
本文以四川省2个典型森林碳汇项目区670户参与农户为样本,基于嵌入式社会结构理论,利用结构方程模型对森林碳汇项目农户参与程度进行分析,研究发现:农户营林造林技术落后难以满足碳汇林建设、林地准入标准严格限制大量林地资源投入、社区非正式组织功能弱化而正式组织发展不足是导致农户参与程度较低的3个主要原因。因而,提升农户营林造林技术、降低林地准入标准、推动林业类合作社等社区正式组织发展是提升农户参与程度的重要措施。当然,林地面积、劳动力以及收入水平等资源禀赋和社会资本也是影响农户参与程度的重要方面。
670 rural households which participated in two typical Forest Carbon Sequestration Projects(Afforestation and reforestation project under the Clean Development Mechanism) driven by government in Sichuan Province as samples and using Structural Equation Model, we researched the factors that restrict the farmers' participation on the basis of Embedded Social Structure Theory. The results of the study show that there are three important reasons leading to low degree of farmers' participation. Firstly, It is difficult to meet the strict requirements of the construction of carbon sequestration forest because of the backwardness of afforestation technology of farmers; And then, firm admittance criterion of forest land makes the forest land which many households have the right of contracted management can not be included in the Forest Carbon Sequestration Project. Finaly, there are no demonstration organizations that can drive the households to participate in Forest Carbon Sequestration Project because of weakening of the function of the informal organization and insufficient development of the formal organization in the community. Therefore, there are three important measures to increase the degree of farmers' participation. Improving farmers' afforestation and forestation technology by carrying out technical training, reducing forest land access standards by optimizing the organization structure of Forest Carbon Sequestration Project, and promoting the development of community organizations such as forestry cooperatives. At the same time, Resource endowment such as the area of forest land, the structure of family labors and the level of income, and social capital such as the relationship network, the degree of trust of the government and the degree of trust of the villagers also affect farmers' willingness and abilities to participate in Forest Carbon Sequestration Projects to a certain extent, although almost all of the forest carbon sequestration projects are now driven by the government.
670 rural households which participated in two typical Forest Carbon Sequestration Projects(Afforestation and reforestation project under the Clean Development Mechanism) driven by government in Sichuan Province as samples and using Structural Equation Model, we researched the factors that restrict the farmers' participation on the basis of Embedded Social Structure Theory. The results of the study show that there are three important reasons leading to low degree of farmers' participation. Firstly, It is difficult to meet the strict requirements of the construction of carbon sequestration forest because of the backwardness of afforestation technology of farmers; And then, firm admittance criterion of forest land makes the forest land which many households have the right of contracted management can not be included in the Forest Carbon Sequestration Project. Finaly, there are no demonstration organizations that can drive the households to participate in Forest Carbon Sequestration Project because of weakening of the function of the informal organization and insufficient development of the formal organization in the community. Therefore, there are three important measures to increase the degree of farmers' participation. Improving farmers' afforestation and forestation technology by carrying out technical training, reducing forest land access standards by optimizing the organization structure of Forest Carbon Sequestration Project, and promoting the development of community organizations such as forestry cooperatives. At the same time, Resource endowment such as the area of forest land, the structure of family labors and the level of income, and social capital such as the relationship network, the degree of trust of the government and the degree of trust of the villagers also affect farmers' willingness and abilities to participate in Forest Carbon Sequestration Projects to a certain extent, although almost all of the forest carbon sequestration projects are now driven by the government.
引文
[1]黄宰胜,陈钦.基于碳汇视角的碳汇林业发展对策分析[J].林业经济,2015,(11):86-89.[Huang Z S,Chen Q.The proposal analysis of carbon sequestration forestry based on carbon sequestration perspective[J].Forestry Economics,2015,(11):86-89.]
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[3]刘永富.打好扶贫攻坚战全面建成小康社会[N].光明日报,2014-10-17(10).[Liu Y F.Build a Well-Off Society and Build a Well-Off Society in an All-Round Way[N].Guangming Daily,2014-10-17(10).]
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[6]Perez C,Roncoli C,Neely C,et al.Can carbon sequestration markets benefit low-income producers in semi-arid Africa?Potentials and challenges[J].Agricultural Systems,2007,94(1):2-12.
[7]Cacho O J,Marshall G R,Milne M.Transaction and abatement costs of carbon-sink projects in developing countries[J].Environment and Development Economics,2005,10(5):597-614.
[8]明辉,漆雁斌,李阳明,等.林农有参与林业碳汇项目的意愿吗-以CDM林业碳汇试点项目为例[J].农业技术经济,2015,(7):102-113.[Min H,Qi Y B,Li Y M,et al.Does the forest farmers have the desire to participate in the forestry carbon sequestration project-taking CDM forestry carbon sequestration pilot project as an example[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2015,(7):102-113.]
[9]杨帆,曾维忠,张维康,等.林农森林碳汇项目持续参与意愿及其影响因素[J].林业科学,2016,52(7):138-147.[Yang F,Zeng W Z,Zhang W K,et al.Foresters’constant participation willingness and affecting factors in forest carbon sequestration project[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2016,52(7):138-147.]
[10]王昭琪.农户参与林业碳汇意愿及影响因素动态分析-以云南省凤庆县、镇康县为例[J].中国林业经济,2014,(5):75-78.[Wang Z Q.Dynamic analysis on the farmers’willingness to participate in forestry carbon sequestration and influencing factorstaking Fengqing and Zhenkang in Yunnan as an example[J].China Forestry Economics,2014,(5):75-78.]
[11]宁可,沈月琴,朱臻.农户对森林碳汇认知及碳汇林经营意愿分析-基于浙江、江西、福建3省农户调查[J].北京林业大学学报(社会科学版),2014,13(2):63-69.[Ning K,Shen Y Q,Zhu Z.Analysis of rural households'cognition and management willingness of forest carbon sequestration:surveys of rural households in Zhejiang,Jiangxi and Fujian Provinces[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University(Social Sciencs),2014,13(2):63-69.]
[12]Benessaiah K.Carbon and livelihoods in Post-Kyoto:assessing voluntary carbon markets[J].Ecological Economics,2012,77(3):1-6.
[13]Antle J M,Stoorvogel J J.Payments for ecosystem services,poverty and sustainability:the case of agricultural soil carbon sequestration[J].Springer New York,2009,31:133-161.
[14]Benitez P,Mc Callum I,Obersteiner M,et al.Global Supply for Carbon Sequestration:Identifying Least-Cost Afforestation Site Sunder Country Risk Considerations[R].Laxenbur:II A-SA,IR-04-022,2004.
[15]Nhung N T H.Optimal Forest Management for Carbon Sequestration:A Case Study of Eucalyptus Urophylla and Acacia Mangium in Yen Bai Province,Vietnam[R].Singapore:EEPSEA Final Report,2009.
[16]朱臻,沈月琴,吴伟光,等.碳汇目标下农户森林经营最优决策及碳汇供给能力-基于浙江和江西两省调查[J].生态学报,2013,33(8):2577-2585.[Zhu Z,Shen Y Q,Wu W G,et al.Household optimal forest management decision and carbon supply:Case from Zhejiang and Jiangxi Provinces[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(8):2577-2585.]
[17]陈冲影.森林碳汇与农户生计-以全球第一个森林碳汇项目为例[J].世界林业研究,2010,23(5):15-19.[Chen C Y.Forestry carbon sequestration and local households'livelihoods:taking the first CDM forestry carbon project in the world as example[J].World Forestry Research,2010,23(5):15-19.]
[18]丁一,马盼盼.森林碳汇与川西少数民族地区经济发展研究-以四川省凉山彝族自治州平武县为例[J].农村经济,2013,(5):38-41.[Ding Y,Ma P P.The forest carbon sink and Sichuan economic development of minority areas in Yuexi County,Sichuan Yi Autonomous Prefecture,Liangshan Province as an example[J].Rural Economy,2013,(5):38-41.]
[19]黄颖利,聂佳.林农参与森林碳汇行为意向理论分析框架-基于TPB模型的视角[J].经济师,2013,(11):24-25.[Huang Y L,Nie J.The theoretical analysis framework of forest farmers'participation in forest carbon sequestration-based on the perspective of TPB model[J].China Economist,2013,(11):24-25.]
[20]乐章,涂丽.农村基层自治组织功能与农民政治参与程度-基于十省农户调查数据实证分析[J].经济与管理,2015,29(2):23-28.[Le Z,Tu L.Rural grassroots autonomous organizations'function and farmers'political participation-an empirical analysis based on the farmers'survey data of 10 provinces[J].Economy and Management,2015,29(2):23-28.]
[21]黄祖辉,刘西川,程恩江.贫困地区农户正规信贷市场低参与程度的经验解释[J].经济研究,2009,(4):116-128.[Huang Z H,Liu X C,Cheng E J.Explanations for the low participation rate in the formal credit market by rural households in the poor areas[J].Economic Research Journal,2009,(4):116-128.]
[22]郭瑜.需求与现实:农民工养老保险参与程度的影响因素分析-基于7城市数据的考察[J].农业技术经济,2010,(11):37-45.[Guo Y.Requirements and reality:endowment insurance participation and impact factors for rural migrant workers-inspection based on data from 7 cities[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2010,(11):37-45.]
[23]汪文雄,王文玲,朱欣,等.农地整理项目实施阶段农户参与程度的影响因素研究[J].中国土地科学,2013,(7):62-68.[Wang W X,Wang W L,Zhu X,et al.Impact factors on the willingness of farmers participating in farmland consolidation planning[J].China Land Sciences,2013,(7):62-68.]
[24]何钊,王秀兰,文高辉,等.城乡建设用地增减挂钩项目农户参与程度及其影响因素研究[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(4):233-238.[He Z,Wang X L,Wen G H,et al.Factors influencing rural households`participation degree in linkage between urban-land and rural-land giving area[J].Research of Soil and Water Conversation,2016,23(4):233-238.]
[2]龚亚珍,李怒云.中国林业碳汇项目的需求分析与设计思路[J].林业经济,2006,(6):36-38.[Gong Y Z,Li N Y.Demand analysis and path design of China forest carbon sequestration[J].Forestry Economics,2006,(6):36-38.]
[3]刘永富.打好扶贫攻坚战全面建成小康社会[N].光明日报,2014-10-17(10).[Liu Y F.Build a Well-Off Society and Build a Well-Off Society in an All-Round Way[N].Guangming Daily,2014-10-17(10).]
[4]曾维忠,刘胜,杨帆,等.扶贫视域下的森林碳汇研究综述[J].农业经济问题,2017,(2):102-109.[Zeng W Z,Liu S,Yang F,et al.A research review on poverty alleviation based on forest carbon sink projects[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2017,(2):102-109.]
[5]曾维忠,张建羽,杨帆.森林碳汇扶贫:理论探讨与现实思考[J].农村经济,2016,(5):17-22.[Zeng W Z,Zhang J Y,Yang F.Forest carbon sequestration poverty alleviation:theoretical discussion and practical thinking[J].Rural Economy,2016,(5):17-22.]
[6]Perez C,Roncoli C,Neely C,et al.Can carbon sequestration markets benefit low-income producers in semi-arid Africa?Potentials and challenges[J].Agricultural Systems,2007,94(1):2-12.
[7]Cacho O J,Marshall G R,Milne M.Transaction and abatement costs of carbon-sink projects in developing countries[J].Environment and Development Economics,2005,10(5):597-614.
[8]明辉,漆雁斌,李阳明,等.林农有参与林业碳汇项目的意愿吗-以CDM林业碳汇试点项目为例[J].农业技术经济,2015,(7):102-113.[Min H,Qi Y B,Li Y M,et al.Does the forest farmers have the desire to participate in the forestry carbon sequestration project-taking CDM forestry carbon sequestration pilot project as an example[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2015,(7):102-113.]
[9]杨帆,曾维忠,张维康,等.林农森林碳汇项目持续参与意愿及其影响因素[J].林业科学,2016,52(7):138-147.[Yang F,Zeng W Z,Zhang W K,et al.Foresters’constant participation willingness and affecting factors in forest carbon sequestration project[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2016,52(7):138-147.]
[10]王昭琪.农户参与林业碳汇意愿及影响因素动态分析-以云南省凤庆县、镇康县为例[J].中国林业经济,2014,(5):75-78.[Wang Z Q.Dynamic analysis on the farmers’willingness to participate in forestry carbon sequestration and influencing factorstaking Fengqing and Zhenkang in Yunnan as an example[J].China Forestry Economics,2014,(5):75-78.]
[11]宁可,沈月琴,朱臻.农户对森林碳汇认知及碳汇林经营意愿分析-基于浙江、江西、福建3省农户调查[J].北京林业大学学报(社会科学版),2014,13(2):63-69.[Ning K,Shen Y Q,Zhu Z.Analysis of rural households'cognition and management willingness of forest carbon sequestration:surveys of rural households in Zhejiang,Jiangxi and Fujian Provinces[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University(Social Sciencs),2014,13(2):63-69.]
[12]Benessaiah K.Carbon and livelihoods in Post-Kyoto:assessing voluntary carbon markets[J].Ecological Economics,2012,77(3):1-6.
[13]Antle J M,Stoorvogel J J.Payments for ecosystem services,poverty and sustainability:the case of agricultural soil carbon sequestration[J].Springer New York,2009,31:133-161.
[14]Benitez P,Mc Callum I,Obersteiner M,et al.Global Supply for Carbon Sequestration:Identifying Least-Cost Afforestation Site Sunder Country Risk Considerations[R].Laxenbur:II A-SA,IR-04-022,2004.
[15]Nhung N T H.Optimal Forest Management for Carbon Sequestration:A Case Study of Eucalyptus Urophylla and Acacia Mangium in Yen Bai Province,Vietnam[R].Singapore:EEPSEA Final Report,2009.
[16]朱臻,沈月琴,吴伟光,等.碳汇目标下农户森林经营最优决策及碳汇供给能力-基于浙江和江西两省调查[J].生态学报,2013,33(8):2577-2585.[Zhu Z,Shen Y Q,Wu W G,et al.Household optimal forest management decision and carbon supply:Case from Zhejiang and Jiangxi Provinces[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(8):2577-2585.]
[17]陈冲影.森林碳汇与农户生计-以全球第一个森林碳汇项目为例[J].世界林业研究,2010,23(5):15-19.[Chen C Y.Forestry carbon sequestration and local households'livelihoods:taking the first CDM forestry carbon project in the world as example[J].World Forestry Research,2010,23(5):15-19.]
[18]丁一,马盼盼.森林碳汇与川西少数民族地区经济发展研究-以四川省凉山彝族自治州平武县为例[J].农村经济,2013,(5):38-41.[Ding Y,Ma P P.The forest carbon sink and Sichuan economic development of minority areas in Yuexi County,Sichuan Yi Autonomous Prefecture,Liangshan Province as an example[J].Rural Economy,2013,(5):38-41.]
[19]黄颖利,聂佳.林农参与森林碳汇行为意向理论分析框架-基于TPB模型的视角[J].经济师,2013,(11):24-25.[Huang Y L,Nie J.The theoretical analysis framework of forest farmers'participation in forest carbon sequestration-based on the perspective of TPB model[J].China Economist,2013,(11):24-25.]
[20]乐章,涂丽.农村基层自治组织功能与农民政治参与程度-基于十省农户调查数据实证分析[J].经济与管理,2015,29(2):23-28.[Le Z,Tu L.Rural grassroots autonomous organizations'function and farmers'political participation-an empirical analysis based on the farmers'survey data of 10 provinces[J].Economy and Management,2015,29(2):23-28.]
[21]黄祖辉,刘西川,程恩江.贫困地区农户正规信贷市场低参与程度的经验解释[J].经济研究,2009,(4):116-128.[Huang Z H,Liu X C,Cheng E J.Explanations for the low participation rate in the formal credit market by rural households in the poor areas[J].Economic Research Journal,2009,(4):116-128.]
[22]郭瑜.需求与现实:农民工养老保险参与程度的影响因素分析-基于7城市数据的考察[J].农业技术经济,2010,(11):37-45.[Guo Y.Requirements and reality:endowment insurance participation and impact factors for rural migrant workers-inspection based on data from 7 cities[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2010,(11):37-45.]
[23]汪文雄,王文玲,朱欣,等.农地整理项目实施阶段农户参与程度的影响因素研究[J].中国土地科学,2013,(7):62-68.[Wang W X,Wang W L,Zhu X,et al.Impact factors on the willingness of farmers participating in farmland consolidation planning[J].China Land Sciences,2013,(7):62-68.]
[24]何钊,王秀兰,文高辉,等.城乡建设用地增减挂钩项目农户参与程度及其影响因素研究[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(4):233-238.[He Z,Wang X L,Wen G H,et al.Factors influencing rural households`participation degree in linkage between urban-land and rural-land giving area[J].Research of Soil and Water Conversation,2016,23(4):233-238.]