湖北省三峡库区畜禽养殖污染现状评价
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摘要
采用畜禽产排污系数估算出湖北省三峡库区2001—2014年畜禽粪便总量及COD、TN、TP的产生量,分析畜禽粪便对环境污染的情况,并对湖北省三峡库区的畜禽养殖的环境容量和污染风险进行评估。结果表明:(1)湖北省三峡库区的畜禽粪便主要来源于生猪。(2)2001—2014年湖北省三峡库区的畜禽粪便的猪粪当量和COD产生量均呈增长趋势,至2014年分别为316.2万t和28.0万t。(3)2001—2014年畜禽粪便TN和TP产生量均呈缓慢上升趋势,2014年的TN、TP耕地负荷分别为281.2、44.1 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),远高于欧盟的限量标准。(4)2001—2014各年湖北省三峡库区的实际养殖量均超过当年其环境容量的50%。2014年巴东县、夷陵区、兴山县和秭归县的实际养殖猪当量远超出其环境容量的50%,这些地区应严格控制畜禽养殖数量。
In this study,the production of livestock and poultry manure and the discharged amount of COD,nitrogen and phosphorus in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Hubei Province during 2001 to 2014 were estimated by the pollutant excretion coefficient of livestock and poultry so as to analyze the environmental pollution status. We also assessed the environmental capability and pollution risk of livestock and poultry husbandry in the study area. The results indicated that the production amount of livestock and poultry manure was mainly from pig. The livestock and poultry manure productions and COD productions were in a growing trend during 2001 to 2014,reaching 3162 and 28 thousand tons in 2014,respectively. Amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus from livestock manure showed a slowly increasing trend during 2001 to 2014. The average values of cropland loading of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients were 281. 2 kg ·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)( TN) and44.1 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)( TP) in 2014,which exceeded the EU's standard limitation( 170 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)for TN,and 35 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)for TP). The actual total amount of livestock and poultry in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Hubei Province was 50% more than the environmental capacity each year during 2001 to 2014. Especially,the number of livestock and poultry in Padang,Yiling,Xingshan and Zigui counties was far more than 50% of the environmental capacity in2014,suggesting that livestock and poultry breeding in these counties should be strictly controlled.
In this study,the production of livestock and poultry manure and the discharged amount of COD,nitrogen and phosphorus in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Hubei Province during 2001 to 2014 were estimated by the pollutant excretion coefficient of livestock and poultry so as to analyze the environmental pollution status. We also assessed the environmental capability and pollution risk of livestock and poultry husbandry in the study area. The results indicated that the production amount of livestock and poultry manure was mainly from pig. The livestock and poultry manure productions and COD productions were in a growing trend during 2001 to 2014,reaching 3162 and 28 thousand tons in 2014,respectively. Amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus from livestock manure showed a slowly increasing trend during 2001 to 2014. The average values of cropland loading of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients were 281. 2 kg ·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)( TN) and44.1 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)( TP) in 2014,which exceeded the EU's standard limitation( 170 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)for TN,and 35 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)for TP). The actual total amount of livestock and poultry in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Hubei Province was 50% more than the environmental capacity each year during 2001 to 2014. Especially,the number of livestock and poultry in Padang,Yiling,Xingshan and Zigui counties was far more than 50% of the environmental capacity in2014,suggesting that livestock and poultry breeding in these counties should be strictly controlled.
引文
蔡金洲,范先鹏,黄敏,等.2012.湖北省三峡库区农业面源污染解析.农业环境科学学报,31(7):1421-1430.
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董红敏,朱志平,黄宏坤,等.2011.畜禽养殖业产污系数和排污系数计算方法.农业工程学报,27(1):303-309.
耿维,胡林,崔建宇,等.2013.中国区域畜禽粪便能源潜力及总量控制研究.农业工程学报,29(1):171-179.
龚俊勇,彭小珍,廖新鱹.2011.广东省梅州市农地畜禽粪便环境风险评价.生态与农村环境学报,27(3)25-28.
李冬梅,姜翠玲,孙敏华.2014.河南省畜禽粪便污染及耕地负荷时空变化特征分析.四川环境,33(5):34-39.
廖青,黄东亮,江泽普,等.2013.广西畜禽粪便产生量估算及对环境影响评价.南方农业学报,44(4):627-631.
林源,马骥,秦富,等.2012.中国畜禽粪便资源结构分布及发展展望.中国农学通报,28(32):1-5.
刘安平,孙晓楠,杨东侠,等.2015.三峡库区生态屏障区畜禽养殖场污染风险评估及其治理对策研究.环境工程,33(S1):682-702.
莫海霞,仇焕广,王金霞,等.2011.我国畜禽排泄物处理方式及其影响因素.农业环境与发展,(6):59-64.
彭里,王定勇.2004.重庆市畜禽粪便年排放量的估算研究.农业工程学报,20(1):288-292.
任桂平,李平,高立洪,等.2014.三峡库区典型区域“土壤-作物”系统对畜禽粪便负荷能力的评价.西南农业学报,27(5):2055-2058.
沈根祥,汪雅谷,袁大伟.1994.上海市郊农田畜禽粪便负荷量及其警报与分级.上海农业学报,(10):6-11.
宋大平,庄大方,陈巍,等.2012.安徽省畜禽粪便污染耕地、水体现状及其风险评价.环境科学,33(1):110-116.
王家,夏颖,陈琼星,等.2014.兴山县香溪河流域农业面源污染现状分析.湖北农业科学,53(23):5724-5730.
王奇,陈海丹,王会.2011.基于土地氮磷承载力的区域畜禽养殖总量控制研究.中国农学通报,27(3):279-284.
王方浩,马文奇,窦争霞,等.2006.中国畜禽粪便产生量估算及环境效应.中国环境科学,26(5):614-617.
王晋虎,张德华,陈异晖,等.2011.星云湖流域畜禽粪便污染负荷及其环境影响.上海环境科学,30(1):12-17.
王丽婧,郑丙辉,李子成,等.2009.三峡库区及上游流域面源污染特征与防治策略.长江流域与环境,18(8):783-788.
杨自立,赵瑾,邵锦香.2008.耕地的畜禽粪尿肥分负荷量及其折算方法//中国畜牧兽医学会家畜生态学分会第七届全国代表大会暨学术研讨会论文集.中国畜牧兽医学会家畜生态学分会:382-386.
易秀,叶凌枫,刘意竹,等.2015.陕西省畜禽粪便负荷量估算及环境承受程度风险评价.干旱地区农业研究,33(3):205-210.
张东,徐盨,陈斌,等.2012.畜禽粪便沼气工程处理技术.浙江农业科学,20(2):223-227.
张克强,高怀友.2004.畜禽养殖业污染物处理与处置.北京:化学工业出版社.
张树清,张夫道,刘秀梅,等.2005.规模化养殖畜禽粪主要有害成分测定分析研究.植物营养与肥料学报,11(6):822-829.
张绪美,董元华,王辉,等.2007.中国畜禽养殖结构及其粪便N污染负荷特征分析.环境科学,28(6):1311-1318.
朱建春,张增强,樊志民,等.2014.中国畜禽粪便的能源潜力与氮磷耕地负荷及总量控制.农业环境科学学报,33(3):435-445.
Adeoti O,Ayelegun TA,Osho SO.2014.Nigeria biogas potential from livestock manure and its estimated climate value.Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,37:243-248.
Chadwick D,Sommer S,Thorman R,et al.2011.Manure management:Implications for greenhouse gas emissions.Animal Feed Science&Technology,166-167:514-531.
Ling G,Hu X.2016.The pollutants from livestock and poultry farming in China:Geographic distribution and drivers.Environmental Science&Pollution Research,23:1-14.
Ling Z,Yuan HD,Hui W.2010.Residues of veterinary antibiotics in manures from feedlot livestock in eight provinces of China.Science of the Total Environment,408:1069-1075.
Long C,Wang YJ,Zhou DM,et al.2004.Heavy metals pollution in poultry and livestock feeds and manures under intensive farming in Jiangsu Province,China.Journal of Environmental Sciences,16:371-374.
Noorollahi Y,Kheirrouz M,Asl HF,et al.2015.Biogas production potential from livestock manure in Iran.Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,50:748-754.
Paik C,Chung Y,Kim H.2016.Comparison of emission estimates for non-CO2greenhouse gases from livestock and poultry in Korea from 1990 to 2010.Animal Science Journal,87:612-623.
Peng L,Chen W,Li M,et al.2014.GIS-based study of the spatial distribution suitability of livestock and poultry farming:The case of Putian,Fujian,China.Computers&Electronics in Agriculture,108:183-190.
Qiang FU,Zhu Y,Kong Y,et al.2012.Spatial analysis and districting of the livestock and poultry breeding in China.Journal of Geographical Sciences,22:1079-1100.
Shin-Ichiro M,Dorothea KS,Eguchi S,et al.2012.Estimation of the amounts of livestock manure,rice straw,and rice straw compost applied to crops in Japan:A bottom-up analysis based on national survey data and comparison with the results from a top-down approach.Soil Science&Plant Nutrition,58:83-90.
Yang Q,Tian H,Li X,et al.2015.Spatiotemporal patterns of livestock manure nutrient production in the conterminous United States from 1930 to 2012.Science of the Total Environment,541:1592-1602.
陈景春,潘建华,罗林,等.2008.重庆三峡库区畜禽粪便污染研究.农业环境与发展,25(2):100-104.
董红敏,朱志平,黄宏坤,等.2011.畜禽养殖业产污系数和排污系数计算方法.农业工程学报,27(1):303-309.
耿维,胡林,崔建宇,等.2013.中国区域畜禽粪便能源潜力及总量控制研究.农业工程学报,29(1):171-179.
龚俊勇,彭小珍,廖新鱹.2011.广东省梅州市农地畜禽粪便环境风险评价.生态与农村环境学报,27(3)25-28.
李冬梅,姜翠玲,孙敏华.2014.河南省畜禽粪便污染及耕地负荷时空变化特征分析.四川环境,33(5):34-39.
廖青,黄东亮,江泽普,等.2013.广西畜禽粪便产生量估算及对环境影响评价.南方农业学报,44(4):627-631.
林源,马骥,秦富,等.2012.中国畜禽粪便资源结构分布及发展展望.中国农学通报,28(32):1-5.
刘安平,孙晓楠,杨东侠,等.2015.三峡库区生态屏障区畜禽养殖场污染风险评估及其治理对策研究.环境工程,33(S1):682-702.
莫海霞,仇焕广,王金霞,等.2011.我国畜禽排泄物处理方式及其影响因素.农业环境与发展,(6):59-64.
彭里,王定勇.2004.重庆市畜禽粪便年排放量的估算研究.农业工程学报,20(1):288-292.
任桂平,李平,高立洪,等.2014.三峡库区典型区域“土壤-作物”系统对畜禽粪便负荷能力的评价.西南农业学报,27(5):2055-2058.
沈根祥,汪雅谷,袁大伟.1994.上海市郊农田畜禽粪便负荷量及其警报与分级.上海农业学报,(10):6-11.
宋大平,庄大方,陈巍,等.2012.安徽省畜禽粪便污染耕地、水体现状及其风险评价.环境科学,33(1):110-116.
王家,夏颖,陈琼星,等.2014.兴山县香溪河流域农业面源污染现状分析.湖北农业科学,53(23):5724-5730.
王奇,陈海丹,王会.2011.基于土地氮磷承载力的区域畜禽养殖总量控制研究.中国农学通报,27(3):279-284.
王方浩,马文奇,窦争霞,等.2006.中国畜禽粪便产生量估算及环境效应.中国环境科学,26(5):614-617.
王晋虎,张德华,陈异晖,等.2011.星云湖流域畜禽粪便污染负荷及其环境影响.上海环境科学,30(1):12-17.
王丽婧,郑丙辉,李子成,等.2009.三峡库区及上游流域面源污染特征与防治策略.长江流域与环境,18(8):783-788.
杨自立,赵瑾,邵锦香.2008.耕地的畜禽粪尿肥分负荷量及其折算方法//中国畜牧兽医学会家畜生态学分会第七届全国代表大会暨学术研讨会论文集.中国畜牧兽医学会家畜生态学分会:382-386.
易秀,叶凌枫,刘意竹,等.2015.陕西省畜禽粪便负荷量估算及环境承受程度风险评价.干旱地区农业研究,33(3):205-210.
张东,徐盨,陈斌,等.2012.畜禽粪便沼气工程处理技术.浙江农业科学,20(2):223-227.
张克强,高怀友.2004.畜禽养殖业污染物处理与处置.北京:化学工业出版社.
张树清,张夫道,刘秀梅,等.2005.规模化养殖畜禽粪主要有害成分测定分析研究.植物营养与肥料学报,11(6):822-829.
张绪美,董元华,王辉,等.2007.中国畜禽养殖结构及其粪便N污染负荷特征分析.环境科学,28(6):1311-1318.
朱建春,张增强,樊志民,等.2014.中国畜禽粪便的能源潜力与氮磷耕地负荷及总量控制.农业环境科学学报,33(3):435-445.
Adeoti O,Ayelegun TA,Osho SO.2014.Nigeria biogas potential from livestock manure and its estimated climate value.Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,37:243-248.
Chadwick D,Sommer S,Thorman R,et al.2011.Manure management:Implications for greenhouse gas emissions.Animal Feed Science&Technology,166-167:514-531.
Ling G,Hu X.2016.The pollutants from livestock and poultry farming in China:Geographic distribution and drivers.Environmental Science&Pollution Research,23:1-14.
Ling Z,Yuan HD,Hui W.2010.Residues of veterinary antibiotics in manures from feedlot livestock in eight provinces of China.Science of the Total Environment,408:1069-1075.
Long C,Wang YJ,Zhou DM,et al.2004.Heavy metals pollution in poultry and livestock feeds and manures under intensive farming in Jiangsu Province,China.Journal of Environmental Sciences,16:371-374.
Noorollahi Y,Kheirrouz M,Asl HF,et al.2015.Biogas production potential from livestock manure in Iran.Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,50:748-754.
Paik C,Chung Y,Kim H.2016.Comparison of emission estimates for non-CO2greenhouse gases from livestock and poultry in Korea from 1990 to 2010.Animal Science Journal,87:612-623.
Peng L,Chen W,Li M,et al.2014.GIS-based study of the spatial distribution suitability of livestock and poultry farming:The case of Putian,Fujian,China.Computers&Electronics in Agriculture,108:183-190.
Qiang FU,Zhu Y,Kong Y,et al.2012.Spatial analysis and districting of the livestock and poultry breeding in China.Journal of Geographical Sciences,22:1079-1100.
Shin-Ichiro M,Dorothea KS,Eguchi S,et al.2012.Estimation of the amounts of livestock manure,rice straw,and rice straw compost applied to crops in Japan:A bottom-up analysis based on national survey data and comparison with the results from a top-down approach.Soil Science&Plant Nutrition,58:83-90.
Yang Q,Tian H,Li X,et al.2015.Spatiotemporal patterns of livestock manure nutrient production in the conterminous United States from 1930 to 2012.Science of the Total Environment,541:1592-1602.