猪粪有机肥施用对潮土速效养分含量及团聚体分布的影响
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摘要
针对集约化养殖畜禽粪便无序排放产生的环境问题,采用连续2年的盆栽试验,以猪粪有机肥为研究对象,设计5个有机肥施用水平(0、6.7、13.3、26.7、40.0 g·kg~(-1)土),研究了猪粪有机肥施用对潮土有机碳、速效养分含量及土壤团聚体分布的影响,为畜禽粪便田间消纳和合理施用提供理论依据。研究结果表明,土壤中有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均随有机肥施用量的增加而呈现逐渐升高趋势,且第二年土壤中各指标增加更加明显,第二年施肥处理各速效养分含量分别比第一年高2.7%~54.0%、6.7%~34.6%、36.8%~159.5%、20.3%~35.7%;土壤有机碳含量与外源有机碳投入量之间存在着显著的线性关系,有机肥施用可以显著提高生菜产量,且具有明显的后效作用。2年试验中,土壤团聚体以0.053~0.25 mm和<0.053 mm小团聚体所占比例较大,且随有机肥施用量增加呈现降低趋势,而0.25~0.5 mm和>0.5 mm大团聚体含量却随有机肥施用量增加呈升高趋势,可见,施用有机肥可促进大团聚体的形成,在有机肥施加量为40.0 g·kg~(-1)土时,土壤中>0.25 mm团聚体的含量最高,土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GWD)最大,土壤的团聚化作用最强,土壤结构最稳定。
This paper focuses on environmental risk caused by livestock manure disorderly discharged from integrated livestock and poultry industry. 2-year pot experiment was carried out to study the effects of pig manure organic fertilizer on fluvo-aquic soil organic carbon,available nutrient content and soil aggregate distribution, which designed in 5 levels of organic fertilizer application(0, 6.7, 13.3, 26.7, 40.0g·kg~(~(-1))soil). The results showed that the organic carbon, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available P and available K contents in soil were enhanced with organic fertilizer application increasing, and the indicators of soil were increased significantly in second year, such as organic carbon content was 2.7%~54.0% higher than that of the first year, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content was higher 6.7%~34.6%, available P content was higher 36.8%~159.5% and available K content was higher 20.3%~35.7%. There was a significant linear relationship between soil organic carbon content and external organic carbon input. Organic fertilizer application could significantly improve lettuce yield, and it had a significant effect. The soil micro-aggregate contents for 0.053~0.25 mm and <0.053 mm took a larger percentage of total soil aggregates, and showed a decreasing trend with organic fertilizer application increasing, while the contents of 0.25 ~0.5 mm and >0.5 mm soil macro-aggregates were increased with organic fertilizer application increasing. Organic fertilizer application could promote soil macro-aggregates formation, when the pig manure organic fertilizer applied 40.0 g·kg~(-1)soil, the contents of >0.25 mm soil aggregates reached maximum, and also the mean weight diameter(MWD)and geometric average diameter(GWD)of soil aggregates were higher than that of other treatments,the soil agglomeration became more stronger and the soil structure became more stable.
This paper focuses on environmental risk caused by livestock manure disorderly discharged from integrated livestock and poultry industry. 2-year pot experiment was carried out to study the effects of pig manure organic fertilizer on fluvo-aquic soil organic carbon,available nutrient content and soil aggregate distribution, which designed in 5 levels of organic fertilizer application(0, 6.7, 13.3, 26.7, 40.0g·kg~(~(-1))soil). The results showed that the organic carbon, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available P and available K contents in soil were enhanced with organic fertilizer application increasing, and the indicators of soil were increased significantly in second year, such as organic carbon content was 2.7%~54.0% higher than that of the first year, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content was higher 6.7%~34.6%, available P content was higher 36.8%~159.5% and available K content was higher 20.3%~35.7%. There was a significant linear relationship between soil organic carbon content and external organic carbon input. Organic fertilizer application could significantly improve lettuce yield, and it had a significant effect. The soil micro-aggregate contents for 0.053~0.25 mm and <0.053 mm took a larger percentage of total soil aggregates, and showed a decreasing trend with organic fertilizer application increasing, while the contents of 0.25 ~0.5 mm and >0.5 mm soil macro-aggregates were increased with organic fertilizer application increasing. Organic fertilizer application could promote soil macro-aggregates formation, when the pig manure organic fertilizer applied 40.0 g·kg~(-1)soil, the contents of >0.25 mm soil aggregates reached maximum, and also the mean weight diameter(MWD)and geometric average diameter(GWD)of soil aggregates were higher than that of other treatments,the soil agglomeration became more stronger and the soil structure became more stable.
引文
[1]李江涛,钟晓兰,赵其国.畜禽粪便施用对稻麦轮作土壤质量的影响[J].生态学报,2011,31(10):2837-2845.LI Jiang-tao,ZHONG Xiao-lan,ZHAO Qi-guo.Enhancement of soil quality in a rice-wheat rotation after long-term application of poultry litter and livestock manure[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(10):2837-2845.(in Chinese)
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[5]赵红,袁培民,李季,等.施用有机肥对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响[J].土壤,2011,43(2):306-311.ZHAO Hong,YUAN Pei-min,LI Ji,et al.Effects of organic manure application on stability of soil aggregates[J].Soils,2011,43(2):306-311.(in Chinese)
[6]胡宁,娄翼来,梁雷.保护性耕作对土壤有机碳、氮储量的影响[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(1):22-26.HU Ning,LOU Yi-lai,LIANG Lei.Soil organic C and N stocks as affected by the conservation tillage[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(1):22-26.(in Chinese)
[7]Dexter A R.Advances in characterization of soil structure[J].Soil&Tillage Research,1988,11:199-238.
[8]Yoder R E.A direct method of aggregate analysis of soils and a study of the physical nature of erosion losses[J].Journal of the American Society of Agronomy,1936,28:337-351.
[9]杨苞梅,李国良,姚丽贤,等.有机肥施用模式对蔬菜产量、品质及土壤酶活性的影响[J].土壤通报,2011,42(1):70-76.YANG Bao-mei,LI Guo-liang,YAO Li-xian,et al.Effects of organic fertilizer application pattern on the vegetable yield,quality and soil enzyme activity[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2011,42(1):70-76.(in Chinese)
[10]黄东风,王果,李卫华,等.不同施肥方式对蔬菜地蔬菜生长、氮肥利用率及氮素流失的影响[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(3):631-638.HUANG Dong-feng,WANG Guo,LI Wei-hua,et al.Effects of different fertilization modes on vegetable growth,fertilizer nitrogen utilization,and nitrogen loss from vegetable field[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(3):631-638.(in Chinese)
[11]龚伟,颜晓元,蔡祖聪,等.长期施肥对小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤颗粒有机碳和氮的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(11):2375-2381.GONG Wei,YAN Xiao-yuan,CAI Zu-cong,et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on soil particulate organic carbon and nitrogen in a wheatmaize cropping system[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(11):2375-2381.(in Chinese)
[12]黄绍敏,宝德俊,皇甫湘荣,等.小麦-玉米轮作制度下潮土硝态氮的分布及合理施氮肥研究[J].土壤与环境,1999,8(4):271-273.HUANG Shao-min,BAO De-jun,HUANGPU Xiang-rong,et al.Study on distribution of nitrate-N in Chao soil and reasonable application of N fertilizer under the group rotation system of winter wheat and corn[J].Soil and Environmental Sciences,1999,8(4):271-273.(in Chinese)
[13]马常宝,卢昌艾,任意,等.土壤地力和长期施肥对潮土区小麦和玉米产量演变趋势的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(4):796-802.MA Chang-bao,LU Chang-ai,REN Yi,et al.Effect of soil fertility and long-term fertilizer application on the yields of wheat and maize in fluvo-aquic soil[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,18(4):796-802.(in Chinese)
[14]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:25.BAO Shi-dan.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000:25.(in Chinese)
[15]Vanavel C H M.Mean weight-diameter of soil aggregates as a statistical index of aggregation[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1949,14:20-23.
[16]Mazurak A P.Effect of gaseous phase on water-stable synthetic aggregates[J].Soil Science,1950,69:135-148.
[17]Nimmo J R,Perkins K S.Methods of soil analysis,Part 4:Physical methods[M].Madison Wisconsin,USA:Soil scienee Society of America.Inc.2002:317-328.
[18]文倩,关欣.土壤团聚体形成的研究进展[J].干旱区研究,2004,21(4):434-438.WEN Qian,GUAN Xin.Progress in the study on soil aggregate formation[J].Arid Zone Research,2004,21(4):434-438.(in Chinese)
[19]宋哲岳.施加畜禽养殖废弃物对土壤有机碳累积与迁移的影响[D].临安:浙江农林大学,2012.SONG Zhe-yue.Effects of animal faeces wastes amendment on accumulate and migration of organic carbon in soil[D].Lin′an:Zhejiang A&F University,2012.(in Chinese)
[20]聂佳如.有机肥与化肥配施对土壤养分的影响研究[J].环境科学与管理,2016,41(9):52-55.NIE Jia-ru.Influence of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on soil nutrients[J].Environmental Science and Management.2016,41(9):52-55.(in Chinese)
[21]张贵龙,赵建宁,宋晓龙,等.施肥对土壤有机碳含量及碳库管理指数[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(2):359-365.ZHANG Gui-long,ZHAO Jian-ning,SONG Xiao-long,et al.Effects of fertilization on soil organic carbon and carbon pool management index[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,18(2):359-365.(in Chinese)
[22]Zhang W J,Xu M G,Wang X J,et al.Effects of organic amendments on soil carbon sequestration in paddy fields of subtropical China[J].Journal of Soils Sediments,2012(4):457-470.
[23]李轶群,牛富兰,张存岭,等.砂姜黑土连续培肥对作物产量和土壤养分含量的影响[J].安徽农学通报,2005,11(2):41-44,53.LI Yi-qun,NIU Fu-lan,ZHANG Cun-ling,et al.Effect of continuous fertilization on crop yield and soil nutrient content in sandy soil[J].Anhui Agricultural Science Bullenin,2005,11(2):41-44,53.(in Chinese)
[24]杨如萍,郭贤仕,吕军峰,等.不同耕作和种植模式对土壤团聚体分布及稳定性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(1):252-256.YANG Ru-ping,GUO Xian-shi,L譈Jun-feng,et al.Affects of distribution and stability on soil aggregate in different patterns of tillage and cropping[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(1):252-256.(in Chinese)
[25]彭新华,张斌,赵其国.红壤侵蚀裸地植被恢复及土壤有机碳对团聚体稳定性的影响[J].生态学报,2003,23:2176-2183.PENG Xin-hua,ZHANG Bin,ZHAO Qi-guo.Effect of soil organic carbon on aggregate stability after vegetative restoration on severely eroded red soil[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23:2176-2183.(in Chinese)
[26]Guber A K,Pachepsky Y A,Levkovsky E V.Fractal mass size scaling of wetting soil aggregates[J].Ecological Modeling,2005,182:317-322.
[27]霍琳,武天云,蔺海明,等.长期施肥对黄土高原旱地黑垆土水稳性团聚体的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(3):545-550.HUO Lin,WU Tian-yun,LIN Hai-ming,et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on water-stable aggregates in calcic kastanozem of Loess Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(3):545-550.(in Chinese)
[28]路磊,李忠佩,车玉萍.不同施肥处理对黄泥土微生物生物量碳氮和酶活性的影响[J].土壤,2006,38(3):309-314.LU Lei,LI Zhong-pei,CHE Yu-ping.Effects of different fertilization treatments on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities in HapliStagnic Anthrosols[J].Soils,2006,38(3):309-314.(in Chinese)
[29]高飞,贾志宽,韩清芳,等.有机肥不同施用量对宁南土壤团聚体粒级分布和稳定性的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(3):101-106.GAO Fei,JIA Zhi-kuan,HAN Qing-fang,et al.Effects of different organic fertilizer treatments on distribution and stability of soil aggregates in the semiarid area of South Ningxia[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2010,28(3):101-106.(in Chinese)
[2]龚俊勇,彭小珍,廖新俤.广东省梅州市农地畜禽粪便环境风险评价[J].生态与农村环境学报,2011,27(3):25-28.GONG Jun-yong,PENG Xiao-zhen,LIAO Xin-di.Risk assessment of livestock manure in Meizhou area of Guangdong[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2011,27(3):25-28.(in Chinese)
[3]Han J Ko,Ki Y Kim,Hyeon T Kim,et al.Evaluation of maturity parameters and heavy metal contents in composts made from animal manure[J].Waste Management,2008,28(5):813-820.
[4]王成贤,石德智,沈超峰,等.畜禽粪便污染负荷及风险评估:以杭州市为例[J].环境科学学报,2011,31(11):2562-2569.WANG Cheng-xian,SHI De-zhi,SHEN Chao-feng,et al.Pollution load and risk assessment of livestock manure:A case study in Hangzhou[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2011,31(11):2562-2569.(in Chinese)
[5]赵红,袁培民,李季,等.施用有机肥对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响[J].土壤,2011,43(2):306-311.ZHAO Hong,YUAN Pei-min,LI Ji,et al.Effects of organic manure application on stability of soil aggregates[J].Soils,2011,43(2):306-311.(in Chinese)
[6]胡宁,娄翼来,梁雷.保护性耕作对土壤有机碳、氮储量的影响[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(1):22-26.HU Ning,LOU Yi-lai,LIANG Lei.Soil organic C and N stocks as affected by the conservation tillage[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(1):22-26.(in Chinese)
[7]Dexter A R.Advances in characterization of soil structure[J].Soil&Tillage Research,1988,11:199-238.
[8]Yoder R E.A direct method of aggregate analysis of soils and a study of the physical nature of erosion losses[J].Journal of the American Society of Agronomy,1936,28:337-351.
[9]杨苞梅,李国良,姚丽贤,等.有机肥施用模式对蔬菜产量、品质及土壤酶活性的影响[J].土壤通报,2011,42(1):70-76.YANG Bao-mei,LI Guo-liang,YAO Li-xian,et al.Effects of organic fertilizer application pattern on the vegetable yield,quality and soil enzyme activity[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2011,42(1):70-76.(in Chinese)
[10]黄东风,王果,李卫华,等.不同施肥方式对蔬菜地蔬菜生长、氮肥利用率及氮素流失的影响[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(3):631-638.HUANG Dong-feng,WANG Guo,LI Wei-hua,et al.Effects of different fertilization modes on vegetable growth,fertilizer nitrogen utilization,and nitrogen loss from vegetable field[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(3):631-638.(in Chinese)
[11]龚伟,颜晓元,蔡祖聪,等.长期施肥对小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤颗粒有机碳和氮的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(11):2375-2381.GONG Wei,YAN Xiao-yuan,CAI Zu-cong,et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on soil particulate organic carbon and nitrogen in a wheatmaize cropping system[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(11):2375-2381.(in Chinese)
[12]黄绍敏,宝德俊,皇甫湘荣,等.小麦-玉米轮作制度下潮土硝态氮的分布及合理施氮肥研究[J].土壤与环境,1999,8(4):271-273.HUANG Shao-min,BAO De-jun,HUANGPU Xiang-rong,et al.Study on distribution of nitrate-N in Chao soil and reasonable application of N fertilizer under the group rotation system of winter wheat and corn[J].Soil and Environmental Sciences,1999,8(4):271-273.(in Chinese)
[13]马常宝,卢昌艾,任意,等.土壤地力和长期施肥对潮土区小麦和玉米产量演变趋势的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(4):796-802.MA Chang-bao,LU Chang-ai,REN Yi,et al.Effect of soil fertility and long-term fertilizer application on the yields of wheat and maize in fluvo-aquic soil[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,18(4):796-802.(in Chinese)
[14]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:25.BAO Shi-dan.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000:25.(in Chinese)
[15]Vanavel C H M.Mean weight-diameter of soil aggregates as a statistical index of aggregation[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1949,14:20-23.
[16]Mazurak A P.Effect of gaseous phase on water-stable synthetic aggregates[J].Soil Science,1950,69:135-148.
[17]Nimmo J R,Perkins K S.Methods of soil analysis,Part 4:Physical methods[M].Madison Wisconsin,USA:Soil scienee Society of America.Inc.2002:317-328.
[18]文倩,关欣.土壤团聚体形成的研究进展[J].干旱区研究,2004,21(4):434-438.WEN Qian,GUAN Xin.Progress in the study on soil aggregate formation[J].Arid Zone Research,2004,21(4):434-438.(in Chinese)
[19]宋哲岳.施加畜禽养殖废弃物对土壤有机碳累积与迁移的影响[D].临安:浙江农林大学,2012.SONG Zhe-yue.Effects of animal faeces wastes amendment on accumulate and migration of organic carbon in soil[D].Lin′an:Zhejiang A&F University,2012.(in Chinese)
[20]聂佳如.有机肥与化肥配施对土壤养分的影响研究[J].环境科学与管理,2016,41(9):52-55.NIE Jia-ru.Influence of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on soil nutrients[J].Environmental Science and Management.2016,41(9):52-55.(in Chinese)
[21]张贵龙,赵建宁,宋晓龙,等.施肥对土壤有机碳含量及碳库管理指数[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(2):359-365.ZHANG Gui-long,ZHAO Jian-ning,SONG Xiao-long,et al.Effects of fertilization on soil organic carbon and carbon pool management index[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,18(2):359-365.(in Chinese)
[22]Zhang W J,Xu M G,Wang X J,et al.Effects of organic amendments on soil carbon sequestration in paddy fields of subtropical China[J].Journal of Soils Sediments,2012(4):457-470.
[23]李轶群,牛富兰,张存岭,等.砂姜黑土连续培肥对作物产量和土壤养分含量的影响[J].安徽农学通报,2005,11(2):41-44,53.LI Yi-qun,NIU Fu-lan,ZHANG Cun-ling,et al.Effect of continuous fertilization on crop yield and soil nutrient content in sandy soil[J].Anhui Agricultural Science Bullenin,2005,11(2):41-44,53.(in Chinese)
[24]杨如萍,郭贤仕,吕军峰,等.不同耕作和种植模式对土壤团聚体分布及稳定性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(1):252-256.YANG Ru-ping,GUO Xian-shi,L譈Jun-feng,et al.Affects of distribution and stability on soil aggregate in different patterns of tillage and cropping[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(1):252-256.(in Chinese)
[25]彭新华,张斌,赵其国.红壤侵蚀裸地植被恢复及土壤有机碳对团聚体稳定性的影响[J].生态学报,2003,23:2176-2183.PENG Xin-hua,ZHANG Bin,ZHAO Qi-guo.Effect of soil organic carbon on aggregate stability after vegetative restoration on severely eroded red soil[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23:2176-2183.(in Chinese)
[26]Guber A K,Pachepsky Y A,Levkovsky E V.Fractal mass size scaling of wetting soil aggregates[J].Ecological Modeling,2005,182:317-322.
[27]霍琳,武天云,蔺海明,等.长期施肥对黄土高原旱地黑垆土水稳性团聚体的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(3):545-550.HUO Lin,WU Tian-yun,LIN Hai-ming,et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on water-stable aggregates in calcic kastanozem of Loess Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(3):545-550.(in Chinese)
[28]路磊,李忠佩,车玉萍.不同施肥处理对黄泥土微生物生物量碳氮和酶活性的影响[J].土壤,2006,38(3):309-314.LU Lei,LI Zhong-pei,CHE Yu-ping.Effects of different fertilization treatments on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities in HapliStagnic Anthrosols[J].Soils,2006,38(3):309-314.(in Chinese)
[29]高飞,贾志宽,韩清芳,等.有机肥不同施用量对宁南土壤团聚体粒级分布和稳定性的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(3):101-106.GAO Fei,JIA Zhi-kuan,HAN Qing-fang,et al.Effects of different organic fertilizer treatments on distribution and stability of soil aggregates in the semiarid area of South Ningxia[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2010,28(3):101-106.(in Chinese)