湿帘-风机系统对北京地区发酵床猪舍冬夏季舍内热环境和空气质量影响研究
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摘要
针对北京地区发酵床猪舍夏季热应激严重以及冬季通风不足的问题,试验在发酵床猪舍改造安装湿帘-风机负压通风降温系统,研究其对冬夏季节舍内热环境和空气质量的影响。结果表明:夏季在舍外日平均温度33.7℃时,与对照舍相比,妊娠试验舍和育肥试验舍内日平均温度分别低3.0℃和2.8℃(P<0.05),有效环境温度(EET)分别低10.0℃和9.8℃(P<0.01),猪只处于舒适区域而对照舍猪只处于热应激水平;在高温时刻14:00,妊娠试验舍内发酵床表面温度、母猪的呼吸频率和皮肤温度比妊娠对照舍分别低2.9℃、17.2次/min和1.6℃(P<0.05)。冬季在气温较高时段开启小风量风机短时间通风期间,试验舍内温度降低0.4~1.3℃,NH_3和CO_2浓度及细菌总数降低幅度分别为58.1%~71.2%、49.6%~53.5%和21.9%~36.0%;当舍内相对湿度>75%时机械通风后舍内PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)降低幅度分别为12.3%~20.0%和11.3%~24.9%,当舍内相对湿度<75%时机械通风会增加舍内的粉尘浓度。因此,发酵床猪舍使用湿帘-风机系统既能满足夏季降温通风的需要,还能在冬季潮湿环境中改善空气质量,但冬季在适宜的相对湿度条件下应控制较小的气流速度。
To cope with the problem of severe heat stress in summer and ineffective ventilation in winter for pig house with fermentation bed in Beijing area,a negative-pressure cooling pad-fan system was installed in pig house with fermentation bed to study the indoor heat environment and air quality after installation.The results show when outdoor daily average temperature was 33.7 ℃in summer,the daily average temperature in pregnancy and fattening pig houses were 3.0 ℃ and 2.8 ℃(P<0.05)lower than that of the control pig house,the effective environment temperature(EET)were 10.0℃and 9.8℃(P<0.01)lower respectively,the pigs were comfortable while pigs in control house were in stress;at 14:00 when the temperature is the highest,the surface temperature of fermentation bed,sow's respiratory frequency and skin temperature of pigs in pregnancy test house were 2.9℃,17.2 times/min and 1.6℃(P<0.05)lower than that in pregnancy control house.In winter when the temperature was comparatively high and the fan was operating for ventilation,the indoor temperature in test house dropped 0.4 to 1.3 ℃,the concentration of NH_3 and CO_2 as well as bacteria total count decreased by 58.1% to 71.2% ,49.6% to 53.5% and 21.9% to 36.0% ;when the indoor relative humidity was above 75% and the fan was operating,the indoor PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) dropped by 12.3% to 20.0% and 11.3% to 24.9% ,when the indoor relative humidity was below 75% ,the operation of fan would increase the dust concentration.Therefore,the pad-fan system in fermentation pig house can both meet the need of cooling and ventilation in summer,and improve the air quality of humid environment in winter,but small air speed is required under appropriate relative humidity in winter.
To cope with the problem of severe heat stress in summer and ineffective ventilation in winter for pig house with fermentation bed in Beijing area,a negative-pressure cooling pad-fan system was installed in pig house with fermentation bed to study the indoor heat environment and air quality after installation.The results show when outdoor daily average temperature was 33.7 ℃in summer,the daily average temperature in pregnancy and fattening pig houses were 3.0 ℃ and 2.8 ℃(P<0.05)lower than that of the control pig house,the effective environment temperature(EET)were 10.0℃and 9.8℃(P<0.01)lower respectively,the pigs were comfortable while pigs in control house were in stress;at 14:00 when the temperature is the highest,the surface temperature of fermentation bed,sow's respiratory frequency and skin temperature of pigs in pregnancy test house were 2.9℃,17.2 times/min and 1.6℃(P<0.05)lower than that in pregnancy control house.In winter when the temperature was comparatively high and the fan was operating for ventilation,the indoor temperature in test house dropped 0.4 to 1.3 ℃,the concentration of NH_3 and CO_2 as well as bacteria total count decreased by 58.1% to 71.2% ,49.6% to 53.5% and 21.9% to 36.0% ;when the indoor relative humidity was above 75% and the fan was operating,the indoor PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) dropped by 12.3% to 20.0% and 11.3% to 24.9% ,when the indoor relative humidity was below 75% ,the operation of fan would increase the dust concentration.Therefore,the pad-fan system in fermentation pig house can both meet the need of cooling and ventilation in summer,and improve the air quality of humid environment in winter,but small air speed is required under appropriate relative humidity in winter.
引文
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[11]盛清凯,赵红波,武英,等.夏季不同发酵床猪舍对猪生产性能的影响[J].家畜生态学报,2010,31(4):48-51.
[12]Jeppsson K H.Diurnal variation in ammonia,carbon dioxide and water vapour emission from an uninsulated,deep litter building for growing/finishing pigs[J].Biosystems Engineering,2002,81:213-224.
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[14]Thom E C.The discomfort index[J].Weatherwise,1959,12(2):57-61.
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[17]Ager B P,Tickner J A.The control of microbiological hazards associated with air-conditioning and ventilation systems[J].Annals of occupational hygiene,1983,27(4):341-358.
[18]Mount L E.The assessment of thermal environment in relation to pig production[J].Livestock Production Science,1975,2:381-392.
[19]吴中红.盘点发酵床养猪[J].猪业科学,2010(11):24-27.
[20]龚俊勇,廖新俤,杨平,等.南方夏季水帘降温系统对发酵床猪舍与传统猪舍空气质量的影响[J].养猪,2011(5):65-68.
[21]Wang Chaoyuan,Cao Wei,Li Baoming,et al.A fuzzy mathematical method to evaluate the suitability of an evaporative pad cooling system for poultry houses in China[J].Biosystems engineering,2008,101(3):370-375.
[22]Stephen Collet,Department of Population Health,University of Georgia.Poultry housing tips:without air movement evaporative cooling pads can increase bird heat stress[J].Poultry Housing Tips University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service,2009,21(10):1-12.
[23]Sada O,Reppo B.Indoor climate in pigsty with deep litter system in winter[J].Agronomy Research,2011,9(Special Issue):203-212.
[24]Lin X J,Cortus E L,Zhang R,et al.Ammonia,hydrogen sulfide,carbon dioxide and particulate matter emissions from California high-rise layer houses[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,46:81-91.
[2]Turner S P,Ewen M,Rooke J A,et al.The effect of space allowance on performance,aggression and immune competence of growing pigs housed on straw deep-litter at different group sizes[J].Livestock Production Science,2000,66(1):47-55.
[3]Philippea F X,Laitat M,Canart B,et al.Comparison of ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions during the fattening of pigs,kept either on fully slatted floor or on deep litter[J].Livestock science,2007,111:144-152.
[4]盛清凯,王诚,武英,等.冬季发酵床养殖模式对猪舍环境及猪生产性能的影响[J].家畜生态学报,2009,30(1):82-85.
[5]徐旨弘,王美芝,贾静,等.北京地区发酵床养猪方式冬夏季环境状况测试与分析[J].中国畜牧杂志,2013,49(5):66-71.
[6]罗创国,孙世铎,薛瑞超,等.发酵床养猪与水泥地面养猪效果比较[J].家畜生态学报,2010,31(4):52-56.
[7]符利辉,贺月林,陈微,等.益生菌发酵床养殖技术养猪效果研究[J].家畜生态学报,2010,31(3):41-45,75.
[8]Tam N F Y,Vrijmoed L L P.Effects of the inoculum size of a commercial bacterial product and the age of sawdust bedding on pig waste decomposition in a pig-on-litter system[J].Waste Management&Research,1993,11(2):107-115.
[9]Oliveira P A,Souloumiae D,Robin P,et al.Heat production by fattening pigs in deep-litter or conventional slatted floor systems[J].Annales de Zootechnie,1999,48:117-129.
[10]李娜,艾磊,沈晓昆,等.发酵床猪舍的环境管理[J].畜牧与兽医,2008,40(6):49-52.
[11]盛清凯,赵红波,武英,等.夏季不同发酵床猪舍对猪生产性能的影响[J].家畜生态学报,2010,31(4):48-51.
[12]Jeppsson K H.Diurnal variation in ammonia,carbon dioxide and water vapour emission from an uninsulated,deep litter building for growing/finishing pigs[J].Biosystems Engineering,2002,81:213-224.
[13]Fiegel J,Clarke R,Edwards D A.Airborne infectious disease and the suppression of pulmonary bioaerosols[J].Drug discovery today,2006,11(1):51-57.
[14]Thom E C.The discomfort index[J].Weatherwise,1959,12(2):57-61.
[15]National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA).Livestock hot weather stress:Operations Manual Letter C-31-76[G].National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration:Kansas City,MO,USA,1976.
[16]Baker J E.Effective environmental temperature[J].Journal of Swine Health and Production,2004,12(3):140-143.
[17]Ager B P,Tickner J A.The control of microbiological hazards associated with air-conditioning and ventilation systems[J].Annals of occupational hygiene,1983,27(4):341-358.
[18]Mount L E.The assessment of thermal environment in relation to pig production[J].Livestock Production Science,1975,2:381-392.
[19]吴中红.盘点发酵床养猪[J].猪业科学,2010(11):24-27.
[20]龚俊勇,廖新俤,杨平,等.南方夏季水帘降温系统对发酵床猪舍与传统猪舍空气质量的影响[J].养猪,2011(5):65-68.
[21]Wang Chaoyuan,Cao Wei,Li Baoming,et al.A fuzzy mathematical method to evaluate the suitability of an evaporative pad cooling system for poultry houses in China[J].Biosystems engineering,2008,101(3):370-375.
[22]Stephen Collet,Department of Population Health,University of Georgia.Poultry housing tips:without air movement evaporative cooling pads can increase bird heat stress[J].Poultry Housing Tips University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service,2009,21(10):1-12.
[23]Sada O,Reppo B.Indoor climate in pigsty with deep litter system in winter[J].Agronomy Research,2011,9(Special Issue):203-212.
[24]Lin X J,Cortus E L,Zhang R,et al.Ammonia,hydrogen sulfide,carbon dioxide and particulate matter emissions from California high-rise layer houses[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,46:81-91.