谁的乡村建设?——基于乡村建筑变迁的观察和思考
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摘要
在全面推进乡村振兴的大背景下,乡村建设正如火如荼地开展。其中,乡村建设中农民房屋建筑类型从特质性的"匠心独具"到同质性的"千村一面",再到异化性的"自厝同异"变迁路径,反映出传统文化的保护危机,也深刻揭示出建筑变迁背后暗藏的农民与地方政府间的多元矛盾和博弈。此问题的根源在于农民主体性被消解,成了被建构的对象或客体,而地方政府却不断强化构建主体的身份认同。事实上,当前乡村建设呈现出五种不同的价值取向:一是为城市消费者休闲情趣的乡村建设;二是为城市中产阶级家乡情感的乡村建设;三是为地方政府凸显政绩的乡村建设;四是为开发商投资回报的乡村建设;五是为农民生存利益的乡村建设。不同参与者均带着不同的利益诉求介入乡村建设,直接影响到乡村建设的发展走向。因此,要处理乡村建设中的矛盾和问题,必须强化农民在乡村建设中的主体意识和主体身份,赋予农民对乡村建设事务的话语权与决定权。
Under the background of comprehensively promoting rural revitalization,rural construction is in full swing.Among them,the rural construction of peasant housing types from the characteristics of the"ingenuity"to the homogeneous "one side of a thousand villages",and then to the alienation of the"self-similarities and differences"change path,reflects the protection crisis of traditional culture,and reveals the multiple contradictions and games between peasants and local governments hidden behind the architectural changes.The root of the problem is that the peasants' subjective has been dissolved and become the constructed object or object,while the local government has constantly strengthened the identity of the constructed subject.In fact,the current rural construction presents five different value orientations:first,rural construction for the leisure interests of urban consumers;second,rural construction for the emotional home of the urban middle class;third,rural construction for the local government to highlight political achievements;fourth,rural construction for the return on investment of developers;fifth,rural construction for the livelihood of farmers.Different participants are involved in rural construction with different interests,which directly affect the development trend of rural construction.Therefore,in order to deal with the contradictions and problems in rural construction,we must strengthen the peasants' subjective consciousness and identity in rural construction,and give peasants the right to speak and decide on rural construction affairs.
Under the background of comprehensively promoting rural revitalization,rural construction is in full swing.Among them,the rural construction of peasant housing types from the characteristics of the"ingenuity"to the homogeneous "one side of a thousand villages",and then to the alienation of the"self-similarities and differences"change path,reflects the protection crisis of traditional culture,and reveals the multiple contradictions and games between peasants and local governments hidden behind the architectural changes.The root of the problem is that the peasants' subjective has been dissolved and become the constructed object or object,while the local government has constantly strengthened the identity of the constructed subject.In fact,the current rural construction presents five different value orientations:first,rural construction for the leisure interests of urban consumers;second,rural construction for the emotional home of the urban middle class;third,rural construction for the local government to highlight political achievements;fourth,rural construction for the return on investment of developers;fifth,rural construction for the livelihood of farmers.Different participants are involved in rural construction with different interests,which directly affect the development trend of rural construction.Therefore,in order to deal with the contradictions and problems in rural construction,we must strengthen the peasants' subjective consciousness and identity in rural construction,and give peasants the right to speak and decide on rural construction affairs.
引文
[1]周乾松.新型城镇化过程中加强传统村落保护与发展的思考[J].长白学刊,2013(5):144-149.
[2]费孝通.乡土中国[M].北京:人民出版社,2008:108-109.
[3]贺雪峰.谁的乡村建设---乡村振兴战略的实施前提[J].探索与争鸣,2017(12):71-76.
[4]张立波,张奎.“文化兴镇”视野下非遗小镇发展路径探究[J].北京联合大学学报(人文社会科学版),2017(1):82-88.
[5]周超.日本对非物质文化遗产的法律保护[J].广西民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008(4):45-50.
[6]范可.全球化语境下的文化认同与文化自觉[J].世界民族,2008(2):1-7.
[7]袁承蔚,韦明顶.新型城镇化背景下贵州屯堡文化村落的保护与开发[J].贵州师范大学学报(社会科学版),2015(2):84-90.
(1)当地农民有原始的石头崇拜。用石建房,他们才能够在此安居繁衍;以石铺盖,他们才能得以安睡。石头寨农民开山取石造房之前,也需要备上雄鸡、刀头、烛、香、钱纸、谷子、利市等上山祭祀石头山神,希望房屋能被赐福。此外,农民会请算命先生看“风水”,选择依山傍水的福旺之地作为石头房宅基,这不仅避免了占用平地耕地,防止洪涝灾害,更是当地农民传统宇宙自然观的一种体现。
(2)笔者于2016年、2017年暑期先后两次前往贵州黔南州实地调研村落的保护与开发情况。
(1)例如《江苏省传统村落保护办法》《江西省传统村落保护条例》《福建省历史文化名城名镇名村和传统村落保护条例》《安徽省皖南古民居保护条例》《信阳市传统村落保护条例》《金华市传统村落保护条例(草案)》《绩溪县传统村落保护暂行办法》《恭城瑶族自治县传统村落保护条例》,等等。
(1)现在开发商对景区的开发模式大多采用产业联动商业模式。这种模式以旅游作为平台,利用旅游平台资源来开发相关的产业,从而获得比较多的收益。典型的农业旅游,除了获得旅游收益外,还有农业和农业加工的收益。内蒙古的牧业旅游也是比较典型的,投资商不仅发展旅游,还发展奶牛养殖业,形成互动,获得综合收益。
[2]费孝通.乡土中国[M].北京:人民出版社,2008:108-109.
[3]贺雪峰.谁的乡村建设---乡村振兴战略的实施前提[J].探索与争鸣,2017(12):71-76.
[4]张立波,张奎.“文化兴镇”视野下非遗小镇发展路径探究[J].北京联合大学学报(人文社会科学版),2017(1):82-88.
[5]周超.日本对非物质文化遗产的法律保护[J].广西民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008(4):45-50.
[6]范可.全球化语境下的文化认同与文化自觉[J].世界民族,2008(2):1-7.
[7]袁承蔚,韦明顶.新型城镇化背景下贵州屯堡文化村落的保护与开发[J].贵州师范大学学报(社会科学版),2015(2):84-90.
(1)当地农民有原始的石头崇拜。用石建房,他们才能够在此安居繁衍;以石铺盖,他们才能得以安睡。石头寨农民开山取石造房之前,也需要备上雄鸡、刀头、烛、香、钱纸、谷子、利市等上山祭祀石头山神,希望房屋能被赐福。此外,农民会请算命先生看“风水”,选择依山傍水的福旺之地作为石头房宅基,这不仅避免了占用平地耕地,防止洪涝灾害,更是当地农民传统宇宙自然观的一种体现。
(2)笔者于2016年、2017年暑期先后两次前往贵州黔南州实地调研村落的保护与开发情况。
(1)例如《江苏省传统村落保护办法》《江西省传统村落保护条例》《福建省历史文化名城名镇名村和传统村落保护条例》《安徽省皖南古民居保护条例》《信阳市传统村落保护条例》《金华市传统村落保护条例(草案)》《绩溪县传统村落保护暂行办法》《恭城瑶族自治县传统村落保护条例》,等等。
(1)现在开发商对景区的开发模式大多采用产业联动商业模式。这种模式以旅游作为平台,利用旅游平台资源来开发相关的产业,从而获得比较多的收益。典型的农业旅游,除了获得旅游收益外,还有农业和农业加工的收益。内蒙古的牧业旅游也是比较典型的,投资商不仅发展旅游,还发展奶牛养殖业,形成互动,获得综合收益。