乡村旅游影响下的农户可持续生计研究——以秦巴山区安康市为例
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摘要
本文基于山区乡村旅游发展特征建立农户可持续生计水平综合评价模型,实地调查并分析乡村旅游影响下的秦巴山区农户生计状况,以及不同地理单元农户生计结果差异。结果表明:(1)乡村旅游业发展提高了山区农户自适应能力和生计保障程度,扶贫效果较为显著,参与旅游发展的农户可持续生计发展水平总体优于全区平均水平;(2)调查点农户的生计资本得到增加,但五大资本中社会资本值低较,农户可获得的社会资源有限;(3)四类乡村旅游地农户(即,秦巴山区中心城区依托型、大中城市近郊型、景区依托型和边远型乡村旅游地)生计资本结构存在差异,大中城市近郊型乡村旅游地农户的金融资本、社会资本和物质资本与乡村旅游形成良好互动,农户可持续生计总体结果优于其他类型乡村旅游地;(4)农户社区组织的建构对增加和拓展农户的生计资产具有积极的影响。研究可为贫困山区农户生计发展、扶贫及乡村旅游发展等相关政策的制定提供参考。
Based on the sustainable livelihoods framework of DFID,an integrated rural sustainable livelihoods evaluation model was set up,along with the rural livelihoods status,and livelihood outcomes in different locations impacted by tourism in Ankang of Qinling and Daba mountainous areas were studied in the paper. The results were as follows:( 1) Rural tourism in mountainous areas had helped to improve the adaptive ability and livelihood level for local farmers. Pro-poor tourism had achieved significant effects. The sustainable livelihoods level of tourism-involved farmers was better than those in other areas in Ankang.( 2) The total livelihood assets increased in the surveyed areas,but social capitals kept to a low level for limited social resources.( 3) Among four different rural tourism destinations,( i. e.,city centre-based destination,large and medium-sized city suburb destination,scenic spot adjacent destination,and destination in remote area),farmers in large and medium-sized city suburb rural tourism destination achieved greater financial,social and physical capital,and this kind of rural tourism destination exceled above the other destinations with an overall preferable livelihood outcome.( 4) Construction of a rural community organization had positive effects to increase farmers' livelihood assets. The research conclusion provided reference proposals for policy-making to rural livelihoods development,poverty alleviation,and rural tourism in impoverished mountainous areas.
Based on the sustainable livelihoods framework of DFID,an integrated rural sustainable livelihoods evaluation model was set up,along with the rural livelihoods status,and livelihood outcomes in different locations impacted by tourism in Ankang of Qinling and Daba mountainous areas were studied in the paper. The results were as follows:( 1) Rural tourism in mountainous areas had helped to improve the adaptive ability and livelihood level for local farmers. Pro-poor tourism had achieved significant effects. The sustainable livelihoods level of tourism-involved farmers was better than those in other areas in Ankang.( 2) The total livelihood assets increased in the surveyed areas,but social capitals kept to a low level for limited social resources.( 3) Among four different rural tourism destinations,( i. e.,city centre-based destination,large and medium-sized city suburb destination,scenic spot adjacent destination,and destination in remote area),farmers in large and medium-sized city suburb rural tourism destination achieved greater financial,social and physical capital,and this kind of rural tourism destination exceled above the other destinations with an overall preferable livelihood outcome.( 4) Construction of a rural community organization had positive effects to increase farmers' livelihood assets. The research conclusion provided reference proposals for policy-making to rural livelihoods development,poverty alleviation,and rural tourism in impoverished mountainous areas.
引文
[1]贺爱琳,杨新军,陈佳,等.乡村旅游发展对农户生计的影响—以秦岭北麓乡村旅游地为例[J].经济地理,2014,34(12):174-181[HE Ailin,YANG Xinjun,CHEN jia,et al.Impact of rural tourism development on farmer’s livelihoods—a case study of rural tourism destinations in northern slop of Qinling Mountains[J].Economics Geography,2014,34(12)174-181]
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[10]刘毅,卢小君,田小芳.城镇化进程中农村被动移民的可持续生计分析——基于山西忻州市刘家塔镇的调查与思考[J].农村经济,2015(4):110-115[LIU Yi,LU Xiaojun,TIAN Xiaofang.A research on passive immigrants’sustainable livelihood in the progress of urbanization-a case study of Liujiata Town,Xinzhou of Shanxi Province[J].Rural Economy,2015(4):110-115]
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[12]何仁伟.山区聚落农户可持续生计发展水平及空间差异分析——以四川省凉山州为例[J].中国科学院大学学报,2014,31(2):221-230[HE Renwei.Evaluation and spatial difference analysis on sustainable livelihoods of peasant household in mountain settlement——a case study of Liangshan prefecture in Sichuan province[J].Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2014,31(2):221-230]
[13]王瑾,张玉钧,石玲.可持续生计目标下的生态旅游发展模式——以河北白洋淀湿地自然保护区王家寨社区为例[J].生态学报,2014,34(9):2388-2400[WANG Jin,ZHANG Yujun,SHI Ling.Evaluation index system of sustainable livelihoods ecotourism strategy——a case study of Wangjiazhai community in Baiyangdian wetland nature reserve,Hebei[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(9):2388-2400]
[14]李鑫,杨新军,陈佳,吴文恒.基于农户生计的乡村能源消费模式研究——以陕南金丝峡乡村旅游地为例[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(3):384-396[LI Xin,YANG Xinjun,CHEN Jia,et al.Research on rural energy consumption pattern based on farmers’livelihood——a case study in Jinsixia rural tourist destination[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(3):384-396]
[15]易俊卿,吴吉林,麻明友.传统村落乡村生态旅游对农户可持续生计影响研究——以张家界石堰坪村为例[J].旅游纵览(下半月),2015(10):90-91[YI Junqin,WU Jilin,MA Mingyou.Research on farmer’s sustainable livelihood affected by ecotourism in traditional village—a case study of Shiyanping Village in Zhangjiajie[J].Tourism Review,2015(10):90-91]
[16]姚娟,程路明,石晓平.新疆参与旅游业牧民生计资本研究——以喀纳斯和乌鲁木齐县南山生态旅游区为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2012,26(12):196-202[YAO Juan,CHENG Luming,SHI Xiaoping.Research on livelihood capital of the herdsmen to participating tourism in Xinjiang[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2012,26(12):196-202]
[17]李飞,杨栋,王厚全.农户可持续生计框架下的乡村旅游影响研究——以北京市大兴区梨花村为例[J].江苏农业科学,2012,40(8):405-407[LI Fei,YANG Dong,WANG Houquan.A research on rural tourism under farmers’livelihoods framework—a case study of Lihua Village,Daxing District,Beijing[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2012,40(8):405-407]
[18]张海盈,姚娟.参与旅游业发展的牧民可持续生计研究——以新疆喀纳斯景区和南山风景区为例[J].旅游研究,2013,23(1):46-51[ZHANG Haiying,YAO Juan.Research on sustainable livelihood of the herdsmen to participating in tourism development—A case study of Kanas scenic spot and Nanshan scenic area in Xinjiang[J].Tourism Research,2013,23(1):46-51]
[19]肖佑兴,明庆忠,李松志等.论乡村旅游的概念和类型[J].旅游科学,2001(3):8-10[XIAO Youxing,MING Qingzhong,LI Songzhi.On the concept and types of rural tourism[J].Tourism Science,2001(3):8-10]
[20]KOLLMAIR M,GAMPER J St.The sustainable livelihood approach[R].Input Paper for the Integrated Training Course of NCCR North-South Aeschiried,Switzerland,2002.
[21]ELLIS F.Household Strategies and Rural Livelihood Diversification.Journal of development studies,1998,35(1):1-38
[22]BLOCK S,WEBB P.The dynamics of livelihood diversification in post-famine Ethiopia[J].Food Policy,2001,26(4):333-350
[23]叶敬忠.创造变化的空间—农民发展创新的原动力研究[J].中国农村观察,2004(4):37-45[YE Jingzhong.Creating space for change[J].China Rural Survey,2004(4):37-45]
[24]卞显红,沙润,邹丽敏等.旅游与社区一体化发展[J].地域开发与研究,2005,24(5):71-76[BIAN Xianhong,SHA Run,ZHOU Limin,et al.Research on integrative development of tourism and community[J].Areal Research and Development,2005,24(5):71-76]
[2]SEN A.Poverty and famines:an essay on entitlement and deprivation[M].Oxford:Clarendon Press,1981:200-201
[3]CHAMBERS R,CONWAY G R.Sustainable rural livelihoods:practical concepts for the 21st century,IDS discussion paper[M].Brighton,England:Institute of Development Studies,1992:5-12
[4]DFID.Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets[M].London:Department for International Development,2000.68-125
[5]何仁伟,刘邵权,陈国阶,等.中国农户可持续生计研究进展及趋向[J].地理科学进展,2013,20(7):657-670[HE Renwei,LIU Shaoquan,CHEN Guojie,et al.Research progress and tendency of sustainable livelihoods for peasant household in China[J].Progress in Geography,2013,20(7):657-670]
[6]赵雪雁,郭芳,张丽琼,等.甘南高原农户生计可持续性评价[J].西北师范大学学报(自然科学版),2014,50(1):104-109[ZHAO Xueyan,GUO Fang,ZHANG Liqiong.The livelihood sustainability evaluation of the Gannan plateau[J].Journal of Northwest Normal University(Natural Science),2014,50(1):104-109]
[7]杨云彦,赵峰.可持续生计分析框架下农户生计资本的调查与分析—以南水北调(中线)工程库区为例[J].农业经济问题,2003,3:58-64[YANG Yunyan,ZHAO Feng.A Survey of farmers’livelihood capital in the framework of the sustainable livelihood approach:a case study of the reservoir zone of the south-to-north water transfer(Middle Line)project[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2003,3:58-64]
[8]MARTHA G R,杨国安.可持续发展研究方法国际进展——脆弱性分析方法与可持续生计方法比较[J].地理科学进展,2003,22(1):11-21[MARTHA G R,YANG Guoan.The International progress of sustainable development research:a comparison of vulnerability analysis and the sustainable livelihoods approach[J].Progress in Geography.2003,22(1):11-21]
[9]李金香,龚晓德,夏淑琴.退耕还林对农户可持续生计能力的影响—基于宁夏盐池县农户的调查[J].宁夏大学学报(自然科学版),2013,34(3):279-284[LI Jinxiang,GONG Xiaode,XIA Shuqin,et al.Influences of sloping land conversion program(SLCP)on the ability of rural households'sustainable livelihood—Based on the survey of Yanchi County in Ningxia[J].Journal of Ningxia University(Natural Science Edition),2013,34(3):279-284]
[10]刘毅,卢小君,田小芳.城镇化进程中农村被动移民的可持续生计分析——基于山西忻州市刘家塔镇的调查与思考[J].农村经济,2015(4):110-115[LIU Yi,LU Xiaojun,TIAN Xiaofang.A research on passive immigrants’sustainable livelihood in the progress of urbanization-a case study of Liujiata Town,Xinzhou of Shanxi Province[J].Rural Economy,2015(4):110-115]
[11]靳小怡,李成华,杜海峰,杜巍.可持续生计分析框架应用的新领域-农民工生计研究[J].当代经济科学,2011,33(3):103-109[JIN Xiaoyi,LI Chenghua,DU Haifeng,et al.New application of sustainable livelihoods frame work:research on livelihoods of rural-urban migrants[J].Modern Economic Science,2011,33(3):103-109]
[12]何仁伟.山区聚落农户可持续生计发展水平及空间差异分析——以四川省凉山州为例[J].中国科学院大学学报,2014,31(2):221-230[HE Renwei.Evaluation and spatial difference analysis on sustainable livelihoods of peasant household in mountain settlement——a case study of Liangshan prefecture in Sichuan province[J].Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2014,31(2):221-230]
[13]王瑾,张玉钧,石玲.可持续生计目标下的生态旅游发展模式——以河北白洋淀湿地自然保护区王家寨社区为例[J].生态学报,2014,34(9):2388-2400[WANG Jin,ZHANG Yujun,SHI Ling.Evaluation index system of sustainable livelihoods ecotourism strategy——a case study of Wangjiazhai community in Baiyangdian wetland nature reserve,Hebei[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(9):2388-2400]
[14]李鑫,杨新军,陈佳,吴文恒.基于农户生计的乡村能源消费模式研究——以陕南金丝峡乡村旅游地为例[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(3):384-396[LI Xin,YANG Xinjun,CHEN Jia,et al.Research on rural energy consumption pattern based on farmers’livelihood——a case study in Jinsixia rural tourist destination[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(3):384-396]
[15]易俊卿,吴吉林,麻明友.传统村落乡村生态旅游对农户可持续生计影响研究——以张家界石堰坪村为例[J].旅游纵览(下半月),2015(10):90-91[YI Junqin,WU Jilin,MA Mingyou.Research on farmer’s sustainable livelihood affected by ecotourism in traditional village—a case study of Shiyanping Village in Zhangjiajie[J].Tourism Review,2015(10):90-91]
[16]姚娟,程路明,石晓平.新疆参与旅游业牧民生计资本研究——以喀纳斯和乌鲁木齐县南山生态旅游区为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2012,26(12):196-202[YAO Juan,CHENG Luming,SHI Xiaoping.Research on livelihood capital of the herdsmen to participating tourism in Xinjiang[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2012,26(12):196-202]
[17]李飞,杨栋,王厚全.农户可持续生计框架下的乡村旅游影响研究——以北京市大兴区梨花村为例[J].江苏农业科学,2012,40(8):405-407[LI Fei,YANG Dong,WANG Houquan.A research on rural tourism under farmers’livelihoods framework—a case study of Lihua Village,Daxing District,Beijing[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2012,40(8):405-407]
[18]张海盈,姚娟.参与旅游业发展的牧民可持续生计研究——以新疆喀纳斯景区和南山风景区为例[J].旅游研究,2013,23(1):46-51[ZHANG Haiying,YAO Juan.Research on sustainable livelihood of the herdsmen to participating in tourism development—A case study of Kanas scenic spot and Nanshan scenic area in Xinjiang[J].Tourism Research,2013,23(1):46-51]
[19]肖佑兴,明庆忠,李松志等.论乡村旅游的概念和类型[J].旅游科学,2001(3):8-10[XIAO Youxing,MING Qingzhong,LI Songzhi.On the concept and types of rural tourism[J].Tourism Science,2001(3):8-10]
[20]KOLLMAIR M,GAMPER J St.The sustainable livelihood approach[R].Input Paper for the Integrated Training Course of NCCR North-South Aeschiried,Switzerland,2002.
[21]ELLIS F.Household Strategies and Rural Livelihood Diversification.Journal of development studies,1998,35(1):1-38
[22]BLOCK S,WEBB P.The dynamics of livelihood diversification in post-famine Ethiopia[J].Food Policy,2001,26(4):333-350
[23]叶敬忠.创造变化的空间—农民发展创新的原动力研究[J].中国农村观察,2004(4):37-45[YE Jingzhong.Creating space for change[J].China Rural Survey,2004(4):37-45]
[24]卞显红,沙润,邹丽敏等.旅游与社区一体化发展[J].地域开发与研究,2005,24(5):71-76[BIAN Xianhong,SHA Run,ZHOU Limin,et al.Research on integrative development of tourism and community[J].Areal Research and Development,2005,24(5):71-76]