不同水平男子百米运动员起跑加速三维技术研究
|
摘要
为了了解不同水平百米运动员起跑加速技术的差异,以及影响起跑加速跑技术的主要因素,通过文献资料法、三维高速摄像解析法,对6名一级运动员和7名二级运动员的起跑加速技术进行研究。结果表明:准备姿势时,一级运动员后侧腿膝关节角度要显著大于二级运动员,一级运动员重心离起跑线间水平距离更近,一、二级运动员身体重心与前侧腿脚趾关节间水平距离间不具有显著性差异;蹬离起跑器过程中,一级运动员时间百分比更小,位移百分比更大,表明一级运动员起跑蹬离起跑器过程中蹬伸加速效果更好;从第1步到第4步支撑腿蹬离地面瞬间,一级运动员重心水平速度更大,而重心垂直速度更小,一、二级运动员支撑腿髋关节角度介于166.45°～172.35°之间,一、二级之间不存在显著性;前4步支撑从着地时刻到离地时刻,一、二级运动员在着地支撑阶段伸髋幅度要大于伸膝幅度,而优秀运动员表现出了伸膝幅度更小而伸髋幅度更大的趋势。
In order to understand the difference acceleration technique of the sprint starts from different level sprinters and the main factors that affect the sprint starts,In this paper,we used the method of literature and high-speed three-dimensional kinematics analysis,The techniques of sprint starts between first class athletes and second class athletes were studied,The result showed that the knee joint angle of the rear leg of the first class athletes was significantly higher than that of the second class athletes,The center of gravity was closer to the starting line,there was no significant difference in the horizontal distance between the center of gravity and the toe joint of the front leg,In the process of push off the starting block,the percentage of time for first class athletes was smaller and the percentage of displacement was larger. It is shown that first class athletes did better during the starting block phase from the first step to the fourth step of the sprint push-off. The horizontal velocity of the first class athletes was higher,the vertical velocity of gravity is smaller,the hip joint Angle of athletes support leg between 166.45°and 172.35°,There was no significant between the first class athletes and the second class athletes. The first four steps support from the landing to the moment of push-off,the hip extensional degree at the landing stage more than the knee,and the better athletes showed a tendency to stretch their knees even smaller and to expand their hips.
In order to understand the difference acceleration technique of the sprint starts from different level sprinters and the main factors that affect the sprint starts,In this paper,we used the method of literature and high-speed three-dimensional kinematics analysis,The techniques of sprint starts between first class athletes and second class athletes were studied,The result showed that the knee joint angle of the rear leg of the first class athletes was significantly higher than that of the second class athletes,The center of gravity was closer to the starting line,there was no significant difference in the horizontal distance between the center of gravity and the toe joint of the front leg,In the process of push off the starting block,the percentage of time for first class athletes was smaller and the percentage of displacement was larger. It is shown that first class athletes did better during the starting block phase from the first step to the fourth step of the sprint push-off. The horizontal velocity of the first class athletes was higher,the vertical velocity of gravity is smaller,the hip joint Angle of athletes support leg between 166.45°and 172.35°,There was no significant between the first class athletes and the second class athletes. The first four steps support from the landing to the moment of push-off,the hip extensional degree at the landing stage more than the knee,and the better athletes showed a tendency to stretch their knees even smaller and to expand their hips.
引文
[1]马杰,王泽峰.我国百米男子运动员苏炳添起跑加速技术研究[J].山东体育学院学报,2017,33(2):92-97.
[2]王志强.技术模式与专项力量:短跑支撑摆动动作系统的生物力学研究[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2011:233-240.
[3]王保成.田径运动理论创新探索[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2003:36-43.
[4]MERO A,KUITUNEN S,HARLAND M,et al.Effects of muscle-ten?don length on joint moment and power during sprint starts[J].Journal of Sports Sciences,2006,24(2):165-173.
[5]HUNTER J,MARSHALL R,MCNAIR P.Interaction of step length and step rate during sprint running[J].Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,2004,36(2):261-271.
[6]MANN R,SPRAGUE P. Kinetics of sprinting[J].Track and Field Quar?terly Review,1983,183(2):4-9.
[7]MORIN J,EDOUARD P,SAMOZINO P.Technical ability of force appli?cation as a determinant factor of sprint performance[J].Medicine and Sci?ence in Sports and Exercise,2011,43(9):1680-1688.
[8]KUITUNEN S,KOMI P V,KYROLAINEN H.Knee and ankle joint stiff?ness in sprint running[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002,34(1):166-173.
[9]DEBAERE S,DELECLUSE C,AERENHOUTS D,et al.From block clearance to sprint running:Characteristics underlying an effective tran?sition[J].Journal of Sports Sciences,2013,31(2):137-149.
[10]CHARALAMBOUS L,IRWIN G,BEZODIS I N,et al. Lower limb joint kinetic and ankle joint stiffness in the sprint start push—off[J].Journal of Sports Sciences,2012(30):1-9.
[11]孙东华.苏州市优秀短跑运动员起跑及加速跑的运动学分析[D].苏州:苏州大学,2011:1-3.
[12]SLAWINSKI J,DUMAS R,CHEZE L,et al.Kinematic and kinetic comparisons of elite and well-trained sprinters during sprint start[J].Journal of Strength and Conditioning research,2010,24(4):896-905.
[13]SLAWINSKI J,DUMAS R,CHEZE L,et al.Effect of postural chang?es on 3D joint angular velocity during starting block phase[J].Journal of Sports Sciences,2013,31(3):256-263.
[14]MANN R.The mechanics of sprinting and hurdling[M].CreateSpace In?dependent Publishing Platform,2011:48-99.
[15]WILLIAMS K R,CAVANAGH P R.Relationship between distance running mechanics,running economy,and performance[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,1987,63(3):1236-1245.
[16]王健.短跑摆动技术分析与力量训练[J].咸宁学院学报,2005,25(6):117-120.
[2]王志强.技术模式与专项力量:短跑支撑摆动动作系统的生物力学研究[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2011:233-240.
[3]王保成.田径运动理论创新探索[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2003:36-43.
[4]MERO A,KUITUNEN S,HARLAND M,et al.Effects of muscle-ten?don length on joint moment and power during sprint starts[J].Journal of Sports Sciences,2006,24(2):165-173.
[5]HUNTER J,MARSHALL R,MCNAIR P.Interaction of step length and step rate during sprint running[J].Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,2004,36(2):261-271.
[6]MANN R,SPRAGUE P. Kinetics of sprinting[J].Track and Field Quar?terly Review,1983,183(2):4-9.
[7]MORIN J,EDOUARD P,SAMOZINO P.Technical ability of force appli?cation as a determinant factor of sprint performance[J].Medicine and Sci?ence in Sports and Exercise,2011,43(9):1680-1688.
[8]KUITUNEN S,KOMI P V,KYROLAINEN H.Knee and ankle joint stiff?ness in sprint running[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002,34(1):166-173.
[9]DEBAERE S,DELECLUSE C,AERENHOUTS D,et al.From block clearance to sprint running:Characteristics underlying an effective tran?sition[J].Journal of Sports Sciences,2013,31(2):137-149.
[10]CHARALAMBOUS L,IRWIN G,BEZODIS I N,et al. Lower limb joint kinetic and ankle joint stiffness in the sprint start push—off[J].Journal of Sports Sciences,2012(30):1-9.
[11]孙东华.苏州市优秀短跑运动员起跑及加速跑的运动学分析[D].苏州:苏州大学,2011:1-3.
[12]SLAWINSKI J,DUMAS R,CHEZE L,et al.Kinematic and kinetic comparisons of elite and well-trained sprinters during sprint start[J].Journal of Strength and Conditioning research,2010,24(4):896-905.
[13]SLAWINSKI J,DUMAS R,CHEZE L,et al.Effect of postural chang?es on 3D joint angular velocity during starting block phase[J].Journal of Sports Sciences,2013,31(3):256-263.
[14]MANN R.The mechanics of sprinting and hurdling[M].CreateSpace In?dependent Publishing Platform,2011:48-99.
[15]WILLIAMS K R,CAVANAGH P R.Relationship between distance running mechanics,running economy,and performance[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,1987,63(3):1236-1245.
[16]王健.短跑摆动技术分析与力量训练[J].咸宁学院学报,2005,25(6):117-120.