玉龙雪山白水1号冰川近地层气象要素变化特征
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摘要
利用2011年10月1日至2012年9月30日玉龙雪山白水1号冰川海拔4 500 m气象观测资料,对位于我国最南、亚欧大陆距赤道最近的海洋型冰川区近地层气象要素基本特征进行了分析,并与同海拔大陆型冰川——祁连山老虎沟12号冰川区近地层气象要素进行了对比。研究表明:海洋型与大陆型冰川区气温逐时变化呈单峰单谷型分布,均表现出升温快降温慢的特点,观测点5 m层气温高于2 m层气温,二者差值日变化呈单峰型,峰值出现在北京时间12:00;受季风气候影响,研究区干季相对湿度小,湿季相对湿度大,年均相对湿度为73. 3%,与相对湿度相比,研究区水汽压变化更受控于气温;两冰川区冬半年气压低,夏半年气压高,均表现为典型的"高山型"气压;受冰川"冷效应"影响研究区干季风速大,湿季风速小,因冰川规模较小,研究区冰川风不发达,谷风发育强劲;受季风期云雨影响,白水1号冰川区总辐射在季风前期达到最大值,季风期达到极小值,年均总辐射量低于老虎沟12号冰川同海拔地区。
The near-surface micrometeorological characteristics at elevation of 4 500 m of the Baishui Glacier No. 1,Mt. Yulong,w hich is the southernmost temperate glacier in China and Eurasian continent,were analyzed using the observed meteorological data from October 1 st,2011 through September 30,2012. Additionally,in this paper,the similarities and differences of surface micrometeorological features betw een temperature type glacier and continental type glacier were discussed by contrasting the meteorological data from the Baishui Glacier No. 1,and the Laohugou Glacier No. 12 in Qilian Mountains. The daily change of air temperature show ed a single peak-valley pattern and rising rapidly w hile descending slow ly both in temperature type glacier and continental type glacier. Air temperature at 5 m height was higher than that at 2 m height,and the difference betw een them presented a single peak with a maximum at 12: 00. Controlled by monsoon,relative humidity during monsoonal season was higher than that other than monsoonal season,the mean annual relative humidity was 73. 7%. Vapor pressure in the Baishui Glacier No. 1 was more sensitive to air temperature as compared with relative humidity.Monthly mean pressure on the tw o glaciers presented a alpine-pressure style,higher in the w arm half year and low er in the cold half year. Influenced by glacier cooling effect,w ind speed during dry season was higher than that during w et season. In the study areas,glacier w ind was w eaker because of the smaller glacier scale,but valley breeze was prevail. The maximum global radiation occured in the earlier stage of the monsoon and the minimum one appeared during monsoon season,w hich was associated with cloudy and rainy air condition in w et season,and thus the annual mean global radiation on the Baishui Glacier No. 1 was smaller than that at the same elevation in the Laohugou Glacier No. 12.
The near-surface micrometeorological characteristics at elevation of 4 500 m of the Baishui Glacier No. 1,Mt. Yulong,w hich is the southernmost temperate glacier in China and Eurasian continent,were analyzed using the observed meteorological data from October 1 st,2011 through September 30,2012. Additionally,in this paper,the similarities and differences of surface micrometeorological features betw een temperature type glacier and continental type glacier were discussed by contrasting the meteorological data from the Baishui Glacier No. 1,and the Laohugou Glacier No. 12 in Qilian Mountains. The daily change of air temperature show ed a single peak-valley pattern and rising rapidly w hile descending slow ly both in temperature type glacier and continental type glacier. Air temperature at 5 m height was higher than that at 2 m height,and the difference betw een them presented a single peak with a maximum at 12: 00. Controlled by monsoon,relative humidity during monsoonal season was higher than that other than monsoonal season,the mean annual relative humidity was 73. 7%. Vapor pressure in the Baishui Glacier No. 1 was more sensitive to air temperature as compared with relative humidity.Monthly mean pressure on the tw o glaciers presented a alpine-pressure style,higher in the w arm half year and low er in the cold half year. Influenced by glacier cooling effect,w ind speed during dry season was higher than that during w et season. In the study areas,glacier w ind was w eaker because of the smaller glacier scale,but valley breeze was prevail. The maximum global radiation occured in the earlier stage of the monsoon and the minimum one appeared during monsoon season,w hich was associated with cloudy and rainy air condition in w et season,and thus the annual mean global radiation on the Baishui Glacier No. 1 was smaller than that at the same elevation in the Laohugou Glacier No. 12.
引文
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[17]Sun Weijun,Qin Xiang,Hua Xiping,et al. Variations of the meteorological elements at the Lanong Glacier in the Nyainqêntanglha Range[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2010,32(1):62-69.[孙维君,秦翔,化希平,等.念青唐古拉山拉弄冰川气象要素变化特征[J].冰川冻土,2010,32(1):62-69.]
[18]Liu Shiyin,Xie Zichu,Ma Li. Characteristics of summer climate in the area of Kangw ure Glacier,Xixiabangma M t.[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1996,18(3):244-251.[刘时银,谢自楚,马力.希夏邦马峰抗物热冰川区消融期气候特征[J].冰川冻土,1996,18(3):244-251.]
[19] Yan Xingguo,He Yuanqing,Wang Shijin,et al. Analysis of surface flow velocity on the Baishui Glacier No. 1 during ablation period in the Yulong Snow M ountain[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2017,39(5):1212-1220.[燕兴国,何元庆,王世金,等.玉龙雪山白水河1号冰川消融期表面流速特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2017,39(5):1212-1220.]
[20] Li Jijun,Su Zhen. Glaciers in the Hengduan Mountains[M].Beijing:Science Press,1996.[李吉均,苏珍.横断山冰川[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.]
[2] Beniston M. Climatic change in mountain regions:a review of possible impacts[J]. Climatic Change,2003,59(1):5-31.
[3] Beniston M. Mountain weather and climate:a general overview and a focus on climatic change in the Alps[J]. Hydrobiologia,2006,562(1):3-16.
[4] Li Zongxing,He Yuanqing,Wang Chunfeng,et al. Spatial and temporal trends of temperature and precipitation during 1960-2008 at the Hengduan M ountains,China[J]. Quaternary International,2011,236:127-142.
[5] Yao Tandong,Liu Shiyin,Pu Jianchen,et al. Recent glaciers retreating in High Asia and their impact on the w ater resources of Northw est China[J]. Science in China:Series D Earth Sciences,2004,34(6):535-543.[姚檀栋,刘时银,蒲健辰,等.高亚洲冰川的近期退缩及其对西北水资源的影响[J].中国科学:D辑地球科学,2004,34(6):535-543.]
[6] Li Xin,Cheng Guodong,Jin Huijun,et al. Cryospheric change in China[J]. Global and Planetary Change,2008,62:210-218.
[7] Zhang Yong,Liu Shiyin,Han Haidong,et al. Characteristics of climate on the Keqicar Glacier on the south slopes of the Tianshan M ountains during Ablation Period[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2004,26(5):545-550.[张勇,刘时银,韩海东,等.天山南坡科其卡尔巴契冰川消融期气候特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2004,26(5):545-550.]
[8] Han Haidong,Liu shiyin,Ding Yongjian,et al. Near-surface meteorological characteristics on the Koxkar Baxi Glacier,Tianshan[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(6):967-975.[韩海东,刘时银,丁永健,等.科其喀尔巴西冰川的近地层基本气象特征[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(6):967-975.]
[9] Jin Shuang,Zhang Mingjun,Li Zhongqin,et al. Preliminary analysis of hydrologic and meteorological characteristics at the Glacier of No. 72,Qingbingtan,Tuomuer Peak[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2009,37(18):8587-8589.[金爽,张明军,李忠勤,等.托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川水文气象特征初步分析[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(18):8587-8589.]
[10]Wang Minzhong,Wei Wenshou,Chen Rongyi,et al. Observations and analyses of near surface meteorological elements on Glacier No. 1 at Headw aters inrümqi River, Tianshan M ountains[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(1):12-20.[王敏仲,魏文寿,陈荣毅,等.天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川近雪面气象要素观测分析[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(1):12-20.]
[11]Zhang Dongqi,Ming Jing,Wei Wenshou. Microclimate measurements related to glacier cooling effect at No. 1 Glacier,Headw aters ofrümqi River,Tianshan M ountains[J]. Arid Land Geography,2011,34(3):449-457.[张东启,明镜,魏文寿.天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川制冷效应的小气候观测[J].干旱区地理,2011,34(3):449-457.]
[12] Yang Xingguo,Qun Jue,Liu Hongyi,et al. Meteorological characteristics of the East Rongbuk Glacier,M t. Qomolangma[J]. Arid Meteorology,2008,26(4):16-21.[杨兴国,群觉,刘宏谊,等.珠穆朗玛峰北坡冰川表面不同季节气象特征分析[J].干旱气象,2008,26(4):16-21.]
[13]Yang Xingguo,Qin Dahe,Zhang Tingjun,et al. Characteristic of air temperature and humidity on the north slope of M t. Qomolangma[J]. Acta M eteorologica Sinica,2012,70(4):855-866.[杨兴国,秦大河,张廷军,等.珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区气温和湿度变化特征[J].气象学报,2012,70(4):855-866.]
[14]Zou Han,Zhou Libo,Ma Shupo,et al. Observation of diurnal circulation on the northern slope of M t. Qomolangma[J]. Plateau M eteorology,2007,26(6):1123-1140.[邹悍,周立波,马舒坡,等.珠穆朗玛峰北坡局地环流日变化的观测研究[J].高原气象,2007,26(6):1123-1140.]
[15]He Lifu,Wang Suichan,Zhang Zhigang. Observational study on characteristics of meteorological elements in M ountain Qomolangma Region[J]. Journal of Applied M eteorological Science,2010,21(6):641-648.[何立富,王遂缠,张志刚.珠穆朗玛峰地区气象要素特征观测研究[J].应用气象学报,2010,21(6):641-648.]
[16]Li Jian,Qin Xiang,Sun Weijun,et al. Analysis on micrometeorological characteristic in the surface layer of Laohugou Glacier No. 12 in Qilian M ountains[J]. Plateau M eteorology,2012,31(2):370-379.[李健,秦翔,孙维君,等.祁连山老虎沟12号冰川近地层微气象特征分析[J].高原气象,2012,31(2):370-379.]
[17]Sun Weijun,Qin Xiang,Hua Xiping,et al. Variations of the meteorological elements at the Lanong Glacier in the Nyainqêntanglha Range[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2010,32(1):62-69.[孙维君,秦翔,化希平,等.念青唐古拉山拉弄冰川气象要素变化特征[J].冰川冻土,2010,32(1):62-69.]
[18]Liu Shiyin,Xie Zichu,Ma Li. Characteristics of summer climate in the area of Kangw ure Glacier,Xixiabangma M t.[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1996,18(3):244-251.[刘时银,谢自楚,马力.希夏邦马峰抗物热冰川区消融期气候特征[J].冰川冻土,1996,18(3):244-251.]
[19] Yan Xingguo,He Yuanqing,Wang Shijin,et al. Analysis of surface flow velocity on the Baishui Glacier No. 1 during ablation period in the Yulong Snow M ountain[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2017,39(5):1212-1220.[燕兴国,何元庆,王世金,等.玉龙雪山白水河1号冰川消融期表面流速特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2017,39(5):1212-1220.]
[20] Li Jijun,Su Zhen. Glaciers in the Hengduan Mountains[M].Beijing:Science Press,1996.[李吉均,苏珍.横断山冰川[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.]