EPR堆型的~(14)C源项优化设计研究
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摘要
以欧洲先进压水堆(EPR)压水堆中~(14)C的产生机理为基础,建立理论模型计算得到~(14)C年产生量。通过对西门子压水堆中大量气相~(14)C排放量的统计分析得到了气相~(14)C归一化排放量范围,结合理论模型评估得到~(14)C在液相排放量和固相废物中的总量。结果表明,EPR反应堆的气相~(14)C的预期排放量和最大排放量范围分别为331 GBq/a和660～700 GBq/a,液相~(14)C排放量的预期值和最大值为30 GBq/a和60 GBq/a,固相废物的预期值和最大值为64 GBq/a和130 GBq/a。此外,冷却剂氮浓度为10 ppm(1 ppm=10-6)对得到的气相~(14)C的理论计算值与西门子压水堆的气相~(14)C排放量符合得较好,这说明传统设计中计算~(14)C最大排放量采用的溶解氮含量过于保守。本文采用的研究方法和研究结果对EPR和华龙一号的~(14)C源项分析具有重要价值。
Production mechanism and calculation method of ~(14)C in EPR has been introduced in the paper. The normalized emission range of gas phase ~(14)C is obtained by statistical analysis of large amount of gas phase ~(14)C emissions from Siemens PWR, and the total amount of ~(14)C in liquid phase and solid waste is further evaluated. The results show that the annual expected and maximum discharge ranges of ~(14)C from EPR reactor are respectively 331 GBq/a and 660-700 GBq/a for gaseous discharge, 30 GBq/a and 60GBq/a for liquid discharge, and 64GBq/a and 130GBq/a for solid waste. The calculated gaseous ~(14)C discharge with 10 ppm dissolved nitrogen in the primary circuits agrees well with the median value in Siemens/KWU PWRs. It reveals that the dissolved nitrogen concentration in the primary circuits is much less than the saturation concentration in volume and control tank covered by nitrogen gas during normal operation. The approaches used and conclusions are also important to the third generation nuclear power plants, including EPR and HPR1000.
Production mechanism and calculation method of ~(14)C in EPR has been introduced in the paper. The normalized emission range of gas phase ~(14)C is obtained by statistical analysis of large amount of gas phase ~(14)C emissions from Siemens PWR, and the total amount of ~(14)C in liquid phase and solid waste is further evaluated. The results show that the annual expected and maximum discharge ranges of ~(14)C from EPR reactor are respectively 331 GBq/a and 660-700 GBq/a for gaseous discharge, 30 GBq/a and 60GBq/a for liquid discharge, and 64GBq/a and 130GBq/a for solid waste. The calculated gaseous ~(14)C discharge with 10 ppm dissolved nitrogen in the primary circuits agrees well with the median value in Siemens/KWU PWRs. It reveals that the dissolved nitrogen concentration in the primary circuits is much less than the saturation concentration in volume and control tank covered by nitrogen gas during normal operation. The approaches used and conclusions are also important to the third generation nuclear power plants, including EPR and HPR1000.
引文
[1]付鹏涛.台山核电厂1、2号机组氚和14C源项分析报告[R].深圳:中广核研究院有限公司,2017.
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[18]S.FREAL-SAISON.UK EPR PCER-Sub-chapter6.3-Outputs for the operating installation[R].France:AREVA NP and EDF,2012.
[2]付鹏涛,蔡德昌.基于压水堆运行反馈的14C源项研究[J],核科学与工程,2017,37(2):215-222.
[3]付亚茹,黎辉,李怀斌.核电厂中主要弱β释放体的放射性量及控制方法研究[J].核科学与技术,2015,3(1):9-15.
[4]UK Environment Agency.Generic design assessment of new nuclear power plant designs(UK EPR)[R].Bristol:UK Environment Agency,2008.
[5]Kimun Nam.Transactions of the korean nuclear society meeting,korean nuclear society,2005[C].Korea:Korean Nuclear Society,2005.
[6]IAEA.Review of fuel failures in water cooled reactor[R].Vienna:IAEA,2010.
[7]Conatser R,Daugherty N.Radioactive effluents from nuclear power plants-annual report 2009[R].Wangshington,D.C.:U.S.NRC,2013.
[8]GY?RGY UCHRIN.14C Measurements at PWR-Type nuclear power plants in three middle european countries[J].Radiocarbon 1998,40(1):439-446.
[9]Sungil Kim.Proceedings of the KNS 2014 spring meeting.Republic of Korea,Korean Nuclear Society,2014[C].Korea:Korean Nuclear Society,2014.
[10]刘新华,方岚,祝兆文.压水堆核电厂正常运行裂变产物源项框架研究[J].辐射防护,2015,35(3):129-135.
[11]环境保护部核与辐射安全中心.核电厂放射性废物管理源项第五次研讨会会议纪要[Z].北京,2014.
[12]Balonov M,Dubourg Efremenkov V.Management of Waste Containing Tritium and Carbon-14[R].Austria:IAEA,2004.
[13]付鹏涛,石秀安,韩嵩,等.CPR1000型压水堆14C产生量研究[J].原子能科学技术,2013,47:31-34.
[14]Electric Power Research Institute.Characterization of Carbon-14 generated by the Nuclear Power industry[R].California:Electric Power Research Institute,1995.
[15]Van der Stricht S.A.J.Radioactive effluents from nuclear power stations and nuclear fuel reprocessing sites in the European Union 1999-2003[R].Belgium:European Commission,2005.
[16]Van der Stricht.S,Janssens.A.Radioactive effluents from nuclear power stations and nuclear fuel reprocessing sites in the European Union 2004-08[R].Belgium:European Commission,2010.
[17]付鹏涛.核电厂放射性源项运行数据库[R].深圳:中广核研究院有限公司,2016.
[18]S.FREAL-SAISON.UK EPR PCER-Sub-chapter6.3-Outputs for the operating installation[R].France:AREVA NP and EDF,2012.