基于光学资料的广州塔附近下行地闪特征
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摘要
利用2009—2014年广州高建筑物雷电观测站的光学观测资料,结合雷声和电磁场变化波形,对广州塔(高度为600 m)西北部60°扇形区域3 km范围内的119次下行地闪分布特征进行统计分析,结果表明:43. 7%(52/119)的地闪发生在区域内4个最高的建筑物上;除了直接击中广州塔的20次地闪(16. 8%),距离广州塔附近0～1 km的区域未观测到地闪,观测到的距广州塔最近的地闪离广州塔约1. 2 km;距广州塔1～2 km的区域共观测到35次地闪(29. 4%),其中每个高度低于300 m的建筑物被击中的次数不超过1次;距离广州塔2～3 km区域共观测到64次地闪(53. 8%),其中有些高度低于300 m的建筑物被地闪击中1次以上,最多达5次。广州塔对附近区域下行地闪的吸引作用使其附近1 km左右范围内未观测到地闪,且1～3 km范围内随距离增加下行地闪密度(扣除击中其他高度不低于300 m的建筑物的地闪)有逐渐增加趋势,说明高建筑物对下行地闪的吸引作用随着距离的增加而逐渐减弱。
With the progress on the research of lightning hitting high buildings, influences of high buildings on characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in the nearby area still need further research. At present, this kind of research are mainly based on data obtained by lightning location system, while optical observations are more visible and should be better considered. Results of optical observations can deepen our understanding of high-building impacts on characteristics of downward cloud-to-ground lightning flashes activity in nearby areas and provide basic data for lightning protection design of high buildings and nearby areas.Based on optical data of Tall-Object Lightning Observatory in Guangzhou(TOLOG) from 2009 to 2014, combined with the lightning acoustics and electromagnetic field variation waveform data, distribution characteristics of 119 downward cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in the northwest of Canton Tower within 3 km in 60° sector region are analyzed statistically. Results show that 43. 7%(52/119) of downward cloud-to-ground lightning flashes occurs on four tallest buildings in the area. Lightnings hit Canton Tower, Canton West Tower, Canton East Tower and Guangsheng Building for 20, 12, 10 and 10 times,respectively. Besides 20(16. 8%) flashes directly hit Canton Tower, no downward lightning is observed within 1 km distance from Canton Tower(11. 1% of total area). The closest stroke point to Canton Tower is about 1. 2 km away. 35(29. 4%) lightning flashes are observed in the area of 1— 2 km away from Canton Tower(33. 3% of total area). Building lower than 300 m is hit no more than once in the area each. 64(53. 8%) lightning flashes are observed in 2 — 3 km away from Canton Tower(55. 6% of total area). Some buildings with a height below 300 m are hit more than once, up to 5 times. The attraction of Canton Tower to downward cloud-to-ground lightning flashes makes no downward cloud-to-ground flashes observed in the vicinity of 1 km or so. The relative density of the flash(excluding flashes hitting buildings with a height of more than 300 m) increases gradually with the increase of distance. Results indicate that the attraction of high buildings to the downward cloud-to-ground lightning flashes gradually weakens with the increase of distance.
With the progress on the research of lightning hitting high buildings, influences of high buildings on characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in the nearby area still need further research. At present, this kind of research are mainly based on data obtained by lightning location system, while optical observations are more visible and should be better considered. Results of optical observations can deepen our understanding of high-building impacts on characteristics of downward cloud-to-ground lightning flashes activity in nearby areas and provide basic data for lightning protection design of high buildings and nearby areas.Based on optical data of Tall-Object Lightning Observatory in Guangzhou(TOLOG) from 2009 to 2014, combined with the lightning acoustics and electromagnetic field variation waveform data, distribution characteristics of 119 downward cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in the northwest of Canton Tower within 3 km in 60° sector region are analyzed statistically. Results show that 43. 7%(52/119) of downward cloud-to-ground lightning flashes occurs on four tallest buildings in the area. Lightnings hit Canton Tower, Canton West Tower, Canton East Tower and Guangsheng Building for 20, 12, 10 and 10 times,respectively. Besides 20(16. 8%) flashes directly hit Canton Tower, no downward lightning is observed within 1 km distance from Canton Tower(11. 1% of total area). The closest stroke point to Canton Tower is about 1. 2 km away. 35(29. 4%) lightning flashes are observed in the area of 1— 2 km away from Canton Tower(33. 3% of total area). Building lower than 300 m is hit no more than once in the area each. 64(53. 8%) lightning flashes are observed in 2 — 3 km away from Canton Tower(55. 6% of total area). Some buildings with a height below 300 m are hit more than once, up to 5 times. The attraction of Canton Tower to downward cloud-to-ground lightning flashes makes no downward cloud-to-ground flashes observed in the vicinity of 1 km or so. The relative density of the flash(excluding flashes hitting buildings with a height of more than 300 m) increases gradually with the increase of distance. Results indicate that the attraction of high buildings to the downward cloud-to-ground lightning flashes gradually weakens with the increase of distance.
引文
[1]郄秀书,张其林,袁铁.雷电物理学.北京:科学出版社,2013.
[2] Rakov V A,Uman M A. Lightning:Physics and Effects. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003.
[3]任晓毓,张义军,吕伟涛,等.雷击建筑物的先导连接过程模拟.应用气象学报,2010,21(4):450-457.
[4]廖义慧,吕伟涛,齐奇,等.基于闪电先导随机模式对不同连接形态的模拟.应用气象学报,2016,27(3):361-369.
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[10]陈绿文,吕伟涛,张义军,等.不同高度建筑物上的下行地闪回击特征.应用气象学报,2015,26(3):311-318.
[11]谭涌波,张鑫,向春燕,等.建筑物上侧击雷电的三维数值模拟.应用气象学报,2017,28(2):227-236.
[12]李俊,张义军,吕伟涛,等.一次多回击自然闪电的高速摄像观测.应用气象学报,2008,19(4):401-411.
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[14] Ngqungqa S II. A Critical Evaluation and Analysis of Methods of Determining the Number of Times that Lightning will Strike a Structure. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,2005.
[15] Diendorfer G, Schulz W,Umprecht H, et al. Effect of Tower Initiated Lightning on the Ground Stroke Density in the Vic-inity of the Tower//International Lightning Detection Conference and International Lightning Meteorology Conference(ILDC/ILMC),2010.
[16] Zhang C,Lu W,Chen L,et al. Influence of the Canton Tower on the cloud-to-ground lightning in its vicinity. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 2017, 122(11):5943-5954.
[17]陈绿文,张义军,吕伟涛,等.闪电定位资料与人工引雷观测结果的对比分析.高电压技术,2009,35(8):1896-1902.
[18] Valine W C,Krider E P. Statistics and characteristics of cloudto-ground lightning with multiple ground contacts. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2002,107(D20):AAC-1-AAC 8-11,DOI:10. 1029/2001JD001360.
[19] Saba M M F,Ballarotti M G, Pinto Jr O. Negative cloud-toground lightning properties from high-speed video observations. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2006,111,D03101,DOI:10. 1029/2005JD006415.
[20]张义军,周秀骥.雷电研究的回顾和进展.应用气象学报,2006,17(6):829-834.
[21]张义军,孟青,马明,等.闪电探测技术发展和资料应用.应用气象学报,2006,17(5):611-620.
[22] Winn W P, Aldridge T V, Moore C B. Video tape recordings of lightning flashes. J Geophys Res,1973,78(21):4515-4519.
[23] Brantley R D,Tiller J A,Uman M A. Lightning properties in Florida thunderstorms from video tape records. J Geophys Res,1975,80(24):3402-3406.
[24] Parker N G,Krider E P. A portable,PC-based system for making optical and electromagnetic measurements of lightning. J Appl Meteor,2003,42(6):739-751.
[25] De Miranda F J,Pinto Jr O,Saba M M F. A study of the time interval between return strokes and K-changes of negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in Brazil. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-terrestrial Physics,2003,65(3):293-297.
[26] Lu W,Chen L, Zhang Y,et al. Characteristics of unconnected upward leaders initiated from tall structures observed in Guangzhou. J ournal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2012,117,D19211,DOI:10. 1029/2012JD018035.
[27] Wang D,Watanabe T,Takagi N. A High Speed Optical Imaging System for Studying Lightning Attachment Process//Lightning(APL),7th Asia-Pacific International Conference on IEEE,2011:937-940.
[28]杨了,吕伟涛,张阳,等.改进的互功率谱相位法在雷声声源定位中的应用.应用气象学报,2014,25(2):193-201.
[29]章涵,王道洪,吕伟涛,等.基于雷声到达时间差的单站闪电通道三维定位系统.高原气象,2012,31(1):209-217.
[30]郭秀峰,谭涌波,郭凤霞,等.建筑物尖端对大气电场畸变影响的数值计算.应用气象学报,2013,24(2):189-196.
[2] Rakov V A,Uman M A. Lightning:Physics and Effects. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003.
[3]任晓毓,张义军,吕伟涛,等.雷击建筑物的先导连接过程模拟.应用气象学报,2010,21(4):450-457.
[4]廖义慧,吕伟涛,齐奇,等.基于闪电先导随机模式对不同连接形态的模拟.应用气象学报,2016,27(3):361-369.
[5] McEachron K B. Lightning to the empire state building. Transactions of the American institute of Electrical Engineers,1941,60(9):885-890.
[6] Gorin B N, Levitov V I,Shkilev A V. Lightning strikes to the Ostankino tower(in Russian). Elekirich,1977,8:19-23.
[7] Warner T A. Upward Leader Development from Tall Towers in Response to Downward Stepped Leaders//Lightning Protection(ICLP,2010 30th International Conference on IEEE,2010:1-4.
[8] Hussein A M, Janischewskyj W, Chang J S,et al. Simultaneous measurement of lightning parameters for strokes to the Toronto Canadian National Tower. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1995,100(D5):8853-8861.
[9]王智敏,吕伟涛,陈绿文,等.2011-2012年广州高建筑物雷电磁场特征统计.应用气象学报,2015,26(1):87-94.
[10]陈绿文,吕伟涛,张义军,等.不同高度建筑物上的下行地闪回击特征.应用气象学报,2015,26(3):311-318.
[11]谭涌波,张鑫,向春燕,等.建筑物上侧击雷电的三维数值模拟.应用气象学报,2017,28(2):227-236.
[12]李俊,张义军,吕伟涛,等.一次多回击自然闪电的高速摄像观测.应用气象学报,2008,19(4):401-411.
[13]Hussein A M,Jan S,Todorovski V,et al. Influence of the CN Tower on the Lightning Environment in Its Vicinity//Proceedings of the International Lightning Detection Conference(ILDC),2010:1-19.
[14] Ngqungqa S II. A Critical Evaluation and Analysis of Methods of Determining the Number of Times that Lightning will Strike a Structure. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,2005.
[15] Diendorfer G, Schulz W,Umprecht H, et al. Effect of Tower Initiated Lightning on the Ground Stroke Density in the Vic-inity of the Tower//International Lightning Detection Conference and International Lightning Meteorology Conference(ILDC/ILMC),2010.
[16] Zhang C,Lu W,Chen L,et al. Influence of the Canton Tower on the cloud-to-ground lightning in its vicinity. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 2017, 122(11):5943-5954.
[17]陈绿文,张义军,吕伟涛,等.闪电定位资料与人工引雷观测结果的对比分析.高电压技术,2009,35(8):1896-1902.
[18] Valine W C,Krider E P. Statistics and characteristics of cloudto-ground lightning with multiple ground contacts. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2002,107(D20):AAC-1-AAC 8-11,DOI:10. 1029/2001JD001360.
[19] Saba M M F,Ballarotti M G, Pinto Jr O. Negative cloud-toground lightning properties from high-speed video observations. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2006,111,D03101,DOI:10. 1029/2005JD006415.
[20]张义军,周秀骥.雷电研究的回顾和进展.应用气象学报,2006,17(6):829-834.
[21]张义军,孟青,马明,等.闪电探测技术发展和资料应用.应用气象学报,2006,17(5):611-620.
[22] Winn W P, Aldridge T V, Moore C B. Video tape recordings of lightning flashes. J Geophys Res,1973,78(21):4515-4519.
[23] Brantley R D,Tiller J A,Uman M A. Lightning properties in Florida thunderstorms from video tape records. J Geophys Res,1975,80(24):3402-3406.
[24] Parker N G,Krider E P. A portable,PC-based system for making optical and electromagnetic measurements of lightning. J Appl Meteor,2003,42(6):739-751.
[25] De Miranda F J,Pinto Jr O,Saba M M F. A study of the time interval between return strokes and K-changes of negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in Brazil. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-terrestrial Physics,2003,65(3):293-297.
[26] Lu W,Chen L, Zhang Y,et al. Characteristics of unconnected upward leaders initiated from tall structures observed in Guangzhou. J ournal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2012,117,D19211,DOI:10. 1029/2012JD018035.
[27] Wang D,Watanabe T,Takagi N. A High Speed Optical Imaging System for Studying Lightning Attachment Process//Lightning(APL),7th Asia-Pacific International Conference on IEEE,2011:937-940.
[28]杨了,吕伟涛,张阳,等.改进的互功率谱相位法在雷声声源定位中的应用.应用气象学报,2014,25(2):193-201.
[29]章涵,王道洪,吕伟涛,等.基于雷声到达时间差的单站闪电通道三维定位系统.高原气象,2012,31(1):209-217.
[30]郭秀峰,谭涌波,郭凤霞,等.建筑物尖端对大气电场畸变影响的数值计算.应用气象学报,2013,24(2):189-196.