关于地震科学实验场的一些思考——地下云图
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摘要
由中国地震局和美国国家科学基金委、地质调查局合作建立的地震预报研究实验场为中国早期地震工作的发展起到了良好的推动作用。由于种种客观原因,地震预报实验场的多数预想目标未能达成,发展受到了阻碍。最近几年,实验场重新受到重视,并更名为"地震科学实验场"。结合目前地震学发展的前沿和防震减灾事业的实际需求,本文提出增加"地下云图"作为实验场的新方向。利用高重复性、环境友好、安全性高的气枪震源,持续激发地震信号,实现对地下介质速度变化的连续监测;结合背景噪声成像获得的高分辨率3维地壳结构,构建4维(三维空间+一维时间)地下结构成像。"地下云图"可以反映地下速度和应力变化,为全国范围的地震监测预测提供新的业务手段,推动地震预测从经验预测到物理预测的转换。
The Western Yunnan Earthquake Predication Test Site set up by the China Earthquake Administration,the National Science Foundation Commission of America,and United States Geological Survey has played an important role for development of the early earthquake research work in China. Due to various objective reasons,most of the predicted targets in the earthquake prediction test site have not been achieved,and the development has been hindered. In recent years,the experiment site has been reconsidered again,and renamed as the "earthquake science experiment site". Combined with the current development of seismology and the actual needs of disaster prevention and mitigation,it increased the "underground cloud map"as the new direction of the experimental site,which is discussed in this paper. Using high levels of repeatability,environment friendly,high security airgun source,continuous excitation of seismic signals,it can realize the continuous monitoring of the velocity change of underground medium. Combined with background noise imaging,the high-resolution 3-D crustal structure can be obtained,and the 4-D(3D space+1D time) underground structure imaging can be constructed. The "underground cloud map"can reflect underground velocity and stress changes,providing new means of business for the national earthquake monitoring forecast,which will advance the conversion of earthquake prediction from experience to physical prediction.
The Western Yunnan Earthquake Predication Test Site set up by the China Earthquake Administration,the National Science Foundation Commission of America,and United States Geological Survey has played an important role for development of the early earthquake research work in China. Due to various objective reasons,most of the predicted targets in the earthquake prediction test site have not been achieved,and the development has been hindered. In recent years,the experiment site has been reconsidered again,and renamed as the "earthquake science experiment site". Combined with the current development of seismology and the actual needs of disaster prevention and mitigation,it increased the "underground cloud map"as the new direction of the experimental site,which is discussed in this paper. Using high levels of repeatability,environment friendly,high security airgun source,continuous excitation of seismic signals,it can realize the continuous monitoring of the velocity change of underground medium. Combined with background noise imaging,the high-resolution 3-D crustal structure can be obtained,and the 4-D(3D space+1D time) underground structure imaging can be constructed. The "underground cloud map"can reflect underground velocity and stress changes,providing new means of business for the national earthquake monitoring forecast,which will advance the conversion of earthquake prediction from experience to physical prediction.
引文
陈鑫连,1987,我国地震预报工作的回顾与展望,中国地震,3(2) ,1~6.
《当代中国》丛书编辑部,1993,当代中国的地震事业,北京: 当代中国出版社.
顾平,1985,中美地震研究科技合作概况,中国地震,1(2) ,74~77.
顾平,1987,中美地震科技合作记事,国际地震动态,(12) ,34~35.
马宗晋,2000,20 世纪地震预报科学的回顾与展望,国际地震动态,(6) ,1~4.
梅世蓉,1994,40 年来我国地震监测预报工作的主要进展,地球物理学报,37(增刊Ⅰ) ,196~207.
吴宁远、邹其嘉,1981,中美地震科技研究合作近况,国际地震动态,(7) ,1~4、24~25.
杨军、许健民、董超华,2011,风云气象卫星 40 年: 国际背景下的发展足迹,气象科技进展,1(1) ,8~15、26.
张云鹏、王宝善、王伟涛等,2016,安徽气枪实验固定台层析成像初步结果,中国地震,32(2) ,331~342.
Bristor C L,Callicott W M,Bradford R E,1966,Operational processing of satellite cloud pictures by computer,Mon Weather Rev,94(8) ,515~527.
Chen Y,Wang B S,Yao H J,2017,Seismic airgun exploration of continental crust structures,Science China Earth Sciences,60(10) ,1739~1751.
Chen Y,Zhang X K,Qiu X L,et al,2007,A new way to generate seismic waves for continental crustal exploration,Chinese Science Bulletin,52(16) ,2264 ~ 2268.
Dzienwonski A M,Anderson D L,1981,Preliminary reference earth model,Phys Earth Planet Inter,25(4) ,297 ~ 356.
Huang Y C,Yao H J,Huang B S,et al,2010,Phase velocity variation at periods of 0.5 - 3 seconds in the Taipei Basin of Taiwan from correlation of ambient seismic noise,Bull Seismol Soc Am,100(5A) ,2250 ~ 2263.
Kennett B L N,Engdahl E R,1991,Traveltimes for global earthquake location and phase identification,Geophys J Int,105 (2) ,429 ~ 465.
Kennett B L N,Engdahl E R,Buland R,1995,Constraints on seismic velocities in the Earth from traveltimes,Geophys J Int,122(1) ,108~124.
Li C,Yao H J,Fang H J,et al,2016,3D near-surface shear-wave velocity structure from ambient-noise tomography and borehole data in the Hefei urban area,China,Seismol Res Lett,87(4) ,882 ~ 892.
Lin F C,Li D Z,Clayton R W,et al,2013,High-resolution 3D shallow crustal structure in Long Beach,California: Application of ambient noise tomography on a dense seismic array,Geophysics,78(4) ,Q45 ~ Q56.
Nishida K,Montagner J P,Kawakatsu H,2009,Global surface wave tomography using seismic hum,Science,326(5949) ,112.
Pang A J,Li S R,Santosh M,et al,2014,Geochemistry,and zircon U-Pb and molybdenite Re-Os geochronology of Jilongshan Cu-Au deposit,southeastern Hubei Province,China,Geol J,49(1) ,52 ~ 68.
Platnick S,King M D,Ackerman S A,et al,2003,The MODIS cloud products: algorithms and examples from Terra,IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,41(2) ,459 ~ 473.
Shapiro N M,Campillo M,Stehly L,et al,2005,High-resolution surface-wave tomography from ambient seismic noise,Science,307(5715) ,1615~1618.
She Y Y,Yao H J,Zhai Q S,et al,2018,Shallow crustal structure of the middle-lower Yangtze River region in eastern China from surface-wave tomography of a large volume airgun-shot experiment,Seismol Res Lett,in press.
Tian X F,Yang Z X,Wang B S,et al,2018,3D seismic refraction travel-time tomography beneath the middle-lower Yangtze Riverregion,Seismol Res Lett,in press.
Wang B S,Ge H K,Yang W,et al,2012,Transmitting seismic station monitors fault zone at depth,Eos,Transactions American Geophysical Union,93(5) ,49 ~ 50.
Yao H J,Beghein C,Van Der Hilst R D,2008,Surface wave array tomography in SE Tibet from ambient seismic noise and two-station analysis-Ⅱ. Crustal and upper-mantle structure,Geophys J Int,173(1) ,205 ~ 219.
Yao H J,van Der Hilst R D,de Hoop M V,2006,Surface-wave array tomography in SE Tibet from ambient seismic noise and two-station analysis-I. Phase velocity maps,Geophys J Int,166(2) ,732 ~ 744.
《当代中国》丛书编辑部,1993,当代中国的地震事业,北京: 当代中国出版社.
顾平,1985,中美地震研究科技合作概况,中国地震,1(2) ,74~77.
顾平,1987,中美地震科技合作记事,国际地震动态,(12) ,34~35.
马宗晋,2000,20 世纪地震预报科学的回顾与展望,国际地震动态,(6) ,1~4.
梅世蓉,1994,40 年来我国地震监测预报工作的主要进展,地球物理学报,37(增刊Ⅰ) ,196~207.
吴宁远、邹其嘉,1981,中美地震科技研究合作近况,国际地震动态,(7) ,1~4、24~25.
杨军、许健民、董超华,2011,风云气象卫星 40 年: 国际背景下的发展足迹,气象科技进展,1(1) ,8~15、26.
张云鹏、王宝善、王伟涛等,2016,安徽气枪实验固定台层析成像初步结果,中国地震,32(2) ,331~342.
Bristor C L,Callicott W M,Bradford R E,1966,Operational processing of satellite cloud pictures by computer,Mon Weather Rev,94(8) ,515~527.
Chen Y,Wang B S,Yao H J,2017,Seismic airgun exploration of continental crust structures,Science China Earth Sciences,60(10) ,1739~1751.
Chen Y,Zhang X K,Qiu X L,et al,2007,A new way to generate seismic waves for continental crustal exploration,Chinese Science Bulletin,52(16) ,2264 ~ 2268.
Dzienwonski A M,Anderson D L,1981,Preliminary reference earth model,Phys Earth Planet Inter,25(4) ,297 ~ 356.
Huang Y C,Yao H J,Huang B S,et al,2010,Phase velocity variation at periods of 0.5 - 3 seconds in the Taipei Basin of Taiwan from correlation of ambient seismic noise,Bull Seismol Soc Am,100(5A) ,2250 ~ 2263.
Kennett B L N,Engdahl E R,1991,Traveltimes for global earthquake location and phase identification,Geophys J Int,105 (2) ,429 ~ 465.
Kennett B L N,Engdahl E R,Buland R,1995,Constraints on seismic velocities in the Earth from traveltimes,Geophys J Int,122(1) ,108~124.
Li C,Yao H J,Fang H J,et al,2016,3D near-surface shear-wave velocity structure from ambient-noise tomography and borehole data in the Hefei urban area,China,Seismol Res Lett,87(4) ,882 ~ 892.
Lin F C,Li D Z,Clayton R W,et al,2013,High-resolution 3D shallow crustal structure in Long Beach,California: Application of ambient noise tomography on a dense seismic array,Geophysics,78(4) ,Q45 ~ Q56.
Nishida K,Montagner J P,Kawakatsu H,2009,Global surface wave tomography using seismic hum,Science,326(5949) ,112.
Pang A J,Li S R,Santosh M,et al,2014,Geochemistry,and zircon U-Pb and molybdenite Re-Os geochronology of Jilongshan Cu-Au deposit,southeastern Hubei Province,China,Geol J,49(1) ,52 ~ 68.
Platnick S,King M D,Ackerman S A,et al,2003,The MODIS cloud products: algorithms and examples from Terra,IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,41(2) ,459 ~ 473.
Shapiro N M,Campillo M,Stehly L,et al,2005,High-resolution surface-wave tomography from ambient seismic noise,Science,307(5715) ,1615~1618.
She Y Y,Yao H J,Zhai Q S,et al,2018,Shallow crustal structure of the middle-lower Yangtze River region in eastern China from surface-wave tomography of a large volume airgun-shot experiment,Seismol Res Lett,in press.
Tian X F,Yang Z X,Wang B S,et al,2018,3D seismic refraction travel-time tomography beneath the middle-lower Yangtze Riverregion,Seismol Res Lett,in press.
Wang B S,Ge H K,Yang W,et al,2012,Transmitting seismic station monitors fault zone at depth,Eos,Transactions American Geophysical Union,93(5) ,49 ~ 50.
Yao H J,Beghein C,Van Der Hilst R D,2008,Surface wave array tomography in SE Tibet from ambient seismic noise and two-station analysis-Ⅱ. Crustal and upper-mantle structure,Geophys J Int,173(1) ,205 ~ 219.
Yao H J,van Der Hilst R D,de Hoop M V,2006,Surface-wave array tomography in SE Tibet from ambient seismic noise and two-station analysis-I. Phase velocity maps,Geophys J Int,166(2) ,732 ~ 744.