NLOS Identification and Machine Learning Methods for Predicting the Outcome of 60GHz Ranging System
|
摘要
Millimeter-wave(MMW) signals in 60 GHz band have shown immense potential for accurate range estimation with precise time and multipath resolution. Nonline of sight(NLOS) propagation is a primary factor affecting the range precision. To improve range estimation,an Energy detector(ED) based normalized threshold algorithm which employs a Neural network(NN) is developed on the basis of NLOS identification. The maximum curl and standard deviation of the received energy block values are used to determine NLOS environment and the normalized thresholds for different Signal-to-noise ratios(SNRs). The effects of the channel and integration period are evaluated.Performance results are presented which show that the proposed approach provides better precision and is more robust than other solutions over a wide range of SNRs for the CM1.1 and CM2.1 channel models in the IEEE802.15.3 c standard.
Millimeter-wave(MMW) signals in 60 GHz band have shown immense potential for accurate range estimation with precise time and multipath resolution. Nonline of sight(NLOS) propagation is a primary factor affecting the range precision. To improve range estimation,an Energy detector(ED) based normalized threshold algorithm which employs a Neural network(NN) is developed on the basis of NLOS identification. The maximum curl and standard deviation of the received energy block values are used to determine NLOS environment and the normalized thresholds for different Signal-to-noise ratios(SNRs). The effects of the channel and integration period are evaluated.Performance results are presented which show that the proposed approach provides better precision and is more robust than other solutions over a wide range of SNRs for the CM1.1 and CM2.1 channel models in the IEEE802.15.3 c standard.
Millimeter-wave(MMW) signals in 60 GHz band have shown immense potential for accurate range estimation with precise time and multipath resolution. Nonline of sight(NLOS) propagation is a primary factor affecting the range precision. To improve range estimation,an Energy detector(ED) based normalized threshold algorithm which employs a Neural network(NN) is developed on the basis of NLOS identification. The maximum curl and standard deviation of the received energy block values are used to determine NLOS environment and the normalized thresholds for different Signal-to-noise ratios(SNRs). The effects of the channel and integration period are evaluated.Performance results are presented which show that the proposed approach provides better precision and is more robust than other solutions over a wide range of SNRs for the CM1.1 and CM2.1 channel models in the IEEE802.15.3 c standard.
引文
[1]L.Zhang,C.Zhou,H.Wang,et al.,“A fully integrated 60GHz four channel CMOS receiver with 7GHz ultra-wide bandwidth for IEEE 802.11ad standard”,China Communications,Vol.11,No.6,pp.42–50,2014.
[2]N.R.Leonor,R.F.S.Caldeirinha,T.R.Fernandes,et al.,“A simple model for average reradiation patterns of single trees based on weighted regression at 60GHz”,IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,Vol.63,No.11,pp.5113–5118,2015.
[3]T.Sakamoto,S.Okumura,R.Imanishi,et al.,“Remote heartbeat monitoring from human soles using 60-GHz ultra-wideband radar”,IEICE Electronics Express,Vol.12,No.21,pp.1–6,2015.
[4]J.Song and K.-W.Chin,“A survey of single and multi-hop link schedulers for mm Wave wireless systems”,Ad Hoc Networks,Vol.33,No.C,pp.269–283,2015.
[5]X.Ge,B.Yang,J.Ye,et al.,“Spatial spectrum and energy efficiency of random cellular networks”,IEEE Transactions on Communications,Vol.63,No.3,pp.1019–1030,2015.
[6]X.Ge,H.Cheng,M.Guizani,et al.,“5G wireless backhaul networks:Challenges and research advances”,IEEE Network,Vol.28,No.6,pp.6–11,2014.
[7]N.Chahat,G.Valerio,M.Zhadobov,et al.,“On-body propagation at 60GHz”,IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,Vol.61,No.4,pp.1876–1888,2013.
[8]Y.Zhu,C.Tang,L.Song,et al.,“Analytical and comparative investigation of 60 GHz wireless channels”,Telecommunication Systems,Vol.60,No.1,pp.179–186,2015.
[9]K.Yu,Dutkiewicz and Eryk,“NLOS identification and mitigation for mobile tracking”,IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,Vol.49,No.3,pp.1438–1452,2013.
[10]S.Tian,L.Zhao and G.Li,“A support vector data description approach to NLOS identification in UWB positioning”,Mathematical Problems in Engineering,Vol.2014,No.2014,pp.1–6,2014.
[11]X.Liang,H.Zhang,T.Lu,et al.,“Extreme learning machine for 60 GHz millimetre wave positioning”,IET Communications,Vol.11,No.4,pp.483–489,2017.
[12]I.Guvenc and Z.Sahinoglu,“Threshold selection for UWB TOA estimation based on kurtosis analysis”,IEEE Communications Letters,Vol.9,No.12,pp.1025–1027,2005.
[13]I.Guvenc and Z.Sahinoglu,“Threshold-based TOA estimation for impulse radio UWB systems”,Proc.of IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband,Cambridge,Massachusetts,USA,pp.420–425,2005.
[14]H.Zhang,X.R.Cui and T.A.Gulliver,“Remotely-sensed TOA interpretation of synthetic UWB based on neural networks”,EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing,Vol.2012,No.1,pp.1–13,2012.
[15]J.Ahmadreza,P.Luca,S.Julien,et al.,“TDOA estimation method using 60 GHz OFDM spectrum”,International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies,Vol.7,No.1,pp.31–35,2014.
[16]R.Hazra and A.Tyagi,“A survey on various coherent and non-coherent IR-UWB receivers”,Wireless Personal Communications,Vol.79,No.3,pp.2339–2369,2014.
[17]M.A.Z.Raja,F.H.Shah,A.A.Khan,et al.,“Design of bioinspired computational intelligence technique for solving steady thin film flow of Johnson-Segalman fluid on vertical cylinder for drainage problems”,Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers,Vol.60,No.3,pp.59–75,2016.
[18]A.Asuhaimi Mohd Zin A,M.Saini,M.W.Mustafa,et al.,“New algorithm for detection and fault classification on parallel transmission line using DWT and BPNN based on Clarke’s transformation”,Neurocomputing,Vol.168,No.11,pp.983–993,2015.
[19]X.R.Lee,C.L.Chen,H.C.Chang,et al.,“A 7.92 Gb/s 437.2m W stochastic LDPC decoder chip for IEEE 802.15.3c applications”,IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I:Regular Papers,Vol.62,No.2,pp.507–516,2015.
[20]W.C.Liu,T.C.Wei,Y.S.Huang,et al.,“All-digital synchronization for SC/OFDM mode of IEEE 802.15.3c and IEEE802.11ad”,IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I:Regular Papers,Vol.62,No.2,pp.545–553,2015.
[21]J.Kim,A.Mohaisen and J.K.Kim,“Fast and low-power link setup for IEEE 802.15.3c multi-gigabit/s wireless sensor networks”,IEEE Communications Letters,Vol.18,No.3,pp.455–458,2014.
[22]H.Zhang,T.Lu and T.A.Gulliver,“Pulse waveforms for60GHZ M-ary pulse position modulation communication systems”,IET Communications,Vol.7,No.2,pp.169–179,2013.
[23]S.H.Wu,Q.Y.Zhang and N.T.Zhang,“NLOS Identification for IR-UWB Ranging Systems”,Journal of Electronics and Information Technology,Vol.30,No.11,pp.2541–2546,2011.
[24]X.Liang,H.Zhang,T.Lu,et al.,“Energy detector based TOA estimation for MMW systems using machine learning”,Telecommunication Systems,Vol.64,No.2,pp.417–427,2017.
[25]R.Vicen-Bueno,R.Carrasco-Alvarez,M.Rosa-Zurera,et al.,“Artificial neural network-based clutter reduction systems for ship size estimation in maritime radars”,EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing,Vol.2010,No.1,pp.1–15,2010.
[26]T.Min,X.Chen,Y.Sun,et al.,“A numerical approach to solving an inverse heat conduction problem using the LevenbergMarquardt algorithm”,Mathematical Problems in Engineering,Vol.2014,No.4,pp.1–11,2014.
[2]N.R.Leonor,R.F.S.Caldeirinha,T.R.Fernandes,et al.,“A simple model for average reradiation patterns of single trees based on weighted regression at 60GHz”,IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,Vol.63,No.11,pp.5113–5118,2015.
[3]T.Sakamoto,S.Okumura,R.Imanishi,et al.,“Remote heartbeat monitoring from human soles using 60-GHz ultra-wideband radar”,IEICE Electronics Express,Vol.12,No.21,pp.1–6,2015.
[4]J.Song and K.-W.Chin,“A survey of single and multi-hop link schedulers for mm Wave wireless systems”,Ad Hoc Networks,Vol.33,No.C,pp.269–283,2015.
[5]X.Ge,B.Yang,J.Ye,et al.,“Spatial spectrum and energy efficiency of random cellular networks”,IEEE Transactions on Communications,Vol.63,No.3,pp.1019–1030,2015.
[6]X.Ge,H.Cheng,M.Guizani,et al.,“5G wireless backhaul networks:Challenges and research advances”,IEEE Network,Vol.28,No.6,pp.6–11,2014.
[7]N.Chahat,G.Valerio,M.Zhadobov,et al.,“On-body propagation at 60GHz”,IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,Vol.61,No.4,pp.1876–1888,2013.
[8]Y.Zhu,C.Tang,L.Song,et al.,“Analytical and comparative investigation of 60 GHz wireless channels”,Telecommunication Systems,Vol.60,No.1,pp.179–186,2015.
[9]K.Yu,Dutkiewicz and Eryk,“NLOS identification and mitigation for mobile tracking”,IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,Vol.49,No.3,pp.1438–1452,2013.
[10]S.Tian,L.Zhao and G.Li,“A support vector data description approach to NLOS identification in UWB positioning”,Mathematical Problems in Engineering,Vol.2014,No.2014,pp.1–6,2014.
[11]X.Liang,H.Zhang,T.Lu,et al.,“Extreme learning machine for 60 GHz millimetre wave positioning”,IET Communications,Vol.11,No.4,pp.483–489,2017.
[12]I.Guvenc and Z.Sahinoglu,“Threshold selection for UWB TOA estimation based on kurtosis analysis”,IEEE Communications Letters,Vol.9,No.12,pp.1025–1027,2005.
[13]I.Guvenc and Z.Sahinoglu,“Threshold-based TOA estimation for impulse radio UWB systems”,Proc.of IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband,Cambridge,Massachusetts,USA,pp.420–425,2005.
[14]H.Zhang,X.R.Cui and T.A.Gulliver,“Remotely-sensed TOA interpretation of synthetic UWB based on neural networks”,EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing,Vol.2012,No.1,pp.1–13,2012.
[15]J.Ahmadreza,P.Luca,S.Julien,et al.,“TDOA estimation method using 60 GHz OFDM spectrum”,International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies,Vol.7,No.1,pp.31–35,2014.
[16]R.Hazra and A.Tyagi,“A survey on various coherent and non-coherent IR-UWB receivers”,Wireless Personal Communications,Vol.79,No.3,pp.2339–2369,2014.
[17]M.A.Z.Raja,F.H.Shah,A.A.Khan,et al.,“Design of bioinspired computational intelligence technique for solving steady thin film flow of Johnson-Segalman fluid on vertical cylinder for drainage problems”,Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers,Vol.60,No.3,pp.59–75,2016.
[18]A.Asuhaimi Mohd Zin A,M.Saini,M.W.Mustafa,et al.,“New algorithm for detection and fault classification on parallel transmission line using DWT and BPNN based on Clarke’s transformation”,Neurocomputing,Vol.168,No.11,pp.983–993,2015.
[19]X.R.Lee,C.L.Chen,H.C.Chang,et al.,“A 7.92 Gb/s 437.2m W stochastic LDPC decoder chip for IEEE 802.15.3c applications”,IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I:Regular Papers,Vol.62,No.2,pp.507–516,2015.
[20]W.C.Liu,T.C.Wei,Y.S.Huang,et al.,“All-digital synchronization for SC/OFDM mode of IEEE 802.15.3c and IEEE802.11ad”,IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I:Regular Papers,Vol.62,No.2,pp.545–553,2015.
[21]J.Kim,A.Mohaisen and J.K.Kim,“Fast and low-power link setup for IEEE 802.15.3c multi-gigabit/s wireless sensor networks”,IEEE Communications Letters,Vol.18,No.3,pp.455–458,2014.
[22]H.Zhang,T.Lu and T.A.Gulliver,“Pulse waveforms for60GHZ M-ary pulse position modulation communication systems”,IET Communications,Vol.7,No.2,pp.169–179,2013.
[23]S.H.Wu,Q.Y.Zhang and N.T.Zhang,“NLOS Identification for IR-UWB Ranging Systems”,Journal of Electronics and Information Technology,Vol.30,No.11,pp.2541–2546,2011.
[24]X.Liang,H.Zhang,T.Lu,et al.,“Energy detector based TOA estimation for MMW systems using machine learning”,Telecommunication Systems,Vol.64,No.2,pp.417–427,2017.
[25]R.Vicen-Bueno,R.Carrasco-Alvarez,M.Rosa-Zurera,et al.,“Artificial neural network-based clutter reduction systems for ship size estimation in maritime radars”,EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing,Vol.2010,No.1,pp.1–15,2010.
[26]T.Min,X.Chen,Y.Sun,et al.,“A numerical approach to solving an inverse heat conduction problem using the LevenbergMarquardt algorithm”,Mathematical Problems in Engineering,Vol.2014,No.4,pp.1–11,2014.