国家游泳队身体运动功能训练实证研究
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摘要
对身体运动功能训练在中国游泳队的应用过程进行定量化的分析和总结,从身体机能、基本动作模式和身体素质3个方面出发,研究身体运动功能训练的实践效果。对中国游泳队35名队员为期9周的身体运动功能训练进行观察、统计和分析。结果发现:(1)训练后,运动员在握力、心率和尿液颜色均有统计学显著性变化;在Move2perform数据库对比分析中,训练后,男组运动员在握力、安静时心率和尿液颜色没有达到平均基准分;女组运动员在安静时心率和尿液颜色没有达到平均基准分;(2)在FMS0分动作中,"躯干稳定性俯撑(TSPU)"是最为常见的疼痛动作模式;(3)训练前男女组运动员LUQY-Z分数低于基准分,训练后男女组运动员LLQY-Z、RLQY-Z、LUQY-Z和RUQY-Z分数均高于基准分;(4)踝关节灵活性训练前后没有显著变化;(5)1PU测试男女组运动员均超过基准分,1DIP测试没有达到基准分;(6)男女组运动员训练前腹部核心力量耐力均没有达到基准分,训练后测试均达到基准分。结果表明:(1)握力、心率和尿液颜色3个指标可以用于对游泳运动员身体机能进行监控和评估。(2)针对运动员存在的疼痛动作模式,提出"灵活性-静态动作控制-动态动作控制-力量训练"的纠正策略,根据该策略制定的纠正练习方案是有效的。(3)提出游泳专项力量训练动作图谱,并以此为指导设计训练方案实现了"重点发展上肢力量,保持下肢力量"的集训目标。
The authors carried out a quantitative analysis and summarization on the process of application of body movement function training to the Chinese swimming team, and studied the practical effects of body movement function training from such three aspects as body function, basic movement mode and physical quality. The authors observed, recorded and analyzed the 9-week body movement function training of 35 members of the Chinese swimming team, and revealed the following findings: 1) after the training, the grip strength, heart rate and urine color of the athletes had statistically significant changes; in the Move2 perform database comparison analysis, after the training, the grip strength, heart rate in a calm condition and urine color of the athletes in the male group did not reach the average benchmark scores; the heart rate in a calm condition and urine color of the athletes in the female group did not reach the average benchmark scores; 2) in the FMS0 sub-movement, "torso steady push-up"(TSPU) was the most common painful movement mode; 3) before the training, the LUQY-Z scores of the athletes in the male and female groups were lower than the benchmark scores; after the training, the LLQY-Z, RLQY-Z, LUQY-Z and RUQY-Z scores of the athletes in the male and female groups were all higher than the benchmark scores; 4) there was no significant change in ankle joint flexibility before and after the training;5) the athletes in the male and female groups exceeded the benchmark scores in the 1 PU test, but did not reach the benchmark scores in the 1 DIP test; 6) the abdomen core strength of the athletes in the male and female groups did not reach the benchmark scores before the training, but reached the benchmark scores as tested after the training. The said findings indicate the followings: 1) such 3 indexes as grip strength, heart rate and urine color can be used for monitoring and evaluating the physical functions of swimmers; 2) aiming at the painful movement modes existing in the athletes, the authors put forward such a correction strategy as "flexibility-static movement control-dynamic movement control-strength training";the correction practice program established according to this strategy was effective; 3) the authors put forward a movement map dedicated for swimming strength training, and designed training programs under the guidance of the map, realized such collective training goals as "primarily developing upper limb strength, maintaining lower limb strength".
The authors carried out a quantitative analysis and summarization on the process of application of body movement function training to the Chinese swimming team, and studied the practical effects of body movement function training from such three aspects as body function, basic movement mode and physical quality. The authors observed, recorded and analyzed the 9-week body movement function training of 35 members of the Chinese swimming team, and revealed the following findings: 1) after the training, the grip strength, heart rate and urine color of the athletes had statistically significant changes; in the Move2 perform database comparison analysis, after the training, the grip strength, heart rate in a calm condition and urine color of the athletes in the male group did not reach the average benchmark scores; the heart rate in a calm condition and urine color of the athletes in the female group did not reach the average benchmark scores; 2) in the FMS0 sub-movement, "torso steady push-up"(TSPU) was the most common painful movement mode; 3) before the training, the LUQY-Z scores of the athletes in the male and female groups were lower than the benchmark scores; after the training, the LLQY-Z, RLQY-Z, LUQY-Z and RUQY-Z scores of the athletes in the male and female groups were all higher than the benchmark scores; 4) there was no significant change in ankle joint flexibility before and after the training;5) the athletes in the male and female groups exceeded the benchmark scores in the 1 PU test, but did not reach the benchmark scores in the 1 DIP test; 6) the abdomen core strength of the athletes in the male and female groups did not reach the benchmark scores before the training, but reached the benchmark scores as tested after the training. The said findings indicate the followings: 1) such 3 indexes as grip strength, heart rate and urine color can be used for monitoring and evaluating the physical functions of swimmers; 2) aiming at the painful movement modes existing in the athletes, the authors put forward such a correction strategy as "flexibility-static movement control-dynamic movement control-strength training";the correction practice program established according to this strategy was effective; 3) the authors put forward a movement map dedicated for swimming strength training, and designed training programs under the guidance of the map, realized such collective training goals as "primarily developing upper limb strength, maintaining lower limb strength".
引文
[1]尹军.身体运动功能训练[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2015.
[2]肖娜,徐纳新,孙会芳,等.握力测试影响因素的研究进展[J].中国康复理论与实践,2013,19(9):839-842.
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[5]RUIZ J R,ESPANA-ROMERO V,ORTEGA F BHand span influences opti-mal grip span in male and female teenagers[J].J Hand SURG Am,2006,31(8):1367-1372.
[6]常芸,高晓嶙,熊正英,等.中国不同项目优秀运动员安静心率研究[J].中国运动医学杂志,2007,26(1):34-38.
[7]沃斯特根.每天都是比赛日[M].上海:上海文化出版社,2015.
[8]KIESEL K,PLISKY P J,VOIGHT M L.Can serious injury in professional football be predicted by a preseason functional movement screen?[J].N Am J Sports PHYS THER,2007,2(3):147-158.
[9]MARK V,PETE W.Core performance:The revolutionary workout program to transform your body and your life[M].PA:Rodale Inc,2005.
[10]扆铮,尹军.功能动作筛查的应用研究[J].山东体育科技,2015,37(6):75-79.
[11]扆铮,尹军.对“功能动作训练”之“功能动作筛查”的审视与思考[J].山东体育学院学报,2013,29(3):62-70.
[12]PLISKY P J,RAUH M J,KAMINSKI T W,et al.Star excursion balance test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball player[J].The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapg,2006,36(12):911-919.
[13]PHILLIP A G,JAY H,PHIL P.Using the star excursion balance test to assess dynamic Postural-Control deficits and outcomes in lower extremity injury:A literature and systematic review[J].Journal of Athletic Training,2012,47(3):339-357.
[14]GRAYCOOK.动作-功能动作训练体系[M].张英波,梁林,赵洪波,译.北京:北京体育大学出版社,2010:3-248.
[15]MICHAEL P R,ROBERT C M.Functional Testing in Human Performance[M].Champaign,IL:Human Kinetics,2009.
[16]THOMAS R.BAECHLE,ROGER W.EARLE.体能训练概论[M].朱学雷等,译.上海:上海三联书店,2010.
[17]JOYCE D,LEWINDON D.High-Performance training for sports[M].Champaign,IL:Premier Print Group,2014:33-50.
[18]朱秀华,黄力平,等.力量训练交叉迁移及在康复中应用的研究进展[J].中国康复医学杂志,2015,30(8):845-849.
[19]于荣,汤强.我国游泳男子中长距离自由泳项目的发展特征及突破因素分析[J].首都体育学院学报,2014,26(1):70-75.
[2]肖娜,徐纳新,孙会芳,等.握力测试影响因素的研究进展[J].中国康复理论与实践,2013,19(9):839-842.
[3]BEAR-LEHMAN J,KAFKO M M L.An exploratory look at hand strength and hand size among preschoolers[J].J Hand THER,2002,15(4):340-346.
[4]ESPA?A-ROMERO V,ARTERO E G,SANTALIESTRA-PASIAS A M.Hand span influences optimal grip span in boys and girls aged 6 to 12 years[J]J Hand SURG Am,2008,33(3):378-384.
[5]RUIZ J R,ESPANA-ROMERO V,ORTEGA F BHand span influences opti-mal grip span in male and female teenagers[J].J Hand SURG Am,2006,31(8):1367-1372.
[6]常芸,高晓嶙,熊正英,等.中国不同项目优秀运动员安静心率研究[J].中国运动医学杂志,2007,26(1):34-38.
[7]沃斯特根.每天都是比赛日[M].上海:上海文化出版社,2015.
[8]KIESEL K,PLISKY P J,VOIGHT M L.Can serious injury in professional football be predicted by a preseason functional movement screen?[J].N Am J Sports PHYS THER,2007,2(3):147-158.
[9]MARK V,PETE W.Core performance:The revolutionary workout program to transform your body and your life[M].PA:Rodale Inc,2005.
[10]扆铮,尹军.功能动作筛查的应用研究[J].山东体育科技,2015,37(6):75-79.
[11]扆铮,尹军.对“功能动作训练”之“功能动作筛查”的审视与思考[J].山东体育学院学报,2013,29(3):62-70.
[12]PLISKY P J,RAUH M J,KAMINSKI T W,et al.Star excursion balance test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball player[J].The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapg,2006,36(12):911-919.
[13]PHILLIP A G,JAY H,PHIL P.Using the star excursion balance test to assess dynamic Postural-Control deficits and outcomes in lower extremity injury:A literature and systematic review[J].Journal of Athletic Training,2012,47(3):339-357.
[14]GRAYCOOK.动作-功能动作训练体系[M].张英波,梁林,赵洪波,译.北京:北京体育大学出版社,2010:3-248.
[15]MICHAEL P R,ROBERT C M.Functional Testing in Human Performance[M].Champaign,IL:Human Kinetics,2009.
[16]THOMAS R.BAECHLE,ROGER W.EARLE.体能训练概论[M].朱学雷等,译.上海:上海三联书店,2010.
[17]JOYCE D,LEWINDON D.High-Performance training for sports[M].Champaign,IL:Premier Print Group,2014:33-50.
[18]朱秀华,黄力平,等.力量训练交叉迁移及在康复中应用的研究进展[J].中国康复医学杂志,2015,30(8):845-849.
[19]于荣,汤强.我国游泳男子中长距离自由泳项目的发展特征及突破因素分析[J].首都体育学院学报,2014,26(1):70-75.