掩蔽声对声音反应时间的影响
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摘要
目的通过大鼠行为训练模型观察掩蔽对于声音反应时间、响度的影响。方法 5只雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠进行听声取食训练,准确度达到95%以后,测试中心频率为2kHz的50ms的窄带噪声在掩蔽(70dB SPL的白噪声)前后不同声强(40-110 dB SPL,10 dB步长)下的反应时间。结果大鼠的反应时间表现为低声强时反应时间较长而高声强时反应时间较短。掩蔽声可延长大鼠在低声强下(40、50 dB SPL)的反应时间,而对接近掩蔽声强的测试声(70、80 dB SPL)的反应时间则明显缩短,两者间均具有显著性差异(P<0.05);掩蔽声对80 dB SPL以上声强的刺激声的反应时间无明显变化。结论我们的结果表明掩蔽声可对声音的反应时间造成影响,可能是通过改变刺激声的响度造成的,掩蔽声可降低弱声音的响度,但提高近似于掩蔽声强度的刺激声的响度。反应时间也可能受信噪比的影响而改变。
Objective Sound reaction time has been used in tinnitus and hyperacusis studies to measure loudness change after ototoxic drug and noise exposure. However, how reaction time is affected by a background noise has not been studied. In this study, we studied effects on sound reaction time by a masking sound in order to validate sound reaction time in loudness measurement. Methods Five Sprague-Dawley rats were used in operate conditioning behavioral test to measure sound reaction time. The reaction-time to narrow-band noise bursts centered at 2 kHz(40-110 dB SPL)was measured with/without background noise(white noise at 70 dB SPL). Results Reaction time was significantly affected by sound intensities. The averaged reaction time decreased from 780 ms to 300 ms when sound stimuli increased from 40 dB SPL to 110 d B SPL. The reaction time was also affected by the masking sound. The background noise caused an increase of reaction time from 700 ms to over 1000 ms at 40 dB SPL but a significant decrease from 700 ms to500 ms at 70-80 dB SPL. There was no change in reaction time when sound stimuli were greater than 90 dB SPL. Conclusion Our results show that sound reaction is not only affected by stimulus intensity, but also by masking sound. The masking sound caused an increase of reaction time at low intensity but a decrease at high intensities. Our results suggest that sound reaction time can be affected by the signal-noise ratio of sound signals.
Objective Sound reaction time has been used in tinnitus and hyperacusis studies to measure loudness change after ototoxic drug and noise exposure. However, how reaction time is affected by a background noise has not been studied. In this study, we studied effects on sound reaction time by a masking sound in order to validate sound reaction time in loudness measurement. Methods Five Sprague-Dawley rats were used in operate conditioning behavioral test to measure sound reaction time. The reaction-time to narrow-band noise bursts centered at 2 kHz(40-110 dB SPL)was measured with/without background noise(white noise at 70 dB SPL). Results Reaction time was significantly affected by sound intensities. The averaged reaction time decreased from 780 ms to 300 ms when sound stimuli increased from 40 dB SPL to 110 d B SPL. The reaction time was also affected by the masking sound. The background noise caused an increase of reaction time from 700 ms to over 1000 ms at 40 dB SPL but a significant decrease from 700 ms to500 ms at 70-80 dB SPL. There was no change in reaction time when sound stimuli were greater than 90 dB SPL. Conclusion Our results show that sound reaction is not only affected by stimulus intensity, but also by masking sound. The masking sound caused an increase of reaction time at low intensity but a decrease at high intensities. Our results suggest that sound reaction time can be affected by the signal-noise ratio of sound signals.
引文
1 Valente M,Goebel J,Duddy D,et al.Evaluation and treatment of severe hyperacusis[J].Journal of the American Academy of Audiology,2000,11(6):295-259.
2 Baguley DM.Hyperacusis[J].Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine,2003,96(12):582-585.
3 Hebert S,Fournier P,Norena A.The auditory sensitivity is increased in tinnitus ears[J].The Journal of neuroscience:the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience,2013,33(6):2356-2364.
4 Schmuzigert N,Fostiropoulos K,Probst R.Long-term assessment of auditory changes resulting from a single noise exposure associated with non-occupational activities[J].International journal of audiology,2006,45(1):46-54.
5 Anari M,Axelsson A,Eliasson A,et al.Hypersensitivity to sound--questionnaire data,audiometry and classification[J].Scandinavian audiology,1999,28(4):219-230.
6 Sahley TL,Nodar RH.A biochemical model of peripheral tinnitus[J].Hearing research,2001,152(1-2):43-54.
7 Pace E,Zhang J.Noise-induced tinnitus using individualized gap detection analysis and its relationship with hyperacusis,anxiety,and spatial cognition[J].PloS one,2013,8(9):e75011.
8 Plack CJ,Carlyon RP.Loudness perception and intensity coding[M].Hearing,1995,123-160.
9宋凡,陈秀兰,王斌,等.急、慢性耳鸣的临床和心理声学特征分析[J].中华耳科学杂志,2017,15(1):71.Song F,Chen XL,Wang B,et al.Clinical and psychoacoustic characteristics in patients with acute and chronic tinnitus[J].Chinese Journal of Otology,2017,15(1):71.
10 Stevens SS,Guirao M.Subjective scaling of length and area and the matching of length to loudness and brightness[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology,1963,66(2):177.
11 Fletcher H,Munson WA.Loudness,its definition,measurement and calculation[J].Bell System Technical Journal,1933,12(4):377-430.
12 Miller JM,Moody DB,Stebbins WC.Evoked potentials and auditory reaction time in monkeys[J].Science,1969,163(3867):592-594.
13 Stebbins WC,Miller JM.Reaction Time as a Function of Stimulus Intensity for the Monkey[J].Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior,1964,7309-7312.
14 Marshall L,Brandt JF.The relationship between loudness and reaction time in normal hearing listeners[J].Acta oto-laryngologica,1980,90(3-4):244-249.
15 Leibold LJ,Werner LA.Relationship between intensity and reaction time in normal-hearing infants and adults[J].Ear and hearing,2002,23(2):92-97.
16 Wagner E,Florentine M,Buus S,et al.Spectral loudness summation and simple reaction time[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2004,116(3):1681-1686.
17 May BJ,Little N,Saylor S.Loudness perception in the domestic cat:reaction time estimates of equal loudness contours and recruitment effects[J].Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology:JARO,2009,10(2):295-308.
18 Lauer AM,Dooling RJ.Evidence of hyperacusis in canaries with permanent hereditary high-frequency hearing loss[J].Seminars in Hearing,2007,28(4):319-326.
19 Zhang C,Flowers E,Li JX,et al.Loudness perception affected by high doses of salicylate-A behavioral model of hyperacusis[J].Behavioural brain research,2014,271:16-22.
20 Alkharabsheh A,Xiong F,Xiong B,et al.Early age noise exposure increases loudness perception-A novel animal model of hyperacusis[J].Hearing research,2017,347:11-17.
21 Lentz JJ,He Y,Houpt JW,et al.Processing characteristics of monaural tone detection[M].Mathematic models of perception and cognition,2016,2:132-150.
2 Baguley DM.Hyperacusis[J].Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine,2003,96(12):582-585.
3 Hebert S,Fournier P,Norena A.The auditory sensitivity is increased in tinnitus ears[J].The Journal of neuroscience:the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience,2013,33(6):2356-2364.
4 Schmuzigert N,Fostiropoulos K,Probst R.Long-term assessment of auditory changes resulting from a single noise exposure associated with non-occupational activities[J].International journal of audiology,2006,45(1):46-54.
5 Anari M,Axelsson A,Eliasson A,et al.Hypersensitivity to sound--questionnaire data,audiometry and classification[J].Scandinavian audiology,1999,28(4):219-230.
6 Sahley TL,Nodar RH.A biochemical model of peripheral tinnitus[J].Hearing research,2001,152(1-2):43-54.
7 Pace E,Zhang J.Noise-induced tinnitus using individualized gap detection analysis and its relationship with hyperacusis,anxiety,and spatial cognition[J].PloS one,2013,8(9):e75011.
8 Plack CJ,Carlyon RP.Loudness perception and intensity coding[M].Hearing,1995,123-160.
9宋凡,陈秀兰,王斌,等.急、慢性耳鸣的临床和心理声学特征分析[J].中华耳科学杂志,2017,15(1):71.Song F,Chen XL,Wang B,et al.Clinical and psychoacoustic characteristics in patients with acute and chronic tinnitus[J].Chinese Journal of Otology,2017,15(1):71.
10 Stevens SS,Guirao M.Subjective scaling of length and area and the matching of length to loudness and brightness[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology,1963,66(2):177.
11 Fletcher H,Munson WA.Loudness,its definition,measurement and calculation[J].Bell System Technical Journal,1933,12(4):377-430.
12 Miller JM,Moody DB,Stebbins WC.Evoked potentials and auditory reaction time in monkeys[J].Science,1969,163(3867):592-594.
13 Stebbins WC,Miller JM.Reaction Time as a Function of Stimulus Intensity for the Monkey[J].Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior,1964,7309-7312.
14 Marshall L,Brandt JF.The relationship between loudness and reaction time in normal hearing listeners[J].Acta oto-laryngologica,1980,90(3-4):244-249.
15 Leibold LJ,Werner LA.Relationship between intensity and reaction time in normal-hearing infants and adults[J].Ear and hearing,2002,23(2):92-97.
16 Wagner E,Florentine M,Buus S,et al.Spectral loudness summation and simple reaction time[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2004,116(3):1681-1686.
17 May BJ,Little N,Saylor S.Loudness perception in the domestic cat:reaction time estimates of equal loudness contours and recruitment effects[J].Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology:JARO,2009,10(2):295-308.
18 Lauer AM,Dooling RJ.Evidence of hyperacusis in canaries with permanent hereditary high-frequency hearing loss[J].Seminars in Hearing,2007,28(4):319-326.
19 Zhang C,Flowers E,Li JX,et al.Loudness perception affected by high doses of salicylate-A behavioral model of hyperacusis[J].Behavioural brain research,2014,271:16-22.
20 Alkharabsheh A,Xiong F,Xiong B,et al.Early age noise exposure increases loudness perception-A novel animal model of hyperacusis[J].Hearing research,2017,347:11-17.
21 Lentz JJ,He Y,Houpt JW,et al.Processing characteristics of monaural tone detection[M].Mathematic models of perception and cognition,2016,2:132-150.