Seasonal variation in surface ozone and its regional characteristics at global atmosphere watch stations in China
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摘要
We investigated the seasonal and spatial ozone variations in China by using three-year surface ozone observation data from the six Chinese Global Atmosphere Watch(GAW)stations and tropospheric column ozone data from satellite retrieval over the period2010–2012. It is shown that the seasonal ozone variations at these GAW stations are rather different, particularly between the western and eastern locations. Compared with western China, eastern China has lower background ozone levels. However, the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) can transport photochemical pollutants from the southern to the northern areas in eastern China, leading to a northward gradual enhancement of background ozone levels at the eastern GAW stations. Over China, the tropospheric column ozone densities peak during spring and summer in the areas that are directly and/or indirectly affected by the ASM, and the peak time lags from the south to the north in eastern China. We also investigated the regional representativeness of seasonal variations of ozone at the six Chinese GAW stations using the yearly maximum tropospheric column month as indicator.The results show that the seasonal variation characteristics of ozone revealed by the Chinese GAW stations are typical, with each station having a considerable large surrounding area with the ozone maximum occurring at the same month. Ozone variations at the GAW stations are influenced by many complex factors and their regional representativeness needs to be investigated further in a broader sense.
We investigated the seasonal and spatial ozone variations in China by using three-year surface ozone observation data from the six Chinese Global Atmosphere Watch(GAW)stations and tropospheric column ozone data from satellite retrieval over the period2010–2012. It is shown that the seasonal ozone variations at these GAW stations are rather different, particularly between the western and eastern locations. Compared with western China, eastern China has lower background ozone levels. However, the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) can transport photochemical pollutants from the southern to the northern areas in eastern China, leading to a northward gradual enhancement of background ozone levels at the eastern GAW stations. Over China, the tropospheric column ozone densities peak during spring and summer in the areas that are directly and/or indirectly affected by the ASM, and the peak time lags from the south to the north in eastern China. We also investigated the regional representativeness of seasonal variations of ozone at the six Chinese GAW stations using the yearly maximum tropospheric column month as indicator.The results show that the seasonal variation characteristics of ozone revealed by the Chinese GAW stations are typical, with each station having a considerable large surrounding area with the ozone maximum occurring at the same month. Ozone variations at the GAW stations are influenced by many complex factors and their regional representativeness needs to be investigated further in a broader sense.
We investigated the seasonal and spatial ozone variations in China by using three-year surface ozone observation data from the six Chinese Global Atmosphere Watch(GAW)stations and tropospheric column ozone data from satellite retrieval over the period2010–2012. It is shown that the seasonal ozone variations at these GAW stations are rather different, particularly between the western and eastern locations. Compared with western China, eastern China has lower background ozone levels. However, the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) can transport photochemical pollutants from the southern to the northern areas in eastern China, leading to a northward gradual enhancement of background ozone levels at the eastern GAW stations. Over China, the tropospheric column ozone densities peak during spring and summer in the areas that are directly and/or indirectly affected by the ASM, and the peak time lags from the south to the north in eastern China. We also investigated the regional representativeness of seasonal variations of ozone at the six Chinese GAW stations using the yearly maximum tropospheric column month as indicator.The results show that the seasonal variation characteristics of ozone revealed by the Chinese GAW stations are typical, with each station having a considerable large surrounding area with the ozone maximum occurring at the same month. Ozone variations at the GAW stations are influenced by many complex factors and their regional representativeness needs to be investigated further in a broader sense.
引文
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Ding,A.,Wang,T.,Fu,C.,2013b.Transport characteristics and origins of carbon monoxide and ozone in Hong Kong,South China.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.118,9475-9488.
Ding,A.J.,Wang,T.,2006.Influence of stratosphere-to-troposphere exchange on the seasonal cycle of surface ozone at Mount Waliguan in western China.Geophys.Res.Lett.33.https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024760(L03803).
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Gao,J.,Zhu,B.,Xiao,H.,Kang,H.,Hou,X.,Shao,P.,2016.A case study of surface ozone source apportionment during a high concentration episode,under frequent shifting wind conditions over the Yangtze River Delta,China.Sci.Total Environ.544,853-863.
Ge,B.Z.,Xu,X.B.,Lin,W.L.,Lie,J.,Wang,Z.F.,2012.Impact of the regional transport of urban Beijing pollutants on downwind areas in summer:ozone production efficiency analysis.Tellus B 64.
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HTAP,A P S,2010.Hemispheric transport of air pollution.
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Li,X.,Liu,J.,Mauzerall,D.L.,Emmons,L.K.,Walters,S.,Horowitz,L.W.,et al.,2014.Effects of trans-Eurasian transport of air pollutants on surface ozone concentrations over Western China.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.119.
Lin,W.L.,Xu,X.B.,Zhang,X.,Tang,J.,2008.Contributions of pollutants from North China Plain to surface ozone at the Shangdianzi GAW Station.Atmos.Chem.Phys.8,5889-5898.
Lin,W.L.,Xu,X.B.,Wang,L.,Yang,S.,Lin,Y.,Zhao,Z.,et al.,2010.On-line measurement of reactive gases at Akedala regional atmosphere background station.Meteor.Sci.Tech.38,661-667.
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Liu,Y.,Wang,Y.,Liu,X.,Cai,Z.,Chance,K.,2009.Tibetan middle tropospheric ozone minimum in June discovered from GOMEobservations.Geophys.Res.Lett.36.
Logan,J.A.,1985.Tropospheric ozone:Seasonal behavior,trends,and anthropogenic influence.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.90,10463-10482.
Luo,C.,Tang,J.,Zhou,X.,1996.Measurements and model simulations of surface ozone variations at different background concentrations of the precursors.J.Meteorol.Res.10,215-221.
Ma,J.Z.,Liu,H.L.,Hauglustaine,D.,2002a.Summertime tropospheric ozone over China simulated with a regional chemical transport model 1.Model description and evaluation.J.Geophys.Res.Atmospheres 107.
Ma,J.Z.,Tang,J.,Zhou,X.J.,Zhang,X.,2002b.Estimates of the chemical budget for ozone at Waliguan Observatory.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.41.
Ma,J.Z.,Zhou,X.J.,Hauglustaine,D.,2002c.Summertime tropospheric ozone over China simulated with a regional chemical transport model 2.Source contributions and budget.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.107.
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Ma,J.,Lin,W.L.,Zheng,X.D.,Xu,X.,Li,Z.,Yang,L.,2014.Influence of air mass downward transport on the variability of surface ozone at Xianggelila Regional Atmosphere Background Station,Southwest China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14,5311-5325.
Ma,Z.Q.,Xu,J.,Quan,W.,Zhang,Z.,Lin,W.L.,Xu,X.B.,2016.Significant increase of surface ozone at a rural site,north of eastern China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.16,3969-3977.
Meng,Z.Y.,Xu,X.B.,Yan,P.,Ding,G.A.,Tang,J.,Lin,W.L.,et al.,2009.Characteristics of trace gaseous pollutants at a regional background station in Northern China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.9,927-936.
Monks,P.,Granier,C.,Fuzzi,S.,Stohl,A.,Williams,M.,Akimoto,H.,et al.,2009.Atmospheric composition change-global and regional air quality.Atmos.Environ.43,5268-5350.
Safieddine,S.,Boynard,A.,Hao,N.,Huang,F.,Wang,L.,Ji,D.,et al.,2016.Tropospheric ozone variability during the East Asian summer monsoon as observed by satellite(IASI),aircraft(MOZAIC)and ground stations.Atmos.Chem.Phys.16,10489-10500.
Seinfeld,J.H.,Pandis,S.N.,2016.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics:From Air Pollution to Climate Change.John Wiley&Sons.
Shindell,D.,Kuylenstierna,J.C.,Vignati,E.,Van Dingenen,R.,Amann,M.,Klimont,Z.,et al.,2012.Simultaneously mitigating near-term climate change and improving human health and food security.Science 335,183-189.
Stohl,A.,2004.Intercontinental Transport of Air Pollution.Springer Science&Business Media.
Sun,L.,Xue,L.K.,Wang,T.,Gao,J.,Ding,A.J.,Cooper,O.R.,et al.,2016.Significant increase of summertime ozone at Mount Tai in Central Eastern China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.16,10637-10650.
Tang,H.,Liu,G.,Zhu,J.,Han,Y.,Kobayashi,K.,2013.Seasonal variations in surface ozone as influenced by Asian summer monsoon and biomass burning in agricultural fields of the northern Yangtze River Delta.Atmos.Res.122,67-76.
Wang,X.,Mauzerall,D.L.,2004.Characterizing distributions of surface ozone and its impact on grain production in China,Japan and South Korea:1990 and 2020.Atmos.Environ.38,4383-4402.
Wang,T.,Cheung,V.T.,Anson,M.,Li,Y.,2001.Ozone and related gaseous pollutants in the boundary layer of eastern China:Overview of the recent measurements at a rural site.Geophys.Res.Lett.28,2373-2376.
Wang,T.,Ding,A.J.,Gao,J.,Wu,W.S.,2006a.Strong ozone production in urban plumes from Beijing,China.Geophys.Res.Lett.33.
Wang,T.,Wong,H.,Tang,J.,Ding,A.J.,Wu,W.,Zhang,X.,2006b.On the origin of surface ozone and reactive nitrogen observed at a remote mountain site in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,western China.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos 111.
Wang,Y.,Zhang,Y.,Hao,J.,Luo,M.,2011.Seasonal and spatial variability of surface ozone over China:contributions from background and domestic pollution.Atmos.Chem.Phys.11,3511-3525.
Wang,T.,Xue,L.K.,Brimblecombe,P.,Lam,Y.F.,Li,L.,Zhang,L.,2017.Ozone pollution in China:a review of concentrations,meteorological influences,chemical precursors,and effects.Sci.Total Environ.575,1582-1596.
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Wofsy,S.C.,McConnell,J.C.,McElroy,M.B.,1972.Atmospheric CH4,CO,and CO2.J.Geophys.Res.77,4477-4493.
Worden,J.,Jones,D.,Liu,J.,Parrington,M.,Bowman,K.,Stajner,I.,Beer,R.,Jiang,J.,Thouret,V.,Kulawik,S.,2009.Observed vertical distribution of tropospheric ozone during the Asian summertime monsoon.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.114.
Xu,X.B.,Lin,W.L.,2010.1979-2005 trends of tropospheric ozone over China based on the satellite data.Adv.Climate Change Res.6,100-105.
Xu,X.B.,Ding,G.A.,Li,X.S.,Xiang,R.,1998.Variability and related factors of the surface O3at Longfengshan.Acta Meteorol.Sinica 56.
Xu,X.B.,Lin,W.L.,Wang,T.,Yan,P.,Tang,J.,Meng,Z.Y.,et al.,2008.Long-term trend of surface ozone at a regional background station in eastern China 1991-2006:enhanced variability.Atmos.Chem.Phys.8,2595-2607.
Xu,X.B.,Liu,X.,Lin,W.L.,2009.Impacts of air parcel transport on the concentrations of trace gases at regional background stations.J.Appl.Meteorol.Sci.20,656-664.
Xu,J.,Ma,J.Z.,Zhang,X.,Xu,X.B.,Xu,X.,Lin,W.L.,et al.,2011.Measurements of ozone and its precursors in Beijing during summertime:impact of urban plumes on ozone pollution in downwind rural areas.Atmos.Chem.Phys.11,12241-12252.
Xu,W.Y.,Lin,W.L.,Xu,X.B.,Tang,J.,Huang,J.,Wu,H.,et al.,2016.Long-term trends of surface ozone and its influencing factors at the Mt Waliguan GAW station,China-Part 1:overall trends and characteristics.Atmos.Chem.Phys.16,6191-6205.
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Deeter,M.,Edwards,D.,Gille,J.,Drummond,J.R.,2007.Sensitivity of MOPITT observations to carbon monoxide in the lower troposphere.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.112.
Ding,Y.,2013.Monsoons over China.Springer Science&Business Media.
Ding,A.,Fu,C.,Yang,X.,Sun,J.,Zheng,L.,Xie,Y.,et al.,2013a.Ozone and fine particle in the western Yangtze River Delta:an overview of 1 yr data at the SORPES station.Atmos.Chem.Phys.13,5813-5830.
Ding,A.,Wang,T.,Fu,C.,2013b.Transport characteristics and origins of carbon monoxide and ozone in Hong Kong,South China.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.118,9475-9488.
Ding,A.J.,Wang,T.,2006.Influence of stratosphere-to-troposphere exchange on the seasonal cycle of surface ozone at Mount Waliguan in western China.Geophys.Res.Lett.33.https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024760(L03803).
Emmons,S.,2010.Description and evaluation of the Model for ozone and related chemical tracers,version 4(MOZART-4).Geosci.Model Dev.3.
Gao,J.,Zhu,B.,Xiao,H.,Kang,H.,Hou,X.,Shao,P.,2016.A case study of surface ozone source apportionment during a high concentration episode,under frequent shifting wind conditions over the Yangtze River Delta,China.Sci.Total Environ.544,853-863.
Ge,B.Z.,Xu,X.B.,Lin,W.L.,Lie,J.,Wang,Z.F.,2012.Impact of the regional transport of urban Beijing pollutants on downwind areas in summer:ozone production efficiency analysis.Tellus B 64.
He,Y.,Uno,I.,Wang,Z.,Pochanart,P.,Li,J.,Akimoto,J.,2008.Significant impact of the East Asia monsoon on ozone seasonal behavior in the boundary layer of Eastern China and the West Pacific region.Atmos.Chem.Phys.8,7543-7555.
Heck,W.W.,Taylor,O.,Adams,R.,Bingham,G.,Miller,J.,Preston,E.,et al.,1982.Assessment of crop loss from ozone.J.Air.Pollut.Control.Ass.32,53-361.
Hsu,J.,Prather,M.J.,2009.Stratospheric variability and tropospheric ozone.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.114.
HTAP,A P S,2010.Hemispheric transport of air pollution.
IPCC,2014.Climate Change 2014-Impacts,Adaptation and Vulnerability:Regional Aspects,World Meteorological Organization Disponible en:http://wmo.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/documents/meetings/session20/doc2.pdf.
Kim,P.S.,Jacob,D.J.,Liu,X.,Warner,J.,Yang,K.,Chance,K.,et al.,2013.Global ozone-CO correlations from OMI and AIRS:constraints on tropospheric ozone sources.Atmos.Chem.Phys.13,9321-9335.
Koch,P.,Wernli,H.,Davies,H.C.,2006.An event-based jet-stream climatology and typology.Int.J.Climatol.26,283-301.
Lee,D.S.,Holland,M.R.,Falla,N.,1996.The potential impact of ozone on materials in the UK.Atmos.Environ.30,1053-1065.
Lewis,A.,Evans,M.,Methven,J.,Watson,N.,Lee,J.,Hopkins,J.,et al.,2007.Chemical composition observed over the midAtlantic and the detection of pollution signatures far from source regions.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.112.
Li,X.,Liu,J.,Mauzerall,D.L.,Emmons,L.K.,Walters,S.,Horowitz,L.W.,et al.,2014.Effects of trans-Eurasian transport of air pollutants on surface ozone concentrations over Western China.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.119.
Lin,W.L.,Xu,X.B.,Zhang,X.,Tang,J.,2008.Contributions of pollutants from North China Plain to surface ozone at the Shangdianzi GAW Station.Atmos.Chem.Phys.8,5889-5898.
Lin,W.L.,Xu,X.B.,Wang,L.,Yang,S.,Lin,Y.,Zhao,Z.,et al.,2010.On-line measurement of reactive gases at Akedala regional atmosphere background station.Meteor.Sci.Tech.38,661-667.
Liu,N.,Ma,J.,2017.Seasonal relationships of tropospheric ozone and its precursors over East Asia.J.Appl.Meteorol.Sci.28,427-435.
Liu,Y.,Wang,Y.,Liu,X.,Cai,Z.,Chance,K.,2009.Tibetan middle tropospheric ozone minimum in June discovered from GOMEobservations.Geophys.Res.Lett.36.
Logan,J.A.,1985.Tropospheric ozone:Seasonal behavior,trends,and anthropogenic influence.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.90,10463-10482.
Luo,C.,Tang,J.,Zhou,X.,1996.Measurements and model simulations of surface ozone variations at different background concentrations of the precursors.J.Meteorol.Res.10,215-221.
Ma,J.Z.,Liu,H.L.,Hauglustaine,D.,2002a.Summertime tropospheric ozone over China simulated with a regional chemical transport model 1.Model description and evaluation.J.Geophys.Res.Atmospheres 107.
Ma,J.Z.,Tang,J.,Zhou,X.J.,Zhang,X.,2002b.Estimates of the chemical budget for ozone at Waliguan Observatory.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.41.
Ma,J.Z.,Zhou,X.J.,Hauglustaine,D.,2002c.Summertime tropospheric ozone over China simulated with a regional chemical transport model 2.Source contributions and budget.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.107.
Ma,J.Z.,Zheng,X.D.,Xu,X.B.,2005.Comment on“Why does surface ozone peak in summertime at Waliguan?”by Bin Zhu et al.Geophys.Res.Lett.32.
Ma,J.,Lin,W.L.,Zheng,X.D.,Xu,X.,Li,Z.,Yang,L.,2014.Influence of air mass downward transport on the variability of surface ozone at Xianggelila Regional Atmosphere Background Station,Southwest China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14,5311-5325.
Ma,Z.Q.,Xu,J.,Quan,W.,Zhang,Z.,Lin,W.L.,Xu,X.B.,2016.Significant increase of surface ozone at a rural site,north of eastern China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.16,3969-3977.
Meng,Z.Y.,Xu,X.B.,Yan,P.,Ding,G.A.,Tang,J.,Lin,W.L.,et al.,2009.Characteristics of trace gaseous pollutants at a regional background station in Northern China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.9,927-936.
Monks,P.,Granier,C.,Fuzzi,S.,Stohl,A.,Williams,M.,Akimoto,H.,et al.,2009.Atmospheric composition change-global and regional air quality.Atmos.Environ.43,5268-5350.
Safieddine,S.,Boynard,A.,Hao,N.,Huang,F.,Wang,L.,Ji,D.,et al.,2016.Tropospheric ozone variability during the East Asian summer monsoon as observed by satellite(IASI),aircraft(MOZAIC)and ground stations.Atmos.Chem.Phys.16,10489-10500.
Seinfeld,J.H.,Pandis,S.N.,2016.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics:From Air Pollution to Climate Change.John Wiley&Sons.
Shindell,D.,Kuylenstierna,J.C.,Vignati,E.,Van Dingenen,R.,Amann,M.,Klimont,Z.,et al.,2012.Simultaneously mitigating near-term climate change and improving human health and food security.Science 335,183-189.
Stohl,A.,2004.Intercontinental Transport of Air Pollution.Springer Science&Business Media.
Sun,L.,Xue,L.K.,Wang,T.,Gao,J.,Ding,A.J.,Cooper,O.R.,et al.,2016.Significant increase of summertime ozone at Mount Tai in Central Eastern China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.16,10637-10650.
Tang,H.,Liu,G.,Zhu,J.,Han,Y.,Kobayashi,K.,2013.Seasonal variations in surface ozone as influenced by Asian summer monsoon and biomass burning in agricultural fields of the northern Yangtze River Delta.Atmos.Res.122,67-76.
Wang,X.,Mauzerall,D.L.,2004.Characterizing distributions of surface ozone and its impact on grain production in China,Japan and South Korea:1990 and 2020.Atmos.Environ.38,4383-4402.
Wang,T.,Cheung,V.T.,Anson,M.,Li,Y.,2001.Ozone and related gaseous pollutants in the boundary layer of eastern China:Overview of the recent measurements at a rural site.Geophys.Res.Lett.28,2373-2376.
Wang,T.,Ding,A.J.,Gao,J.,Wu,W.S.,2006a.Strong ozone production in urban plumes from Beijing,China.Geophys.Res.Lett.33.
Wang,T.,Wong,H.,Tang,J.,Ding,A.J.,Wu,W.,Zhang,X.,2006b.On the origin of surface ozone and reactive nitrogen observed at a remote mountain site in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,western China.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos 111.
Wang,Y.,Zhang,Y.,Hao,J.,Luo,M.,2011.Seasonal and spatial variability of surface ozone over China:contributions from background and domestic pollution.Atmos.Chem.Phys.11,3511-3525.
Wang,T.,Xue,L.K.,Brimblecombe,P.,Lam,Y.F.,Li,L.,Zhang,L.,2017.Ozone pollution in China:a review of concentrations,meteorological influences,chemical precursors,and effects.Sci.Total Environ.575,1582-1596.
Webster,P.V.M.,Palmer,T.,Shukla,J.R.T.,Yanai,M.,Yasunari,T.,1998.Monsoons:Processes,predictability,and the prospects for prediction.11.Springer Science&Business Media,pp.3511-3525.
Weinstock,B.,1972.Carbon monoxide balance in nature.Science176,290-292.
Wofsy,S.C.,McConnell,J.C.,McElroy,M.B.,1972.Atmospheric CH4,CO,and CO2.J.Geophys.Res.77,4477-4493.
Worden,J.,Jones,D.,Liu,J.,Parrington,M.,Bowman,K.,Stajner,I.,Beer,R.,Jiang,J.,Thouret,V.,Kulawik,S.,2009.Observed vertical distribution of tropospheric ozone during the Asian summertime monsoon.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.114.
Xu,X.B.,Lin,W.L.,2010.1979-2005 trends of tropospheric ozone over China based on the satellite data.Adv.Climate Change Res.6,100-105.
Xu,X.B.,Ding,G.A.,Li,X.S.,Xiang,R.,1998.Variability and related factors of the surface O3at Longfengshan.Acta Meteorol.Sinica 56.
Xu,X.B.,Lin,W.L.,Wang,T.,Yan,P.,Tang,J.,Meng,Z.Y.,et al.,2008.Long-term trend of surface ozone at a regional background station in eastern China 1991-2006:enhanced variability.Atmos.Chem.Phys.8,2595-2607.
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