Ocean mesoscale structure–induced air–sea interaction in a high-resolution coupled model
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摘要
本文基于通用地球系统模式框架,建立了一个非常高分辨率准全球的耦合模式,其分量为涡分辨率海洋模式和高分辨率大气模式。利用这个模式,在现代气候条件下成功进行6年的试验,并根据高分辨率观测和再分析资料评估了试验结果。这个模式能够模拟大尺度大气海洋结构,海表面温度(SST)锋面,海洋涡旋动能,和风的细致结构。据此,仔细研究了海洋中尺度结构引起的海气相互作用特征。通过对比观测,这个模式很好再现了由中尺度结构引起的SST和风应力的正相关。同时,正相关在强海洋锋面和涡旋区域特别明显。在模拟中,风对中尺度扰动引起的SST的响应偏弱,但不同区域响应量值略有不同。伴随着风的响应偏弱,表面感热的响应被低估,而潜热的响应则被高估,高估原因是因为模式的边界层偏干。风对SST中尺度异常响应主要来自动量垂直混合和气压调整的综合作用。本研究对于中尺度海气相互作用的模拟提供了一些新的线索及对模式的改进提供科学依据。
Using the Community Earth System Model framework, the authors build a very-high-resolution quasi-global coupled model by coupling an eddy-resolving quasi-global ocean model with a high-resolution atmospheric model. The model is successfully run for six years under present climate conditions, and the simulations are evaluated against observational and reanalysis data.The model is capable of simulating large-scale oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns, sea surface temperature(SST) fronts, oceanic eddy kinetic energy, and fine-scale structures of surface winds. The ocean mesoscale structure–induced air–sea interaction characteristics are explored in detail. The model can effectively reproduce positive correlations between SST and surface wind stress induced by mesoscale structures through comparison with observations. The positive correlation is particularly significant over regions with strong oceanic fronts and eddies.However, the responses of wind stress to eddy-induced SST are weaker in the simulation than in the observations, although different magnitudes exist in different areas. Associated with weak wind responses, surface sensible heat flux responses to eddy-induced SST are underestimated slightly, while surface latent heat flux responses are overestimated because of the drier atmospheric boundary layers in the model. Both momentum mixing and pressure adjustment mechanisms play important roles in surface wind changes over oceanic fronts and eddies in the high-resolution model.
Using the Community Earth System Model framework, the authors build a very-high-resolution quasi-global coupled model by coupling an eddy-resolving quasi-global ocean model with a high-resolution atmospheric model. The model is successfully run for six years under present climate conditions, and the simulations are evaluated against observational and reanalysis data.The model is capable of simulating large-scale oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns, sea surface temperature(SST) fronts, oceanic eddy kinetic energy, and fine-scale structures of surface winds. The ocean mesoscale structure–induced air–sea interaction characteristics are explored in detail. The model can effectively reproduce positive correlations between SST and surface wind stress induced by mesoscale structures through comparison with observations. The positive correlation is particularly significant over regions with strong oceanic fronts and eddies.However, the responses of wind stress to eddy-induced SST are weaker in the simulation than in the observations, although different magnitudes exist in different areas. Associated with weak wind responses, surface sensible heat flux responses to eddy-induced SST are underestimated slightly, while surface latent heat flux responses are overestimated because of the drier atmospheric boundary layers in the model. Both momentum mixing and pressure adjustment mechanisms play important roles in surface wind changes over oceanic fronts and eddies in the high-resolution model.
引文
Antonov,J.I.,R.A.Locarnini,T.P.Boyer,A.V.Mishonov,and H.E.Garcia.2006.“World Ocean Atlas 2005,vol.2,Salinity,NOAA Atlas NESDIS 62,182 pp.”Washington,DC:Natl.Oceanic and Atmos.Admin.
Bryan,F.O.,R.Tomas,J.M.Dennis,D.B.Chelton,N.G.Loeb,and J.L.McClean.2010.“Frontal Scale Air-Sea Interaction in High-Resolution Coupled Climate Models.”Journal of Climate 23(23):6277-6291.doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3665.1.
Chelton,D.B.,M.G.Schlax,M.H.Freilich,and R.F.Milliff.2004.“Satellite Measurements Reveal Persistent Small-Scale Features in Ocean Winds.”Science 303(5660):978-983.doi:10.1126/science.1091901.
Chelton,D.B.,M.G.Schlax,and R.M.Samelson.2007.“Summertime Coupling between Sea Surface Temperature and Wind Stress in the California Current System.”Journal of Physical Oceanography 37(3):495-517.doi:10.1175/JPO3025.1.
Chelton,D.B.,S.K.Esbensen,M.G.Schlax,N.Thum,M.H.Freilich,F.J.Wentz,C.L.Gentemann,M.J.McPhaden,and P.S.Schopf.2001.“Observations of Coupling between Surface Wind Stress and Sea Surface Temperature in the Eastern Tropical Pacific.”Journal of Climate 14(7):1479-1498.doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1479:OOCBSW>2.0.CO;2.
Chelton,D.B.,and S.P.Xie.2010.“Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction at Oceanic Mesoscales.”Oceanography 23(4):52-69.doi:10.5670/oceanog.2010.05.
Ducet,N.,P.L.Traon,and G.Reverdin.2000.“Global High-Resolution Mapping of Ocean Circulation from TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1 And-2.”Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans 105(C8):19477-19498.doi:10.1029/2000JC900063.
Frenger,I.,N.Gruber,R.Knutti,and M.Münnich.2013.“Imprint of Southern Ocean Eddies on Winds,Clouds and Rainfall.”Nature Geoscience 6(8):608.doi:10.1038/ngeo1863.
Gaube,P.,D.B.Chelton,R.M.Samelson,M.G.Schlax,and L.W.O’Neill.2015.“Satellite Observations of Mesoscale Eddy-Induced Ekman Pumping.”Journal of Physical Oceanography 45(1):104-132.doi:10.1175/JPO-D-14-0032.1.
Kubota,M.,and H.Tomita.2007.“Present State of the J-OFURO Air-Sea Interaction Data Product.”Flux News 4:13-15.
Lin,P.,H.Liu,W.Xue,H.Li,J.Jiang,M.Song,Y.Song,F.Wang,and M.Zhang.2016.“A Coupled Experiment with LICOM2as the Ocean Component of CESM1.”Journal of Meteorological Research 30(1):76-92.doi:10.1007/s13351-015-5045-3.
Lindzen,R.S.,and S.Nigam.1987.“On the Role of Sea Surface Temperature Gradients in Forcing Low-Level Winds and Convergence in the Tropics.”Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 44(17):2418-2436.doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<2418:OTROSS>2.0.CO;2.
Liu,T.W.,X.Xie,P.S.Polito,S.P.Xie,and H.Hashizume.2000.“Atmospheric Manifestation of Tropical Instability Wave Observed by QuikSCAT and Tropical Rain Measuring Mission.”Geophysical Research Letters 27(16):2545-2548.doi:10.1029/2000GL011545.
Locarnini,R.A.,A.V.Mishonov,J.I.Antonov,T.P.Boyer,and H.E.Garcia,2006.“World Ocean Atlas 2005 Temperature.Vol.1,S.Levitus,Ed.,NOAA Atlas NESDIS 61,182pp”.Washington,DC.:Natl.Oceanic and Atmos.Admin.
Ma,J.,H.Xu,C.Dong,P.Lin,and Y.Liu.2015.“Atmospheric Responses to Oceanic Eddies in the Kuroshio Extension Region.”Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres 120(13):6313-6330.
Minobe,S.,A.Kuwano-Yoshida,N.Komori,S.P.Xie,and R.J.Small.2008.“Influence of the Gulf Stream on the Troposphere.”Nature 452(7184):206.doi:10.1038/nature06690.
Namias,J.,and D.R.Cayan.1981.“Large-Scale Air-Sea Interactions and Short Period Climate Fluctuations.”Science 214:869-876.doi:10.1126/science.214.4523.869.
O’Neill,L.W.2012.“Wind Speed and Stability Effects on Coupling between Surface Wind Stress and SST Observed from Buoys and Satellite.”Journal of Climate 25(5):1544-1569.doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00121.1.
O’Neill,L.W.,D.B.Chelton,and S.K.Esbensen.2003.“Observations of SST-Induced Perturbations of the Wind Stress Field over the Southern Ocean on Seasonal Timescales.”Journal of Climate 16(14):2340-2354.doi:10.1175/2780.1.
Palmer,T.N.,and Z.Sun.1985.“A Modelling and Observational Study of the Relationship between Sea Surface Temperature in the North-West Atlantic and the Atmospheric General Circulation.”Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 111(470):947-975.doi:10.1002/qj.49711147003.
Perlin,N.,S.P.D.Szoeke,D.B.Chelton,R.M.Samelson,E.D.Skyllingstad,and L.W.O’Neill.2014.“Modeling the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Wind Response to Mesoscale Sea Surface Temperature Perturbations.”Monthly Weather Review 142(11):4284-4307.doi:10.1175/MWR-D-13-00332.1.
Reynolds,R.W.,T.M.Smith,C.Liu,D.B.Chelton,K.S.Casey,and M.G.Schlax.2007.“Daily High-Resolution-Blended Analyses for Sea Surface Temperature.”Journal of Climate20(22):5473-5496.doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1824.1.
Small,R.J.,S.P.Xie,L.O’Neill,H.Seo,Q.Song,P.Cornillon,M.Spall,and S.Minobe.2008.“Air-Sea Interaction over Ocean Fronts and Eddies.”Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 45(3-4):274-319.doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2008.01.001.
Small,R.J.,S.P.Xie,and Y.Wang.2003.“Numerical Simulation of Atmospheric Response to Pacific Tropical Instability Waves.”Journal of Climate 16(22):3723-3741.doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<3723:NSOART>2.0.CO;2.
Wallace,J.M.,C.Smith,and Q.Jiang.1990.“Spatial Patterns of Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction in the Northern Winter.”Journal of Climate 3(9):990-998.doi:10.1175/1520-0442-(1990)003<0990:SPOAOI>2.0.CO;2.
Wallace,J.M.,T.P.Mitchell,and C.Deser.1989.“The Influence of Sea-Surface Temperature on Surface Wind in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific:Seasonal and Interannual Variability.”Journal of Climate 2(12):1492-1499.doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002<1492:TIOSST>2.0.CO;2.
Wang,X.,and M.Zhang.2013.“An Analysis of Parameterization Interactions and Sensitivity of Single-Column Model Simulations to Convection Schemes in CAM4 and CAM5.”Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres 118(16):8869-8880.
Xie,S.P.2004.“Satellite Observations of Cool Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction.”Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 85(2):195-208.doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-2-195.
Xie,S.P.,M.Ishiwatari,H.Hashizume,and K.Takeuchi.1998.“Coupled Ocean-Atmospheric Waves on the Equatorial Front.”Geophysical Research Letters 25(20):3863-3866.doi:10.1029/1998GL900014.
Yu,Y.,H.Liu,and P.Lin.2012.“A Quasi-Global 1/10Eddy-Resolving Ocean General Circulation Model and Its Preliminary Results.”Chinese Science Bulletin 57(30):3908-3916.doi:10.1007/s11434-012-5234-8.
Bryan,F.O.,R.Tomas,J.M.Dennis,D.B.Chelton,N.G.Loeb,and J.L.McClean.2010.“Frontal Scale Air-Sea Interaction in High-Resolution Coupled Climate Models.”Journal of Climate 23(23):6277-6291.doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3665.1.
Chelton,D.B.,M.G.Schlax,M.H.Freilich,and R.F.Milliff.2004.“Satellite Measurements Reveal Persistent Small-Scale Features in Ocean Winds.”Science 303(5660):978-983.doi:10.1126/science.1091901.
Chelton,D.B.,M.G.Schlax,and R.M.Samelson.2007.“Summertime Coupling between Sea Surface Temperature and Wind Stress in the California Current System.”Journal of Physical Oceanography 37(3):495-517.doi:10.1175/JPO3025.1.
Chelton,D.B.,S.K.Esbensen,M.G.Schlax,N.Thum,M.H.Freilich,F.J.Wentz,C.L.Gentemann,M.J.McPhaden,and P.S.Schopf.2001.“Observations of Coupling between Surface Wind Stress and Sea Surface Temperature in the Eastern Tropical Pacific.”Journal of Climate 14(7):1479-1498.doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1479:OOCBSW>2.0.CO;2.
Chelton,D.B.,and S.P.Xie.2010.“Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction at Oceanic Mesoscales.”Oceanography 23(4):52-69.doi:10.5670/oceanog.2010.05.
Ducet,N.,P.L.Traon,and G.Reverdin.2000.“Global High-Resolution Mapping of Ocean Circulation from TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1 And-2.”Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans 105(C8):19477-19498.doi:10.1029/2000JC900063.
Frenger,I.,N.Gruber,R.Knutti,and M.Münnich.2013.“Imprint of Southern Ocean Eddies on Winds,Clouds and Rainfall.”Nature Geoscience 6(8):608.doi:10.1038/ngeo1863.
Gaube,P.,D.B.Chelton,R.M.Samelson,M.G.Schlax,and L.W.O’Neill.2015.“Satellite Observations of Mesoscale Eddy-Induced Ekman Pumping.”Journal of Physical Oceanography 45(1):104-132.doi:10.1175/JPO-D-14-0032.1.
Kubota,M.,and H.Tomita.2007.“Present State of the J-OFURO Air-Sea Interaction Data Product.”Flux News 4:13-15.
Lin,P.,H.Liu,W.Xue,H.Li,J.Jiang,M.Song,Y.Song,F.Wang,and M.Zhang.2016.“A Coupled Experiment with LICOM2as the Ocean Component of CESM1.”Journal of Meteorological Research 30(1):76-92.doi:10.1007/s13351-015-5045-3.
Lindzen,R.S.,and S.Nigam.1987.“On the Role of Sea Surface Temperature Gradients in Forcing Low-Level Winds and Convergence in the Tropics.”Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 44(17):2418-2436.doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<2418:OTROSS>2.0.CO;2.
Liu,T.W.,X.Xie,P.S.Polito,S.P.Xie,and H.Hashizume.2000.“Atmospheric Manifestation of Tropical Instability Wave Observed by QuikSCAT and Tropical Rain Measuring Mission.”Geophysical Research Letters 27(16):2545-2548.doi:10.1029/2000GL011545.
Locarnini,R.A.,A.V.Mishonov,J.I.Antonov,T.P.Boyer,and H.E.Garcia,2006.“World Ocean Atlas 2005 Temperature.Vol.1,S.Levitus,Ed.,NOAA Atlas NESDIS 61,182pp”.Washington,DC.:Natl.Oceanic and Atmos.Admin.
Ma,J.,H.Xu,C.Dong,P.Lin,and Y.Liu.2015.“Atmospheric Responses to Oceanic Eddies in the Kuroshio Extension Region.”Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres 120(13):6313-6330.
Minobe,S.,A.Kuwano-Yoshida,N.Komori,S.P.Xie,and R.J.Small.2008.“Influence of the Gulf Stream on the Troposphere.”Nature 452(7184):206.doi:10.1038/nature06690.
Namias,J.,and D.R.Cayan.1981.“Large-Scale Air-Sea Interactions and Short Period Climate Fluctuations.”Science 214:869-876.doi:10.1126/science.214.4523.869.
O’Neill,L.W.2012.“Wind Speed and Stability Effects on Coupling between Surface Wind Stress and SST Observed from Buoys and Satellite.”Journal of Climate 25(5):1544-1569.doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00121.1.
O’Neill,L.W.,D.B.Chelton,and S.K.Esbensen.2003.“Observations of SST-Induced Perturbations of the Wind Stress Field over the Southern Ocean on Seasonal Timescales.”Journal of Climate 16(14):2340-2354.doi:10.1175/2780.1.
Palmer,T.N.,and Z.Sun.1985.“A Modelling and Observational Study of the Relationship between Sea Surface Temperature in the North-West Atlantic and the Atmospheric General Circulation.”Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 111(470):947-975.doi:10.1002/qj.49711147003.
Perlin,N.,S.P.D.Szoeke,D.B.Chelton,R.M.Samelson,E.D.Skyllingstad,and L.W.O’Neill.2014.“Modeling the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Wind Response to Mesoscale Sea Surface Temperature Perturbations.”Monthly Weather Review 142(11):4284-4307.doi:10.1175/MWR-D-13-00332.1.
Reynolds,R.W.,T.M.Smith,C.Liu,D.B.Chelton,K.S.Casey,and M.G.Schlax.2007.“Daily High-Resolution-Blended Analyses for Sea Surface Temperature.”Journal of Climate20(22):5473-5496.doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1824.1.
Small,R.J.,S.P.Xie,L.O’Neill,H.Seo,Q.Song,P.Cornillon,M.Spall,and S.Minobe.2008.“Air-Sea Interaction over Ocean Fronts and Eddies.”Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 45(3-4):274-319.doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2008.01.001.
Small,R.J.,S.P.Xie,and Y.Wang.2003.“Numerical Simulation of Atmospheric Response to Pacific Tropical Instability Waves.”Journal of Climate 16(22):3723-3741.doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<3723:NSOART>2.0.CO;2.
Wallace,J.M.,C.Smith,and Q.Jiang.1990.“Spatial Patterns of Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction in the Northern Winter.”Journal of Climate 3(9):990-998.doi:10.1175/1520-0442-(1990)003<0990:SPOAOI>2.0.CO;2.
Wallace,J.M.,T.P.Mitchell,and C.Deser.1989.“The Influence of Sea-Surface Temperature on Surface Wind in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific:Seasonal and Interannual Variability.”Journal of Climate 2(12):1492-1499.doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002<1492:TIOSST>2.0.CO;2.
Wang,X.,and M.Zhang.2013.“An Analysis of Parameterization Interactions and Sensitivity of Single-Column Model Simulations to Convection Schemes in CAM4 and CAM5.”Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres 118(16):8869-8880.
Xie,S.P.2004.“Satellite Observations of Cool Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction.”Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 85(2):195-208.doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-2-195.
Xie,S.P.,M.Ishiwatari,H.Hashizume,and K.Takeuchi.1998.“Coupled Ocean-Atmospheric Waves on the Equatorial Front.”Geophysical Research Letters 25(20):3863-3866.doi:10.1029/1998GL900014.
Yu,Y.,H.Liu,and P.Lin.2012.“A Quasi-Global 1/10Eddy-Resolving Ocean General Circulation Model and Its Preliminary Results.”Chinese Science Bulletin 57(30):3908-3916.doi:10.1007/s11434-012-5234-8.