京西油松混交林枯立木空间结构特征
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摘要
枯立木是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,对森林生态系统的稳定和发展具有重要的作用。以京西1.08 hm~2油松混交林样地调查数据为基础,从树种组成、径级结构、树高结构和空间结构参数的一元与二元分布等方面分析了枯立木的空间结构特征。结果表明:样地内有枯立木191株,密度约为177株·hm~(-2),优势科为松科,占枯立木的64%,且华北落叶松占有较大优势;径级结构呈倒"J"型,以小径阶为主,集中分布在11 cm以下;树高结构则呈单峰分布,幅度较窄;华北落叶松、北京丁香和油松分布于大部分径级和树高级;枯立木总体呈现随机分布状态,大小分化较为明显,种间混交较弱,且周边绝大部分是活立木,华北落叶松、油松、北京丁香和山杏的结构特征与整体大致相同;多数枯立木处于低度混交和劣势状态,其周围均为同种或只有1株为其他种;约有1/2的枯立木呈随机分布,大部分都处于劣势状态,且其周围大多是相同树种的活立木;不同优势度的枯立木有不同的概率,但劣势木多于优势木。油松混交林枯立木的空间结构特征反映了密度制约下的林木种内竞争是枯立木形成的主要原因,本研究结果为该区针阔混交林的保护与可持续经营提供科学依据。
Standing dead trees are an important component of forest ecosystems,with a critical role in the stability and development of forest ecosystems.Based on survey data of a 1.08 hm~2 plot in Pinus tabuliformis mixed forest in western Beijing,the spatial structure of standing dead trees was analyzed,including tree species composition,diameter structure,height structure,univariate and bivariate distribution of spatial structure parameters.There were 191 standing dead trees,with a density of about 177 stems·hm~(-2).Pinaceae,which accounted for 64% of standing dead trees,was the dominant family.Larix principis-rupprechtii is the dominant species.The diameter distribution was an inverted "J"type,dominated by small trees with diameter less than 11 cm.The tree height distribution presented as unimodal with a narrow range.L.principis-rupprechtii,Syringa pekinensis and P.tabuliformis distributed in most diameter and height classes.The standing dead trees were generally in a state of random distribution with significant size differentiation and low mingling,and they were mostly surrounded by living trees.The structural characteristics of L.principis-rupprechtii,P.tabuliformis,S.pekinensis and Armeniaca sibirica were roughly similar to the overall pattern.Most standing dead trees,which were surrounded by the same species or only one other species,were in a state of low mingling and disadvantage.About half of standing dead trees showed a random distribution,and most of them were at a disadvantage status and their surroundings were mostly living trees of the same species.There were different frequencies of standing dead trees with different dominance,but the number of non-dominant trees was higher than that of dominant trees.The spatial structure of standing dead trees in P.tabuliformis mixed forest reflected that intraspecific competition under density restriction was the main reason for the formation of standing dead trees.Our results would provide scientific basis for the protection and sustainable management of coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest.
Standing dead trees are an important component of forest ecosystems,with a critical role in the stability and development of forest ecosystems.Based on survey data of a 1.08 hm~2 plot in Pinus tabuliformis mixed forest in western Beijing,the spatial structure of standing dead trees was analyzed,including tree species composition,diameter structure,height structure,univariate and bivariate distribution of spatial structure parameters.There were 191 standing dead trees,with a density of about 177 stems·hm~(-2).Pinaceae,which accounted for 64% of standing dead trees,was the dominant family.Larix principis-rupprechtii is the dominant species.The diameter distribution was an inverted "J"type,dominated by small trees with diameter less than 11 cm.The tree height distribution presented as unimodal with a narrow range.L.principis-rupprechtii,Syringa pekinensis and P.tabuliformis distributed in most diameter and height classes.The standing dead trees were generally in a state of random distribution with significant size differentiation and low mingling,and they were mostly surrounded by living trees.The structural characteristics of L.principis-rupprechtii,P.tabuliformis,S.pekinensis and Armeniaca sibirica were roughly similar to the overall pattern.Most standing dead trees,which were surrounded by the same species or only one other species,were in a state of low mingling and disadvantage.About half of standing dead trees showed a random distribution,and most of them were at a disadvantage status and their surroundings were mostly living trees of the same species.There were different frequencies of standing dead trees with different dominance,but the number of non-dominant trees was higher than that of dominant trees.The spatial structure of standing dead trees in P.tabuliformis mixed forest reflected that intraspecific competition under density restriction was the main reason for the formation of standing dead trees.Our results would provide scientific basis for the protection and sustainable management of coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest.
引文
龚直文,王广儒,顾丽.2016.陕西省油松混交林木质残体储量与腐烂特征.长江流域资源与环境,25(2):326-333.
郭屹立,王斌,向悟生,等.2016.桂西南喀斯特季节性雨林枯立木的空间格局及生境关联性分析.广西植物,36(2):154-161.
侯平,潘存德.2001.森林生态系统中的粗死木质残体及其功能.应用生态学报,12(2):309-314.
惠刚盈,Gadow KV,胡艳波,等.2007.结构化森林经营.北京:中国林业出版社.
刘妍妍,金光泽.2010.小兴安岭阔叶红松林粗木质残体基础特征.林业科学,46(4):8-4.
卢志军,刘福玲,吴浩,等.2015.八大公山常绿落叶阔叶混交林枯立木物种组成、大小级与分布格局.生物多样性,23(2):167-173.
苏日古嘎,张金屯,程佳佳,等.2009.东灵山糠椴林优势种种群结构与分布格局.生态学杂志,28(7):1253-1258.
陶立超,孟晓清,孙翀,等.2014.北京油松人工林凋落物及粗死木质残体贮量研究.福建林学院学报,34(1):26-32.
王斌,黄俞淞,李先琨,等.2014.弄岗北热带喀斯特季节性雨林15 ha监测样地的树种组成与空间分布.生物多样性,22(2):141-156.
张连金,胡艳波,赵中华,等.2015.北京九龙山侧柏人工林空间结构多样性.生态学杂志,34(1):60-69.
张连金,赖光辉,封焕英,等.2018.京西油松生态公益林空间结构评价.生态学杂志,37(5):1316-1325.
张树斌,郑征.2009.哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林枯立木数量及分配规律.东北林业大学学报,37(2):3-5,13.
张希彪,王瑞娟,周天林,等.2008.黄土丘陵区油松天然次生林林窗特征与更新动态.应用生态学报,19(10):2103-2108.
张笑菁,赵秀海,康峰峰,等.2010.太岳山油松天然林林木的空间格局.生态学报,30(18):4821-4827.
赵中华,刘灵,王宏翔,等.2017.红花尔基沙地樟子松天然林枯立木特征分析.林业科学研究,30(5):788-796.
Baldeck CA,Harms KE,Yavitt JB,et al.2013.Habitat filtering across tree life stages in tropical forest communities.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Science,280:1-8.
Bin Y,Lian J,Wang Z,et al.2011.Tree mortality and recruitment in a subtropical broadleaved monsoon forest in South China.Journal of Tropical Forest Science,23:57-66.
Cousins SJM,Battles JJ,Sanders JE,et al.2015.Decay patterns and carbon density of standing dead trees in California mixed conifer forests.Forest Ecology and Management,353:136-147.
Escandón AB,Paula S,Rojas R,et al.2013.Sprouting extends the regeneration niche in temperate rain forests:The case of the long-lived tree Eucryphia cordifolia.Forest Ecology and Management,310:321-326.
Eskelson BNI,Temesgen H,Hagar JC.2012.A comparison of selected parametric and imputation methods for estimating snag density and snag quality attributes.Forest Ecology and Management,272:26-34.
Fassnacht KS,Steele TW.2016.Snag dynamics in northern hardwood forests under different management scenarios.Forest Ecology and Management,363:267-276.
Franklin JF,Shugart HH,Harmon ME.1987.Tree death as an ecological process.Bio Science,37:550-556.
Fraver S,Jonsson BG,Jnsson M,et al.2008.Demographics and disturbance history of a boreal old-growth Picea abies forest.Journal of Vegetation Science,19:789-798.
Iida Y,Poorter L,Sterck F,et al.2014.Linking size-dependent growth and mortality with architectural traits across 145co-occurring tropical tree species.Ecology,95:353-363.
Kebli H,Brais S,Kernaghan G,et al.2012.Impact of harvesting intensity on wood-inhabiting fungi in boreal aspen forests of Eastern Canada.Forest Ecology and Management,279:45-54.
Kilgo JC,Vukovich MA.2014.Can snag creation benefit a primary cavity nester:Response to an experimental pulse in snag abundance.Biological Conservation,171:21-28.
Knapp EE.2015.Long-term dead wood changes in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest:Habitat and fire hazard implications.Forest Ecology and Management,339:87-95.
Kroll AJ,Duke SD,Hane ME,et al.2012.Landscape composition influences avian colonization of experimentally created snags.Biological Conservation,152l:145-151.
Li YF,Hui GY,Zhao ZH,et al.2012.The bivariate distribution characteristics of spatial structure in natural Korean pine broad-leaved forest.Journal of Vegetation Science,23:1180-1190.
Luyssaert S,Schulze ED,Brner A,et al.2008.Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks.Nature,455:213-215.
Pommerening A.2002.Approaches to quantifying forest structures.Forestry,75:305-324.
Russell MB,Weiskittel AR.2012.Assessing and modeling snag survival and decay dynamics for the primary species in the Acadian forest of Maine,USA.Forest Ecology and Management,284:230-240.
Smith CY,Moroni MT,Warkentin IG.2009.Snag dynamics in post-harvest landscapes of western Newfoundland balsam fir-dominated boreal forests.Forest Ecology and Management,258:832-839.
Stephens SL,Moghaddas JJ.2005.Fuel treatment effects on snags and coarse woody debris in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest.Forest Ecology and Management,214:53-64.
Sweeney OFM,Martin RD,Irwin S,et al.2010.A lack of large-diameter logs and snags characterises dead wood patterns in Irish forests.Forest Ecology and Management,259:2056-2064.
Teodosiu M,Bouriaud OB.2012.Deadwood specific density and its influential factors:A case study from a pure Norway spruce old-growth forest in the Eastern Carpathians.Forest Ecology and Management,283:77-85.
Zarnoch SJ,Blake JI,Parresol BR.2014.Are prescribed fire and thinning dominant processes affecting snag occurrence at a landscape scale.Forest Ecology and Management,331:144-152.
郭屹立,王斌,向悟生,等.2016.桂西南喀斯特季节性雨林枯立木的空间格局及生境关联性分析.广西植物,36(2):154-161.
侯平,潘存德.2001.森林生态系统中的粗死木质残体及其功能.应用生态学报,12(2):309-314.
惠刚盈,Gadow KV,胡艳波,等.2007.结构化森林经营.北京:中国林业出版社.
刘妍妍,金光泽.2010.小兴安岭阔叶红松林粗木质残体基础特征.林业科学,46(4):8-4.
卢志军,刘福玲,吴浩,等.2015.八大公山常绿落叶阔叶混交林枯立木物种组成、大小级与分布格局.生物多样性,23(2):167-173.
苏日古嘎,张金屯,程佳佳,等.2009.东灵山糠椴林优势种种群结构与分布格局.生态学杂志,28(7):1253-1258.
陶立超,孟晓清,孙翀,等.2014.北京油松人工林凋落物及粗死木质残体贮量研究.福建林学院学报,34(1):26-32.
王斌,黄俞淞,李先琨,等.2014.弄岗北热带喀斯特季节性雨林15 ha监测样地的树种组成与空间分布.生物多样性,22(2):141-156.
张连金,胡艳波,赵中华,等.2015.北京九龙山侧柏人工林空间结构多样性.生态学杂志,34(1):60-69.
张连金,赖光辉,封焕英,等.2018.京西油松生态公益林空间结构评价.生态学杂志,37(5):1316-1325.
张树斌,郑征.2009.哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林枯立木数量及分配规律.东北林业大学学报,37(2):3-5,13.
张希彪,王瑞娟,周天林,等.2008.黄土丘陵区油松天然次生林林窗特征与更新动态.应用生态学报,19(10):2103-2108.
张笑菁,赵秀海,康峰峰,等.2010.太岳山油松天然林林木的空间格局.生态学报,30(18):4821-4827.
赵中华,刘灵,王宏翔,等.2017.红花尔基沙地樟子松天然林枯立木特征分析.林业科学研究,30(5):788-796.
Baldeck CA,Harms KE,Yavitt JB,et al.2013.Habitat filtering across tree life stages in tropical forest communities.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Science,280:1-8.
Bin Y,Lian J,Wang Z,et al.2011.Tree mortality and recruitment in a subtropical broadleaved monsoon forest in South China.Journal of Tropical Forest Science,23:57-66.
Cousins SJM,Battles JJ,Sanders JE,et al.2015.Decay patterns and carbon density of standing dead trees in California mixed conifer forests.Forest Ecology and Management,353:136-147.
Escandón AB,Paula S,Rojas R,et al.2013.Sprouting extends the regeneration niche in temperate rain forests:The case of the long-lived tree Eucryphia cordifolia.Forest Ecology and Management,310:321-326.
Eskelson BNI,Temesgen H,Hagar JC.2012.A comparison of selected parametric and imputation methods for estimating snag density and snag quality attributes.Forest Ecology and Management,272:26-34.
Fassnacht KS,Steele TW.2016.Snag dynamics in northern hardwood forests under different management scenarios.Forest Ecology and Management,363:267-276.
Franklin JF,Shugart HH,Harmon ME.1987.Tree death as an ecological process.Bio Science,37:550-556.
Fraver S,Jonsson BG,Jnsson M,et al.2008.Demographics and disturbance history of a boreal old-growth Picea abies forest.Journal of Vegetation Science,19:789-798.
Iida Y,Poorter L,Sterck F,et al.2014.Linking size-dependent growth and mortality with architectural traits across 145co-occurring tropical tree species.Ecology,95:353-363.
Kebli H,Brais S,Kernaghan G,et al.2012.Impact of harvesting intensity on wood-inhabiting fungi in boreal aspen forests of Eastern Canada.Forest Ecology and Management,279:45-54.
Kilgo JC,Vukovich MA.2014.Can snag creation benefit a primary cavity nester:Response to an experimental pulse in snag abundance.Biological Conservation,171:21-28.
Knapp EE.2015.Long-term dead wood changes in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest:Habitat and fire hazard implications.Forest Ecology and Management,339:87-95.
Kroll AJ,Duke SD,Hane ME,et al.2012.Landscape composition influences avian colonization of experimentally created snags.Biological Conservation,152l:145-151.
Li YF,Hui GY,Zhao ZH,et al.2012.The bivariate distribution characteristics of spatial structure in natural Korean pine broad-leaved forest.Journal of Vegetation Science,23:1180-1190.
Luyssaert S,Schulze ED,Brner A,et al.2008.Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks.Nature,455:213-215.
Pommerening A.2002.Approaches to quantifying forest structures.Forestry,75:305-324.
Russell MB,Weiskittel AR.2012.Assessing and modeling snag survival and decay dynamics for the primary species in the Acadian forest of Maine,USA.Forest Ecology and Management,284:230-240.
Smith CY,Moroni MT,Warkentin IG.2009.Snag dynamics in post-harvest landscapes of western Newfoundland balsam fir-dominated boreal forests.Forest Ecology and Management,258:832-839.
Stephens SL,Moghaddas JJ.2005.Fuel treatment effects on snags and coarse woody debris in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest.Forest Ecology and Management,214:53-64.
Sweeney OFM,Martin RD,Irwin S,et al.2010.A lack of large-diameter logs and snags characterises dead wood patterns in Irish forests.Forest Ecology and Management,259:2056-2064.
Teodosiu M,Bouriaud OB.2012.Deadwood specific density and its influential factors:A case study from a pure Norway spruce old-growth forest in the Eastern Carpathians.Forest Ecology and Management,283:77-85.
Zarnoch SJ,Blake JI,Parresol BR.2014.Are prescribed fire and thinning dominant processes affecting snag occurrence at a landscape scale.Forest Ecology and Management,331:144-152.