溶氧量及搅拌速率对青贮玉米秸秆微曝气水解效果的影响
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摘要
为提高秸秆好氧水解的生物可降解性,试验选用切碎揉丝的青贮玉米秸秆,水解液按照体积比为10%的量添加,以水解液溶氧量(1、2、3、4、5、6mg/L)和搅拌速率(50、100r/min)为变化因素,温度控制在35～38℃、总固体为5%,进行优化设计。研究发现,进行8 d,pH值及氧化还原电位(oxidation-reduction potential,ORP)值趋近于稳定;搅拌速率为50 r/min、溶氧量为1～4 mg/L;以及搅拌速率为100 r/min、溶氧量为1～2 mg/L范围内,曝气量的提高,对脂肪酸的积累显著,且搅拌和曝气都可促进乙酸、丙酸和正丁酸的积累;搅拌速率为100 r/min,可溶性需氧量(soluble chemicaloxygendemand,s COD)的浓度整体呈现出高于搅拌速率为50 r/min时的状况;以纤维素降解为例,在搅拌速率为100 r/min条件下,溶氧为2 mg/L时,木质纤维素具有较高的降解率,达到48%。
Corn straw belongs to lignocellulose biomass, and its cell walls are interwoven by cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Lignin can't be degraded under anaerobic conditions, which hinders the contact of extracellular enzymes with cellulose and hemicellulose. The degradation of lignin is an aerobic reaction. Microporous aerator is the main equipment for microbial micro-aeration hydrolysis process. In this process, the air supplied by air compressor is sent to the micro-porous aerator distributed at the bottom of the aeration tank through the pipeline system at the bottom of the aeration tank. The compressed air is blocked by micro-holes on the diaphragm of the micro-porous aerator to form micro-bubbles with a diameter of less than 3 mm. The micro-bubbles are distributed and diffused into the water of the micro-aeration hydrolysis pretreatment tank to fully contact with the hydrolysate so as to effectively dissolve oxygen. To meet the needs of microbial metabolism and biochemical degradation in the hydrolysate of water supply, the purpose of pretreatment of corn straw is achieved. In the presence of molecular oxygen, lignin can be degraded by aerobic hydrolysis microorganisms. Therefore, the aerobic hydrolysis of straw in the anaerobic fermentation of straw is conducive to improve the biodegradability of straw. In this study, a wet micro-aerated hydrolysis pretreatment process with continuous feed-in and feed-out was used to treat corn straw. By controlling the water content of the aerobic hydrolysis fermentation system, the fermentation reactants can be fluidized by the pretreatment with micro-aeration hydrolysis. Stirring can promote heat and mass transfer, the extracellular hydrolase produced by microorganisms can be fully contacted with corn straw, and the occurrence of local over-degradation can be effectively prevented. In this process, by controlling temperature, microbial metabolism in micro-aeration hydrolysis, the pretreatment can be ensured to have high activity, so that the hydrolysis pretreatment reaction can run steadily. In a reactor with effective volume of 30 L, silage corn straw, hydrolysate and tap water with length of 2-3 cm and shredded and kneaded silk were mixed. The hydrolysate was added according to the volume ratio of 10%. The optimum design was carried out with the dissolved oxygen content(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 mg/L) of the hydrolysate and the agitation rate(50, 100 r/min) as the changing factors, and the temperature was controlled at 35-38 ℃ and total solid(TS) was 5%. The test was carried out according to 30% of the daily feed and output, and the hydraulic residence time of the material was 3.3 days. It was found that the pH value and oxidation-reduction potential(ORP) values tended to be stable after 8 days operation. Under the conditions of agitation rate of 50 r/min, dissolved oxygen of 1-4 mg/L and agitation rate of 100 r/min, dissolved oxygen of 1-2 mg/L, the accumulation of fatty acids was significant with the increase of aeration rate. Stirring and aeration can promote the accumulation of acetic acid, propionic acid and n-butyric acid. When the stirring rate was 100 r/min, the concentration of soluble chemical oxygen demand(sC OD) was higher than that when the agitation rate was 50 r/min. Taking cellulose degradation as an example, when the agitation rate was 100 r/min and dissolved oxygen was 2 mg/L, lignocellulose had a high degradation rate of 48%. Continue to increase dissolved oxygen to 6 mg/L, although the degradation rate of lignocellulose still slightly increased, but the increase was small.
Corn straw belongs to lignocellulose biomass, and its cell walls are interwoven by cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Lignin can't be degraded under anaerobic conditions, which hinders the contact of extracellular enzymes with cellulose and hemicellulose. The degradation of lignin is an aerobic reaction. Microporous aerator is the main equipment for microbial micro-aeration hydrolysis process. In this process, the air supplied by air compressor is sent to the micro-porous aerator distributed at the bottom of the aeration tank through the pipeline system at the bottom of the aeration tank. The compressed air is blocked by micro-holes on the diaphragm of the micro-porous aerator to form micro-bubbles with a diameter of less than 3 mm. The micro-bubbles are distributed and diffused into the water of the micro-aeration hydrolysis pretreatment tank to fully contact with the hydrolysate so as to effectively dissolve oxygen. To meet the needs of microbial metabolism and biochemical degradation in the hydrolysate of water supply, the purpose of pretreatment of corn straw is achieved. In the presence of molecular oxygen, lignin can be degraded by aerobic hydrolysis microorganisms. Therefore, the aerobic hydrolysis of straw in the anaerobic fermentation of straw is conducive to improve the biodegradability of straw. In this study, a wet micro-aerated hydrolysis pretreatment process with continuous feed-in and feed-out was used to treat corn straw. By controlling the water content of the aerobic hydrolysis fermentation system, the fermentation reactants can be fluidized by the pretreatment with micro-aeration hydrolysis. Stirring can promote heat and mass transfer, the extracellular hydrolase produced by microorganisms can be fully contacted with corn straw, and the occurrence of local over-degradation can be effectively prevented. In this process, by controlling temperature, microbial metabolism in micro-aeration hydrolysis, the pretreatment can be ensured to have high activity, so that the hydrolysis pretreatment reaction can run steadily. In a reactor with effective volume of 30 L, silage corn straw, hydrolysate and tap water with length of 2-3 cm and shredded and kneaded silk were mixed. The hydrolysate was added according to the volume ratio of 10%. The optimum design was carried out with the dissolved oxygen content(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 mg/L) of the hydrolysate and the agitation rate(50, 100 r/min) as the changing factors, and the temperature was controlled at 35-38 ℃ and total solid(TS) was 5%. The test was carried out according to 30% of the daily feed and output, and the hydraulic residence time of the material was 3.3 days. It was found that the pH value and oxidation-reduction potential(ORP) values tended to be stable after 8 days operation. Under the conditions of agitation rate of 50 r/min, dissolved oxygen of 1-4 mg/L and agitation rate of 100 r/min, dissolved oxygen of 1-2 mg/L, the accumulation of fatty acids was significant with the increase of aeration rate. Stirring and aeration can promote the accumulation of acetic acid, propionic acid and n-butyric acid. When the stirring rate was 100 r/min, the concentration of soluble chemical oxygen demand(sC OD) was higher than that when the agitation rate was 50 r/min. Taking cellulose degradation as an example, when the agitation rate was 100 r/min and dissolved oxygen was 2 mg/L, lignocellulose had a high degradation rate of 48%. Continue to increase dissolved oxygen to 6 mg/L, although the degradation rate of lignocellulose still slightly increased, but the increase was small.
引文
[1]杨建队.农作物秸秆综合利用探讨[J].农业技术与装备,2007(6):40-41.Yang Jiandui.Discussion on the comprehensive utilization of crop straw[J].Agricultural Technology&Equipment,2007(6):40-41.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[6]朱振兴.木质纤维素生物质生产乙醇过程中水的循环利用研究[D].上海:华东理工大学,2008.Zhu Zhenxing.Study on Recycling of Water from Lignocellulosic Biomass in Ethanol Production[D].Shanghai:East China University of Science and Technology,2008.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]田顺风.预处理对玉米秸秆中木质素脱除及纤维素降解的影响[D].无锡:江南大学,2016.Tian Shunfeng.Effects of Pretreatment on the Removal of Lignin from Corn Stover and Cellulose Degradation[D].Wuxi:Jiangnan University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]晏水平,高鑫,艾平,等.发酵条件对典型木质纤维素原料产沼气影响实验[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(s2):136-142.Yan Shuiping,Gao Xin,Ai Ping,et al.Effect of Anaerobic fermentation conditions on biogas yields from typical lignocellulosic materials[J].Transactions of The Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(s2):136-142.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]Chanakya H N,Sreesha M.Anaerobic retting of banana and arecanut wastes in a plug flow digester for recovery of fiber,biogas&compost[J].Energy for Sustainable Development,2012,16(2):231-235.
[10]李湘,魏秀英,董仁杰.秸秆微生物降解过程中不同预处理方法的比较研究[J].农业工程学报,2006(增刊1):110-116.Li Xiang,Wei Xiuying,Dong Renjie.A study of degradation efficiency of corn straw pretreated with different methods[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2006,22(Supp.1):110-116.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]陈广银,叶小梅,常志州,等.堆肥预处理对麦秸与奶牛废水混合物厌氧产沼气的影响[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(1):111-117.Chen Guangyin,Ye Xiaomei,Chang Zhizhou,et al.Effect of composting pretreatment on biogas production of the mixture of wheat straw and cattle wastewater[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(1):111-117.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]高白茹,常志州,叶小梅,等.堆肥预处理对稻秸厌氧发酵产气量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(5):251-256.Gao Bairu,Chang Zhizhou,Ye Xiaomei,et al.Effect of compost pre-treatment on biogas production from rice straw[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(5):251-256.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]蒋辉.环境工程技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[14]Yan Z,Song Z,Dong L,et al.The effects of initial substrate concentration,C/N ratio,and temperature on solid-state anaerobic digestion from composting rice straw[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,177:266-273.
[15]APHA.Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater[M].Washington D C,USA:American Public Health Association,2005.
[16]马琳.快速消解分光光度法测量COD_(Cr)与传统方法的对比实验[J].现代仪器与医疗,2010,16(4):62-65.Ma Lin.Fast-digestion spectrophotometry CODcr comparative experiment with the traditional method[J].Modern Instruments,2010,16(4):62-65.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Van Soest P J,Robertson J B,Lewis B A.Methods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber,and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(10):3583-3597.
[18]熊素敏,左秀凤,朱永义.稻壳中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的测定[J].粮食与饲料工业,2005(8):40-41.Xiong Sumin,Zuo Xiufeng,Zhu Yongyi.Determination of cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin in rice husk[J].Cereal&Feed Industry,2005(8):40-41.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]王晓霞.光催化氧化降解低浓度含氰废水的研究[D].大连:大连工业大学,2010.Wang Xiaoxia.The Study of Photocatalytic Oxidation of Low Concentration of Cyanide Wastewater[D].Dalian:Dalian Polytechnic University,2010.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]吴趸.Z-MBR法处理污染景观水的试验研究[D].郑州:郑州大学,2013.Wu Dun.Study on the Z-MBR for the Polluted Landscape Water Treatment[D].Zhengzhou:Zhengzhou University,2013.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]杨莉丽.餐厨垃圾高固态厌氧消化过程中酸化调控研究[D].无锡:江南大学,2016.Yang Lili.Study on the Acidification Regulation in High-Solids Anaerobic Digestion Process from Food Wastes Treatment[D].Wuxi:Jiangnan University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]沈楠.厌氧微生物体系中还原力的产生及其应用[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学,2014.Shen Nan.The Production and Application of Reducing Power in the Anaerobic Microorganism Systems[D].Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Graef M R D,Alexeeva S,Snoep J L,et al.The steady-state internal redox state(NADH/NAD)reflects the external redox state and is correlated with,catabolic adaptation in escherichia coli[J].Journal of Bacteriology,1999,181(8):2351-2357.
[24]徐泽敏,赵国明,牟莉.秸秆沼气工程湿法发酵工艺参数优化研究[J].农机化研究,2014,36(11):218-221.Xu Zemin,Zhao Guoming,Mou Li.Study on process parameter optimization of wet fermentation in straw biogas project[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2014,36(11):218-221.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]程婷.水解酸化预处理洁霉素生产废水试验研究[D].郑州:郑州大学,2015.Cheng Ting.Research on the Pretreatment of Lincomycin Production Wastewater with Hydrolysis Acidification[D].Zhengzhou:Zhengzhou University,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]Ziganshin A M,Liebetrau J,Pr?ter J,et al.Microbial community structure and dynamics during anaerobic digestion of various agricultural waste materials[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2013,97(11):5161-74.
[27]Chanakya H N,Malayil S,Vijayalakshmi C.Cultivation of Pleurotus,spp.on a combination of anaerobically digested plant material and various agro-residues[J].Energy for Sustainable Development,2015,27:84-92.
[28]周肖肖,丰超,胡莹,等.环境规制与化石能源消耗:技术进步和结构变迁视角[J].中国人口资源与环境,2015,25(12):35-44.Zhou Xiaoxiao,Feng Chao,Hu Ying,et al.Environmental regulation and fossil energy consumption:Based on the perspective of technological progress and economic structure transformation[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(12):35-44.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]韩焕勇,罗宏海,勾玲,等.棉纤维发育过程中内源激素含量和过氧化物酶活性的变化及其与纤维素累积和纤维比强度关系的研究[J].石河子大学学报:自然科学版,2006,24(5):529-533.Han Huanyong,Luo Honghai,Gou Ling,et al.Study on the correlation between change of hormone content and perocidase activity and cellulose cumulation and fiber strengths during the cotton fiber development[J].Journal of Shihezi University:Natural Science,2006,24(5):529-533.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]李春光,王彦秋,李宁,等.玉米秸秆纤维素提取及半纤维素与木质素脱除工艺探讨[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(1):199-202.Li Chunguang,Wang Yanqiu,Li Ning,et al.Study on extraction of cellulose and removal of hemicelluloses and lignin from corn stalk[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2011,27(1):199-202.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]任南琪,王爱杰,马放.产酸发酵微生物生理生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[4]李文哲,曹澜,罗立娜,等.玉米秸秆好氧水解特性研究[J].东北农业大学学报,2016,47(10):41-50.Li Wenzhe,Cao Lan,Luo Lina,et al.Study on aerobic hydorlysis characteristic of corn straw[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2016,47(10):41-50.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]付善飞,许晓晖,师晓爽,等.厌氧发酵起始阶段通氧对玉米秸秆产甲烷特性的影响[J].化工学报,2015,66(3):1111-1116.Fu Shanfei,Xu Xiaohui,Shi Xiaoshuang,et al.Effect of oxygen supply at initial stage of anaerobic digestion on biogas production from corn straw[J].Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering(China),2015,66(3):1111-1116.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]朱振兴.木质纤维素生物质生产乙醇过程中水的循环利用研究[D].上海:华东理工大学,2008.Zhu Zhenxing.Study on Recycling of Water from Lignocellulosic Biomass in Ethanol Production[D].Shanghai:East China University of Science and Technology,2008.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]田顺风.预处理对玉米秸秆中木质素脱除及纤维素降解的影响[D].无锡:江南大学,2016.Tian Shunfeng.Effects of Pretreatment on the Removal of Lignin from Corn Stover and Cellulose Degradation[D].Wuxi:Jiangnan University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]晏水平,高鑫,艾平,等.发酵条件对典型木质纤维素原料产沼气影响实验[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(s2):136-142.Yan Shuiping,Gao Xin,Ai Ping,et al.Effect of Anaerobic fermentation conditions on biogas yields from typical lignocellulosic materials[J].Transactions of The Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(s2):136-142.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]Chanakya H N,Sreesha M.Anaerobic retting of banana and arecanut wastes in a plug flow digester for recovery of fiber,biogas&compost[J].Energy for Sustainable Development,2012,16(2):231-235.
[10]李湘,魏秀英,董仁杰.秸秆微生物降解过程中不同预处理方法的比较研究[J].农业工程学报,2006(增刊1):110-116.Li Xiang,Wei Xiuying,Dong Renjie.A study of degradation efficiency of corn straw pretreated with different methods[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2006,22(Supp.1):110-116.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]陈广银,叶小梅,常志州,等.堆肥预处理对麦秸与奶牛废水混合物厌氧产沼气的影响[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(1):111-117.Chen Guangyin,Ye Xiaomei,Chang Zhizhou,et al.Effect of composting pretreatment on biogas production of the mixture of wheat straw and cattle wastewater[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(1):111-117.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]高白茹,常志州,叶小梅,等.堆肥预处理对稻秸厌氧发酵产气量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(5):251-256.Gao Bairu,Chang Zhizhou,Ye Xiaomei,et al.Effect of compost pre-treatment on biogas production from rice straw[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(5):251-256.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]蒋辉.环境工程技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[14]Yan Z,Song Z,Dong L,et al.The effects of initial substrate concentration,C/N ratio,and temperature on solid-state anaerobic digestion from composting rice straw[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,177:266-273.
[15]APHA.Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater[M].Washington D C,USA:American Public Health Association,2005.
[16]马琳.快速消解分光光度法测量COD_(Cr)与传统方法的对比实验[J].现代仪器与医疗,2010,16(4):62-65.Ma Lin.Fast-digestion spectrophotometry CODcr comparative experiment with the traditional method[J].Modern Instruments,2010,16(4):62-65.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Van Soest P J,Robertson J B,Lewis B A.Methods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber,and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(10):3583-3597.
[18]熊素敏,左秀凤,朱永义.稻壳中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的测定[J].粮食与饲料工业,2005(8):40-41.Xiong Sumin,Zuo Xiufeng,Zhu Yongyi.Determination of cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin in rice husk[J].Cereal&Feed Industry,2005(8):40-41.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]王晓霞.光催化氧化降解低浓度含氰废水的研究[D].大连:大连工业大学,2010.Wang Xiaoxia.The Study of Photocatalytic Oxidation of Low Concentration of Cyanide Wastewater[D].Dalian:Dalian Polytechnic University,2010.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]吴趸.Z-MBR法处理污染景观水的试验研究[D].郑州:郑州大学,2013.Wu Dun.Study on the Z-MBR for the Polluted Landscape Water Treatment[D].Zhengzhou:Zhengzhou University,2013.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]杨莉丽.餐厨垃圾高固态厌氧消化过程中酸化调控研究[D].无锡:江南大学,2016.Yang Lili.Study on the Acidification Regulation in High-Solids Anaerobic Digestion Process from Food Wastes Treatment[D].Wuxi:Jiangnan University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]沈楠.厌氧微生物体系中还原力的产生及其应用[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学,2014.Shen Nan.The Production and Application of Reducing Power in the Anaerobic Microorganism Systems[D].Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Graef M R D,Alexeeva S,Snoep J L,et al.The steady-state internal redox state(NADH/NAD)reflects the external redox state and is correlated with,catabolic adaptation in escherichia coli[J].Journal of Bacteriology,1999,181(8):2351-2357.
[24]徐泽敏,赵国明,牟莉.秸秆沼气工程湿法发酵工艺参数优化研究[J].农机化研究,2014,36(11):218-221.Xu Zemin,Zhao Guoming,Mou Li.Study on process parameter optimization of wet fermentation in straw biogas project[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2014,36(11):218-221.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]程婷.水解酸化预处理洁霉素生产废水试验研究[D].郑州:郑州大学,2015.Cheng Ting.Research on the Pretreatment of Lincomycin Production Wastewater with Hydrolysis Acidification[D].Zhengzhou:Zhengzhou University,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]Ziganshin A M,Liebetrau J,Pr?ter J,et al.Microbial community structure and dynamics during anaerobic digestion of various agricultural waste materials[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2013,97(11):5161-74.
[27]Chanakya H N,Malayil S,Vijayalakshmi C.Cultivation of Pleurotus,spp.on a combination of anaerobically digested plant material and various agro-residues[J].Energy for Sustainable Development,2015,27:84-92.
[28]周肖肖,丰超,胡莹,等.环境规制与化石能源消耗:技术进步和结构变迁视角[J].中国人口资源与环境,2015,25(12):35-44.Zhou Xiaoxiao,Feng Chao,Hu Ying,et al.Environmental regulation and fossil energy consumption:Based on the perspective of technological progress and economic structure transformation[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(12):35-44.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]韩焕勇,罗宏海,勾玲,等.棉纤维发育过程中内源激素含量和过氧化物酶活性的变化及其与纤维素累积和纤维比强度关系的研究[J].石河子大学学报:自然科学版,2006,24(5):529-533.Han Huanyong,Luo Honghai,Gou Ling,et al.Study on the correlation between change of hormone content and perocidase activity and cellulose cumulation and fiber strengths during the cotton fiber development[J].Journal of Shihezi University:Natural Science,2006,24(5):529-533.(in Chinese with English abstract)