AlTiN涂层合金划痕测试的失效形式及其失效机理的有限元分析
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摘要
为了研究硬质合金基体中硬质相和粘结相对涂层内聚失效抗力(LC1)和膜基结合力(LC2)的协同作用,设计制备了具有硬质相+粘结相两相结构的WC-10Co-0.65Cr_3C_2-0.35VC(10Co)、无金属粘结相WC-6Mo_2C-0.68Cr_3C_2-0.37VC(bWC)和无硬质相85.1Co-9.2W-4.7Cr_3C_2–1.0VC(CoW)合金。采用直流磁控溅射技术,在上述合金基体表面分别沉积了厚度约5μm的Al0.55Ti0.45N薄膜。通过划痕测试获得的LC1和LC2及其差值,对涂层的失效形式进行了表征。通过划痕测试过程中涂层应力分布的有限元分析,研究涂层合金划痕失效形式所对应的形成机理。在此,LC1对应涂层首次被剥离或基体首次被暴露时所对应的载荷,与涂层的内聚失效抗力呈正相关关系;LC2对应涂层被完全从基体剥离时的载荷,表征涂层合金的膜基结合强度。在此基础上,进一步研究WC–Co合金基体中WC晶粒度和Co含量对涂层合金划痕测试过程中涂层中应力分布的影响。结果表明,采用软质CoW合金基体,涂层的LC1和LC2均为最低;采用硬质bWC合金基体,涂层的LC2最大,但LC1和LC2差值也最大;采用10Co合金基体,涂层的LC1最大,LC1和LC2差值最小。涂层与基体的杨氏模量比和基体硬度是影响LC1和LC2的关键因素。降低硬质合金基体的晶粒度,选择适中的Co含量,均有利于LC1和LC2的同步改善。
To explore the synergistic effect of the hard phase and the ductile binder phase in cemented carbide substrates to the coating, WC-10 Co-0.65 Cr_3C_2-0.35 VC(10 Co) with hard phase + binder phase structure, WC-6Mo_2C-0.68 Cr_3C_2-0.37 VC(bWC) and 85.1 Co-9.2 W-4.7 Cr_3C_2-1.0 VC(CoW) alloys were prepared. Al0.55 Ti0.45 N coating around 5 μm in thickness was deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering technology. The failure modes of AlTiN coated alloys during scratch test were determined by the magnitude of critical loads LC1 and LC2 and the difference value between LC1 and LC2. LC1 and LC2 are the characterization parameters of the cohesive failure resistance of the film and the adhesion strength between the film and the substrate, respectively. The related failure mechanism was investigated by finite element analysis of the stress distribution in the coating during scratch test. Further, the effects of the WC grain size and the cobalt content in the cemented carbide substrates on the stress distribution in the coating during scratch test were also investigated. The results show that the coated alloy with ductile CoW substrate has the lowest value of LC1 and LC2. The coated alloy with hard bWC substrate has the highest LC2 and the highest difference value between LC1 and LC2. The coated 10 Co alloy has the highest LC1 and the lowest LC1 and LC2 difference. The young modulus ratio of the film and the substrate and the hardness of substrate are the key factors affecting LC1 and LC2. Decreasing the grain size and choosing moderate cobalt content in cemented carbide substrate facilitate the synchronous improvement of LC1 and LC2.
To explore the synergistic effect of the hard phase and the ductile binder phase in cemented carbide substrates to the coating, WC-10 Co-0.65 Cr_3C_2-0.35 VC(10 Co) with hard phase + binder phase structure, WC-6Mo_2C-0.68 Cr_3C_2-0.37 VC(bWC) and 85.1 Co-9.2 W-4.7 Cr_3C_2-1.0 VC(CoW) alloys were prepared. Al0.55 Ti0.45 N coating around 5 μm in thickness was deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering technology. The failure modes of AlTiN coated alloys during scratch test were determined by the magnitude of critical loads LC1 and LC2 and the difference value between LC1 and LC2. LC1 and LC2 are the characterization parameters of the cohesive failure resistance of the film and the adhesion strength between the film and the substrate, respectively. The related failure mechanism was investigated by finite element analysis of the stress distribution in the coating during scratch test. Further, the effects of the WC grain size and the cobalt content in the cemented carbide substrates on the stress distribution in the coating during scratch test were also investigated. The results show that the coated alloy with ductile CoW substrate has the lowest value of LC1 and LC2. The coated alloy with hard bWC substrate has the highest LC2 and the highest difference value between LC1 and LC2. The coated 10 Co alloy has the highest LC1 and the lowest LC1 and LC2 difference. The young modulus ratio of the film and the substrate and the hardness of substrate are the key factors affecting LC1 and LC2. Decreasing the grain size and choosing moderate cobalt content in cemented carbide substrate facilitate the synchronous improvement of LC1 and LC2.
引文
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[16]ZHANG Li,XIE Mingwei,CHENG Xin,et al.Micro characteristics of binder phases in WC-Co cemented carbides with Cr-V and Cr-V-RE additives[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2013,36(1):211-219.
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[24]?ZDEN U A,BEZOLD A,BROECKMANN C.Numerical simulation of fatigue crack propagation in WC/Co based on a continuum damage mechanics approach[J].Procedia Materials Science,2014,3(1):1518-1523.
[25]BENSON M L,LOAW P K,CHOO H,et al.Strain-induced phase transformation in a cobalt-based superalloy during different loading modes[J].Materials Science and Engineering,2011,A528(18):6051-6058.
[26]CHEN F L,HE X,PRIETO-MU?OZ P A,et al.Opening-mode fractures of a brittle coating bonded to an elasto-plastic substrate[J].International Journal of Plasticity,2015,67(1):171-191.
[27]KIM S I,HER J U,JANG Y C,et al.Experimental and finite element analysis for fracture of coating layer of galvannealed steel sheet[J].The Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2011,21(1):111-116.
[28]GANT A J,GEE M G.Wear modes in slurry jet erosion of tungsten carbide hardmetals:Their relationship with microstructure and mechanical properties[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2015,49(1):192-202.
[2]ORTNER H M,ETTMAYER P,KOLASKA H,et al.The history of the technological progress of hardmetals[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2014,44(1):148-159.
[3]潘晨曦,陈康华,徐银超,等.添加Cu对PVD AlTiN涂层组织结构和性能的影响[J].粉末冶金材料科学与工程,2016,21(5):717-721.PAN Chenxi,CHEN Kanghua,XU Yinchao,et al.Effect of adding Cu on structure and cutting performance of PVD AlTiNcoating[J].Materials Science and Engineering of Powder Metallurgy,2016,21(5):717-721.
[4]WANG C F,SHIH-FU O U,CHIOU S Y.Microstructures of TiN,TiAlN and TiAlVN coatings on AISI M2 steel deposited by magnetron reactive sputtering[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2014,24(8):2559-2565.
[5]牛瑞丽,李金龙,刘栓,等.偏压对高速钢表面AlTiN涂层结构与性能的影响[J].中国有色金属学报,2016,26(12):2564-2572.NIU Ruili,LI Jinlong,LIU Shuan,et al.Effect of bias on structure and properties of AlTiN coating deposited on high-speed steel[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2016,26(12):2564-2572.
[6]徐银超,陈康华,王社权,等.TiN和TiAlN涂层硬质合金的氧化和切削性能[J].粉末冶金材料科学与工程,2011,16(3):425-430.XU Yinchao,CHEN Kanghua,WANG Shequan,et al.Oxidation and cutting properties of TiN and TiAlN coated cemented carbide[J].Materials Science and Engineering of Powder Metallurgy,2011,16(3):425-430.
[7]朱丽慧,胡涛,宋诚,等.Si、Cr的加入对TiAlN涂层热稳定性能的影响[J].硬质合金,2015,32(6):359-363.ZHU Lihui,HU Tao,SONG Cheng,et al.Effect of Si and Cr addition on thermal stability of TiAlN coatings[J].Cemented Carbide,2015,32(6):359-363.
[8]邱龙时,朱晓东,鲁莎,等.基于弹塑性滚动接触疲劳法评价硬质薄膜结合强度[J].真空科学与技术学报,2015,35(11):1380-1384.QIU Longshi,ZHU Xiaodong,LU sha,et al.Evaluation of hard-coating/substrate interfacial adhesion in rolling contact fatigue method under elastic-plastic deformation[J].Chinese Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology,2015,35(11):1380-1384.
[9]李河清,蔡殉,马峰,等.压痕法测定薄膜(涂层)的界面结合强度[J].机械工程材料,2002,26(4):11-13.LI Heqing,CAI Xun,MA Feng,et al.Determination of the interfacial bonding strength of thin films and coatings using indentation method[J].Materials for Mechanical Engineering,2002,26(4):11-13.
[10]唐辉,王欣宇,于德珍,等.TA2纯钛微弧氧化陶瓷膜层的颜色和性能[J].材料研究学报,2010,24(4):395-400.TANG Hui,WANG Xinyu,YU Dezheng,et al.On the color properties of the coatings on titanium by micro-arc oxidation[J].Chinese Journal of Materials Research,2010,24(4):395-400.
[11]KATARIA S,KUMAR N,DASH S,et al.Evolution of deformation and friction during multimode scratch test on TiNcoated D9 steel[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2010,205(3):922-927.
[12]陈响明,易丹青,李秀萍,等.硬质合金复合涂层的结合强度与失效机理[J].粉末冶金材料科学与工程,2011,16(3):464-470.CHEN Xiangming,YI Danqing,LI Xiuping,et al.Bonding strength and failure mechanism of cemented carbide with multilayer coatings[J].Cemented Carbide,2011,16(3):464-470.
[13]GONG M,CHEN J,DENG X,et al.Sliding wear behavior of TiAlN and AlCrN coatings on a unique cemented carbide substrate[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2017,69(1):209-214.
[14]ZHANG Li,SHAN Cheng,CHEN Shu,et al.Hot pressing densification of WC-Mox C binderless carbide[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2012,22(8):2027-2031.
[15]CHEN Yi,ZHANG Li,ZHU Junjie,et al.Phase interfaces between AlTiN and WC/Mo2C in WC-Mo2C substrate and the related characteristics[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2018,72:323-331.
[16]ZHANG Li,XIE Mingwei,CHENG Xin,et al.Micro characteristics of binder phases in WC-Co cemented carbides with Cr-V and Cr-V-RE additives[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2013,36(1):211-219.
[17]ROGSTR?M L.High temperature behavior of arc evaporated Zr AlN and TiAlN thin films[D].Sweden:Link?ping University,2012:6-7.
[18]ROA J J,JIMéNEZ-PIQUéE,TARRAGóJ M,et al.Berkovichnano indentation and deformation mechanisms in a hardmetal binder-like cobalt alloy[J].Materials Science and Engineering,2015,A621:128-132.
[19]NINO A,TANAKA A,SUGIYAMA S,et al.Indentation size effect for the hardness of refractory carbides[J].Materials Transactions,2010,51(9):1621-1626.
[20]沈观林,胡更开.复合材料力学[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,1988:201-202.SHEN Guanlin,HU Gengkai.Mechanics of Composite Materials[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press,1988:201-202.
[21]DAN M,KAZAKEVICH M,SROLOVITZ D J,et al.Nanoindentation size effect in single-crystal nanoparticles and thin films:A comparative experimental and simulation study[J].Acta Materialia,2011,59(6):2309-2321.
[22]BEISS P,RUTHARDT R,WARLIMONT H.Powder Metallurgy Data.Refractory,Hard and Intermetallic Materials[M].Springer-Verlag.2002.
[23]KLüNSNER T,MARSONER S,EBNER R,et al.Effect of microstructure on fatigue properties of WC-Co hard metals[J].Procedia Engineering,2010,2(1):2001-2010.
[24]?ZDEN U A,BEZOLD A,BROECKMANN C.Numerical simulation of fatigue crack propagation in WC/Co based on a continuum damage mechanics approach[J].Procedia Materials Science,2014,3(1):1518-1523.
[25]BENSON M L,LOAW P K,CHOO H,et al.Strain-induced phase transformation in a cobalt-based superalloy during different loading modes[J].Materials Science and Engineering,2011,A528(18):6051-6058.
[26]CHEN F L,HE X,PRIETO-MU?OZ P A,et al.Opening-mode fractures of a brittle coating bonded to an elasto-plastic substrate[J].International Journal of Plasticity,2015,67(1):171-191.
[27]KIM S I,HER J U,JANG Y C,et al.Experimental and finite element analysis for fracture of coating layer of galvannealed steel sheet[J].The Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2011,21(1):111-116.
[28]GANT A J,GEE M G.Wear modes in slurry jet erosion of tungsten carbide hardmetals:Their relationship with microstructure and mechanical properties[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2015,49(1):192-202.