Short-Term Effect of Nitrogen Intensification on Aggregate Size Distribution, Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities in a Semi-Arid Soil Under Different Crop Types
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摘要
There is a lack of quantitative assessments available on the effect of agricultural intensification on soil aggregate distribution and microbial properties. Here, we investigated how short-term nitrogen(N) intensification induced changes in aggregate size distribution and microbial properties in a soil of a hot moist semi-arid region(Bangalore, India). We hypothesised that N intensification would increase the accumulation of macroaggregates > 2 mm and soil microbial biomass and activity, and that the specific crop plant sowed would influence the level of this increase. In November 2016, surface(0–10 cm) and subsurface(10–20 cm) soil samples were taken from three N fertilisation treatments, low N(50 kg N ha~(-1)), medium N(75 and 100 kg N ha~(-1) for finger millet and maize, respectively),and high N(100 and 150 kg N ha~(-1) for finger millet and maize, respectively). Distribution of water-stable aggregate concentrations,carbon(C) and N dynamics within aggregate size class, and soil microbial biomass and activity were evaluated. The high-N treatment significantly increased the concentration of large macroaggregates in the subsurface soil of the maize crop treatment, presumably due to an increased C input from root growth. Different N fertilisation levels did not significantly affect C and N concentrations in different aggregate size classes or the bulk soil. High-N applications significantly increased dehydrogenase activity in both the surface soil and the subsurface soil and urease activity in the surface soil, likely because of increased accumulation of enzymes stabilised by soil colloids in dry soils. Dehydrogenase activity was significantly affected by the type of crop, but urease activity not. Overall, our results showed that high N application rates alter large macroaggregates and enzyme activities in surface and subsurface soils through an increased aboveground and corresponding belowground biomass input in the maize crop.
There is a lack of quantitative assessments available on the effect of agricultural intensification on soil aggregate distribution and microbial properties. Here, we investigated how short-term nitrogen(N) intensification induced changes in aggregate size distribution and microbial properties in a soil of a hot moist semi-arid region(Bangalore, India). We hypothesised that N intensification would increase the accumulation of macroaggregates > 2 mm and soil microbial biomass and activity, and that the specific crop plant sowed would influence the level of this increase. In November 2016, surface(0–10 cm) and subsurface(10–20 cm) soil samples were taken from three N fertilisation treatments, low N(50 kg N ha~(-1)), medium N(75 and 100 kg N ha~(-1) for finger millet and maize, respectively),and high N(100 and 150 kg N ha~(-1) for finger millet and maize, respectively). Distribution of water-stable aggregate concentrations,carbon(C) and N dynamics within aggregate size class, and soil microbial biomass and activity were evaluated. The high-N treatment significantly increased the concentration of large macroaggregates in the subsurface soil of the maize crop treatment, presumably due to an increased C input from root growth. Different N fertilisation levels did not significantly affect C and N concentrations in different aggregate size classes or the bulk soil. High-N applications significantly increased dehydrogenase activity in both the surface soil and the subsurface soil and urease activity in the surface soil, likely because of increased accumulation of enzymes stabilised by soil colloids in dry soils. Dehydrogenase activity was significantly affected by the type of crop, but urease activity not. Overall, our results showed that high N application rates alter large macroaggregates and enzyme activities in surface and subsurface soils through an increased aboveground and corresponding belowground biomass input in the maize crop.
There is a lack of quantitative assessments available on the effect of agricultural intensification on soil aggregate distribution and microbial properties. Here, we investigated how short-term nitrogen(N) intensification induced changes in aggregate size distribution and microbial properties in a soil of a hot moist semi-arid region(Bangalore, India). We hypothesised that N intensification would increase the accumulation of macroaggregates > 2 mm and soil microbial biomass and activity, and that the specific crop plant sowed would influence the level of this increase. In November 2016, surface(0–10 cm) and subsurface(10–20 cm) soil samples were taken from three N fertilisation treatments, low N(50 kg N ha~(-1)), medium N(75 and 100 kg N ha~(-1) for finger millet and maize, respectively),and high N(100 and 150 kg N ha~(-1) for finger millet and maize, respectively). Distribution of water-stable aggregate concentrations,carbon(C) and N dynamics within aggregate size class, and soil microbial biomass and activity were evaluated. The high-N treatment significantly increased the concentration of large macroaggregates in the subsurface soil of the maize crop treatment, presumably due to an increased C input from root growth. Different N fertilisation levels did not significantly affect C and N concentrations in different aggregate size classes or the bulk soil. High-N applications significantly increased dehydrogenase activity in both the surface soil and the subsurface soil and urease activity in the surface soil, likely because of increased accumulation of enzymes stabilised by soil colloids in dry soils. Dehydrogenase activity was significantly affected by the type of crop, but urease activity not. Overall, our results showed that high N application rates alter large macroaggregates and enzyme activities in surface and subsurface soils through an increased aboveground and corresponding belowground biomass input in the maize crop.
引文
Amato M,Ladd J N.1988.Assay for microbial biomass based on ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen in extracts of fumigated soils.Soil Biol Biochem.20:107-114.
Bronick C J,Lal R.2005.Soil structure and management:Areview.Geoderma.124:3-22.
Burns R G.1982.Enzyme activity in soil:Location and a possible role in microbial ecology.Soil Biol Biochem.14:423-427.
Casida L E,Klein D A,Santoro T.1964.Soil dehydrogenase activity.Soil Sci.98:371-376.
Das B,Chakraborty D,Singh V K,Aggarwal P,Singh R,Dwivedi B S,Mishra R P.2014.Effect of integrated nutrient management practice on soil aggregate properties,its stability and aggregate-associated carbon content in an intensive rice-wheat system.Soil Till Res.136:9-18.
Deutsches Institut für Normung(DIN).1997.Methods of Soil Investigations for Agricultural Engineering-Chemical Laboratory Tests.Part 6:Determination of Iron Soluble in Oxalate Solution.DIN 19684-6:1997-12.Beuth Verlag GmbH,Berlin.
de Vries F T,Bardgett R D.2016.Plant community controls on short-term ecosystem nitrogen retention.New Phytol.210:861-874.
Dick R P,Myrold D D,Kerle E A.1988.Microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities in compacted and rehabilitated skid trail soils.Soil Sci Soc Am J.52:512-516.
Doyle J,Pavel R,Barness G,Steinberger Y.2006.Cellulase dynamics in a desert soil.Soil Biol Biochem.38:371-376.
Fu Y,Li G L,Zheng T H,Li B Q,Zhang T.2016.Impact of raindrop characteristics on the selective detachment and transport of aggregate fragments in the loess plateau of China.Soil Sci Soc Am J.80:1071-1077.
Geisseler D,Horwarth W R.2009.Short-term dynamics of soil carbon,microbial biomass,and soil enzyme activities as compared to longer-term effects of tillage in irrigated row crops.Biol Fert Soils.46:65-72.
Geisseler D,Scow K M.2014.Long-term effects of mineral fertilizers on soil microorganisms-a review.Soil Biol Biochem.75:54-63.
Goron T L,Bhosekar V K,Shearer C R,Watts S,Raizada MN.2015.Whole plant acclimation responses by finger millet to low nitrogen stress.Front Plant Sci.6:652.
Gunina A,Ryzhova I,Dorodnikov M,Kuzyakov Y.2015.Effect of plant communities on aggregate composition and organic matter stabilisation in young soils.Plant Soil.387:265-275.
John B,Yamashita T,Ludwig B,Flessa H.2005.Storage of organic carbon in aggregate and density fractions of silty soils under different types of land use.Geoderma.128:63-79.
Kandeler E,Gerber H.1988.Short-term assay of soil urease activity using colorimetric determination of ammonium.Biol Fert Soils.6:68-72.
Kumar A,Kuzyakov Y,Pausch J.2016.Maize rhizosphere priming:Field estimates using13C natural abundance.Plant Soil.409:87-97.
Lassaletta L,Billen G,Grizzetti B,Anglade J,Garnier J.2014.50 year trends in nitrogen use efficiency of world cropping systems:The relationship between yield and nitrogen input to cropland.Env Res Lett.9:105011.
Lehmann A,Zheng W S,Rillig M C.2017.Soil biota contributions to soil aggregation.Nat Ecol Evol.1:1828-1835.
Li C H,Ma B L,Zhang T Q.2002.Soil bulk density effects on soil microbial populations and enzyme activities during the growth of maize(Zea mays L.)planted in large pots under field exposure.Can J Soil Sci.82:147-154.
Liebig M A,Varvel G E,Doran J W,Wienhold B J.2002.Crop sequence and nitrogen fertilization effects on soil properties in the western corn belt.Soil Sci Soc Am J.66:596-601.
Linsler D,Taube F,Geisseler D,Joergensen R G,Ludwig B.2015.Temporal variations of the distribution of water-stable aggregates,microbial biomass and ergosterol in temperate grassland soils with different cultivation histories.Geoderma.241-242:221-229.
Lu C Q,Tian H Q.2017.Global nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use for agriculture production in the past half century:Shifted hot spots and nutrient imbalance.Earth Sys Sci Data.9:181-192.
Nakamoto T,Matsuzaki A,Shimoda K.1992.Root spatial distribution of field-grown maize and millets.Jpn J Crop Sci.61:304-309.
Nannipieri P,Kandeler E,Ruggiero P.2002.Enzyme activities and microbiological and biochemical processes in soil.In Burns R G,Dick R P(eds.)Enzymes in the Environment.Marcel Dekker,New York.pp.1-33.
Pal D K,Wani S P,Sahrawat K L.2012.Vertisols of tropical Indian environments:Pedology and edaphology.Geoderma.189-190:28-49.
Pérès G,Cluzeau D,Menasseri S,Soussana J F,Bessler H,Engels C,Habekost M,Gleixner G,Weigelt A,Weiser W W,Scheu S,Eisenhauer N.2013.Mechanisms linking plant community properties to soil aggregate stability in an experimental grassland plant diversity gradient.Plant Soil.373:285-299.
Powlson D S,Brookes P C,Christensen B T.1987.Measurement of soil microbial biomass provides an early indication of changes in total soil organic matter due to straw incorporation.Soil Biol Biochem.19:159-164.
Ramirez K S,Craine J M,Fierer N.2012.Consistent effects of nitrogen amendments on soil microbial communities and processes across biomes.Global Change Biol.18:1918-1927.
Sarkar S,Singh S R,Singh R P.2003.The effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil physical condition and the productivity of a rice-lentil cropping sequence in India.J Agr Sci.140:419-425.
Sinsabaugh R L,Belnap J,Findlay S G,Shah J J F,Hill B H,Kuehn K A,Kuske C R,Litvak M E,Martinez N G,Moorhead D L,Warnock D D.2014.Extracellular enzyme kinetics scale with resource availability.Biogeochemistry.121:287-304.
Six J,Bossuyt H,Degryze S,Denef K.2004.A history of research on the link between(micro)aggregates,soil biota,and soil organic matter dynamics.Soil Till Res.79:7-31.
Six J,Elliott E T,Paustian K.2000.Soil macroaggregate turnover and microaggregate formation:A mechanism for Csequestration under no-tillage agriculture.Soil Biol Biochem.32:2099-2103.
Six J,Frey S D,Thiet R K,Batten K M.2006.Bacterial and fungal contributions to carbon sequestration in agroecosystems.Soil Sci Soc Am J.70:555-569.
Tiemann L K,Grandy A S,Atkinson E E,Marin-Spiotta E,McDaniel M D.2015.Crop rotational diversity enhances belowground communities and functions in an agroecosystem.Ecol Lett.18:761-771.
Tilman D,Balzer C,Hill J,Befort B.2011.Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.108:20260-20264.
Zeglin L H,Stursova M,Sinsabaugh R L,Collins S L.2007.Microbial responses to nitrogen addition in three contrasting grassland ecosystems.Oecologia.154:349-359.
Bronick C J,Lal R.2005.Soil structure and management:Areview.Geoderma.124:3-22.
Burns R G.1982.Enzyme activity in soil:Location and a possible role in microbial ecology.Soil Biol Biochem.14:423-427.
Casida L E,Klein D A,Santoro T.1964.Soil dehydrogenase activity.Soil Sci.98:371-376.
Das B,Chakraborty D,Singh V K,Aggarwal P,Singh R,Dwivedi B S,Mishra R P.2014.Effect of integrated nutrient management practice on soil aggregate properties,its stability and aggregate-associated carbon content in an intensive rice-wheat system.Soil Till Res.136:9-18.
Deutsches Institut für Normung(DIN).1997.Methods of Soil Investigations for Agricultural Engineering-Chemical Laboratory Tests.Part 6:Determination of Iron Soluble in Oxalate Solution.DIN 19684-6:1997-12.Beuth Verlag GmbH,Berlin.
de Vries F T,Bardgett R D.2016.Plant community controls on short-term ecosystem nitrogen retention.New Phytol.210:861-874.
Dick R P,Myrold D D,Kerle E A.1988.Microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities in compacted and rehabilitated skid trail soils.Soil Sci Soc Am J.52:512-516.
Doyle J,Pavel R,Barness G,Steinberger Y.2006.Cellulase dynamics in a desert soil.Soil Biol Biochem.38:371-376.
Fu Y,Li G L,Zheng T H,Li B Q,Zhang T.2016.Impact of raindrop characteristics on the selective detachment and transport of aggregate fragments in the loess plateau of China.Soil Sci Soc Am J.80:1071-1077.
Geisseler D,Horwarth W R.2009.Short-term dynamics of soil carbon,microbial biomass,and soil enzyme activities as compared to longer-term effects of tillage in irrigated row crops.Biol Fert Soils.46:65-72.
Geisseler D,Scow K M.2014.Long-term effects of mineral fertilizers on soil microorganisms-a review.Soil Biol Biochem.75:54-63.
Goron T L,Bhosekar V K,Shearer C R,Watts S,Raizada MN.2015.Whole plant acclimation responses by finger millet to low nitrogen stress.Front Plant Sci.6:652.
Gunina A,Ryzhova I,Dorodnikov M,Kuzyakov Y.2015.Effect of plant communities on aggregate composition and organic matter stabilisation in young soils.Plant Soil.387:265-275.
John B,Yamashita T,Ludwig B,Flessa H.2005.Storage of organic carbon in aggregate and density fractions of silty soils under different types of land use.Geoderma.128:63-79.
Kandeler E,Gerber H.1988.Short-term assay of soil urease activity using colorimetric determination of ammonium.Biol Fert Soils.6:68-72.
Kumar A,Kuzyakov Y,Pausch J.2016.Maize rhizosphere priming:Field estimates using13C natural abundance.Plant Soil.409:87-97.
Lassaletta L,Billen G,Grizzetti B,Anglade J,Garnier J.2014.50 year trends in nitrogen use efficiency of world cropping systems:The relationship between yield and nitrogen input to cropland.Env Res Lett.9:105011.
Lehmann A,Zheng W S,Rillig M C.2017.Soil biota contributions to soil aggregation.Nat Ecol Evol.1:1828-1835.
Li C H,Ma B L,Zhang T Q.2002.Soil bulk density effects on soil microbial populations and enzyme activities during the growth of maize(Zea mays L.)planted in large pots under field exposure.Can J Soil Sci.82:147-154.
Liebig M A,Varvel G E,Doran J W,Wienhold B J.2002.Crop sequence and nitrogen fertilization effects on soil properties in the western corn belt.Soil Sci Soc Am J.66:596-601.
Linsler D,Taube F,Geisseler D,Joergensen R G,Ludwig B.2015.Temporal variations of the distribution of water-stable aggregates,microbial biomass and ergosterol in temperate grassland soils with different cultivation histories.Geoderma.241-242:221-229.
Lu C Q,Tian H Q.2017.Global nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use for agriculture production in the past half century:Shifted hot spots and nutrient imbalance.Earth Sys Sci Data.9:181-192.
Nakamoto T,Matsuzaki A,Shimoda K.1992.Root spatial distribution of field-grown maize and millets.Jpn J Crop Sci.61:304-309.
Nannipieri P,Kandeler E,Ruggiero P.2002.Enzyme activities and microbiological and biochemical processes in soil.In Burns R G,Dick R P(eds.)Enzymes in the Environment.Marcel Dekker,New York.pp.1-33.
Pal D K,Wani S P,Sahrawat K L.2012.Vertisols of tropical Indian environments:Pedology and edaphology.Geoderma.189-190:28-49.
Pérès G,Cluzeau D,Menasseri S,Soussana J F,Bessler H,Engels C,Habekost M,Gleixner G,Weigelt A,Weiser W W,Scheu S,Eisenhauer N.2013.Mechanisms linking plant community properties to soil aggregate stability in an experimental grassland plant diversity gradient.Plant Soil.373:285-299.
Powlson D S,Brookes P C,Christensen B T.1987.Measurement of soil microbial biomass provides an early indication of changes in total soil organic matter due to straw incorporation.Soil Biol Biochem.19:159-164.
Ramirez K S,Craine J M,Fierer N.2012.Consistent effects of nitrogen amendments on soil microbial communities and processes across biomes.Global Change Biol.18:1918-1927.
Sarkar S,Singh S R,Singh R P.2003.The effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil physical condition and the productivity of a rice-lentil cropping sequence in India.J Agr Sci.140:419-425.
Sinsabaugh R L,Belnap J,Findlay S G,Shah J J F,Hill B H,Kuehn K A,Kuske C R,Litvak M E,Martinez N G,Moorhead D L,Warnock D D.2014.Extracellular enzyme kinetics scale with resource availability.Biogeochemistry.121:287-304.
Six J,Bossuyt H,Degryze S,Denef K.2004.A history of research on the link between(micro)aggregates,soil biota,and soil organic matter dynamics.Soil Till Res.79:7-31.
Six J,Elliott E T,Paustian K.2000.Soil macroaggregate turnover and microaggregate formation:A mechanism for Csequestration under no-tillage agriculture.Soil Biol Biochem.32:2099-2103.
Six J,Frey S D,Thiet R K,Batten K M.2006.Bacterial and fungal contributions to carbon sequestration in agroecosystems.Soil Sci Soc Am J.70:555-569.
Tiemann L K,Grandy A S,Atkinson E E,Marin-Spiotta E,McDaniel M D.2015.Crop rotational diversity enhances belowground communities and functions in an agroecosystem.Ecol Lett.18:761-771.
Tilman D,Balzer C,Hill J,Befort B.2011.Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.108:20260-20264.
Zeglin L H,Stursova M,Sinsabaugh R L,Collins S L.2007.Microbial responses to nitrogen addition in three contrasting grassland ecosystems.Oecologia.154:349-359.