Effect of increasing densities of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu on Eucalyptus urograndis initial development in silvopastoral system
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摘要
In silvopasture system, the coexistence of eucalyptus seedlings with other species may result in growth reduction, especially during eucalyptus early development.Therefore, studies elucidating how forage species affect the eucalyptus growth can provide important information for their rational management aiming to obtain the maximum gain of the system. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of increasing densities of Urochloa brizantha cv.Marandu in the early development of Eucalyptus urograndis. An experiment was conducted in 20 L pots, in an open and semi-controlled area, during 90 days after planting of eucalyptus. A completely randomized design with four replications was used, in a 6 9 7 factorial system, meaning six evaluation periods and seven densities of U. brizantha: 0(control), 22, 33, 44, 67, 89 and111 plants m~(-2). Fortnightly, eucalyptus height, stem diameter and chlorophyll fluorescence(Fv/Fm) were evaluated. At the end of experimental period, the net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of eucalyptus plants were determined, in addition to the dry matter of eucalyptus(leaves and stem) and U. brizantha (leaves). In coexistence with 111 plants m~(-2), eucalyptus had reduction of 63.9% on total dry matter and 72.7% on leaf area, compared to the control. From the density of22 plants m~(-2), U. brizantha negatively interfere significantly the growth of E. urograndis. Up to 8 plants m~(-2) there are no reductions greater than 5% in eucalyptus height and stem diameter.
In silvopasture system, the coexistence of eucalyptus seedlings with other species may result in growth reduction, especially during eucalyptus early development.Therefore, studies elucidating how forage species affect the eucalyptus growth can provide important information for their rational management aiming to obtain the maximum gain of the system. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of increasing densities of Urochloa brizantha cv.Marandu in the early development of Eucalyptus urograndis. An experiment was conducted in 20 L pots, in an open and semi-controlled area, during 90 days after planting of eucalyptus. A completely randomized design with four replications was used, in a 6 9 7 factorial system, meaning six evaluation periods and seven densities of U. brizantha: 0(control), 22, 33, 44, 67, 89 and111 plants m~(-2). Fortnightly, eucalyptus height, stem diameter and chlorophyll fluorescence(Fv/Fm) were evaluated. At the end of experimental period, the net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of eucalyptus plants were determined, in addition to the dry matter of eucalyptus(leaves and stem) and U. brizantha (leaves). In coexistence with 111 plants m~(-2), eucalyptus had reduction of 63.9% on total dry matter and 72.7% on leaf area, compared to the control. From the density of22 plants m~(-2), U. brizantha negatively interfere significantly the growth of E. urograndis. Up to 8 plants m~(-2) there are no reductions greater than 5% in eucalyptus height and stem diameter.
In silvopasture system, the coexistence of eucalyptus seedlings with other species may result in growth reduction, especially during eucalyptus early development.Therefore, studies elucidating how forage species affect the eucalyptus growth can provide important information for their rational management aiming to obtain the maximum gain of the system. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of increasing densities of Urochloa brizantha cv.Marandu in the early development of Eucalyptus urograndis. An experiment was conducted in 20 L pots, in an open and semi-controlled area, during 90 days after planting of eucalyptus. A completely randomized design with four replications was used, in a 6 9 7 factorial system, meaning six evaluation periods and seven densities of U. brizantha: 0(control), 22, 33, 44, 67, 89 and111 plants m~(-2). Fortnightly, eucalyptus height, stem diameter and chlorophyll fluorescence(Fv/Fm) were evaluated. At the end of experimental period, the net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of eucalyptus plants were determined, in addition to the dry matter of eucalyptus(leaves and stem) and U. brizantha (leaves). In coexistence with 111 plants m~(-2), eucalyptus had reduction of 63.9% on total dry matter and 72.7% on leaf area, compared to the control. From the density of22 plants m~(-2), U. brizantha negatively interfere significantly the growth of E. urograndis. Up to 8 plants m~(-2) there are no reductions greater than 5% in eucalyptus height and stem diameter.
引文
Abraf(2013)Associa?ao brasileira dos produtores de florestas plantadas.Anuário estatístico da abraf,ano base 2012.http://www.ipef.br/estatisticas/relatorios/anuario-ABRAF13-BR.pdf.Accessed 25 Feb 2017
Adams PR,Beadle CL,Mendham NJ,Smethurst PJ(2003)The impact of timing and duration of grass control on the growth of a young Eucalyptus globulus Labill.plantation.New For26(2):147-165
Bacha AL,Pereira FCM,Pires RN,Nepomuceno MP,Alves PLCA(2016)Interference of seeding and regrowth of signalgrass weed(Urochloa decumbens)during the initial development of Eucalyptus urograndis(E.grandis 9 E.urophylla).Aust J Crop Sci10(3):322-330
Bleasdale JKA(1960)Studies on plant competition.In:Harper JL(ed)The biology of weeds.Blackwell Scientific Publications,Oxford,pp 133-142
Brendolan RA,Pellegrini MT,Alves PLCA(2000)Efeitos da nutri??o mineral na competi??o inter e intraespecífica de Eucalyptus grandis e Brachiaria decumbens:1-crescimento.Sci For 58:49-57
Caldwell JM,Sucoff EI,Dixon RK(1995)Grass interference limits resource availability and reduces growth of juvenile red pine in the field.New For 10(1):1-15
Coll L,Balandier P,Picon-Cochard C(2004)Morphological and physiological responses of beech(Fagus sylvatica)seedlings to grass-induced belowground competition.Tree Physiol24(1):45-54
Costa NL,Townsend CR,Magalh?es JA,Pereira RGA(2000)Desempenho agron?mico de gramíneas forrageiras sob sombreamento de eucalipto(Eucalyptus spp.).Embrapa Cpaf Rond?nia 184:1-4
Cruz MB,Alves PLCA,Karam D,Ferraudo AS(2010)Capimcoloni?o e seus efeitos sobre o crescimento inicial de clones de Eucalyptus x urograndis.Cienc Florest 20(3):391-401
Dinardo W,Toledo REB,Alves PLCA,Pitelli RA(2003)Efeito da densidade de plantas de Panicum maximum Jacq.sobre o crescimento inicial de Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden.Sci For 64:59-68
Ellis RC,Webb DP,Graley AM,Rout AF(1985)The effect of weed competition and nitrogen nutrition on the growth of seedlings of Eucalyptus delegatensis in a highland area of Tasmania.Aust For Res 15(4):395-408
Florentine S,Fox J(2003)Competition between Eucalyptus victrix seedlings and grass species.Ecol Res 18(1):25-39
Garau AM,Lemcoff JH,Ghersa CM,Beadle CL(2008)Water stress tolerance in Eucalyptus globulus Labill.subsp.maidenii(F.Muell.)saplings induced by water restrictions imposed by weeds.For Ecol Manag 255(7):2811-2819
Garau AM,Lemcoff JH,Ghersa CM,Baraao JJ(2009)Weeds in Eucalyptus globulus subsp.maidenii(F.Muell)establishment:effects of competition on sapling growth and survivorship.New For 37(3):251-264
Graat Y,Rosa JO,Nepomuceno MP,Carvalho LB,Alves PLCA(2015)Grass weeds interfering with eucalypt:effects of the distance of coexistence on the initial plant growth.Planta Daninha 33(2):203-211
Grossnickle S,Folk R(1993)Stock quality assessment:forecasting survival and performance on a reforestation niche.Tree Plant Notes 44(3):113-121
Iba(2016)Indústria brasileira de árvores.Relato′rio IBA′2016.http://iba.org/images/shared/Biblioteca/IBA_RelatorioAnual2016_.pdf.Accessed 23 Feb 2017
Kppen W(1948)Climatologia:con un estudio de los climas de la tierra.Fondo de Cultura Econ?mica,Mexico City,p 478
Krause GH,Weis E(1991)Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis:the basics.Annu Rev Plant Phys 42(2):313-349
Lamhamedi M,Bernier P,Hebert C,Jobidon R(1998)Physiological and growth responses of three sizes of containerized Picea mariana seedlings outplanted with and without vegetation control.For Ecol Manag 110(1-3):13-23
Macedo MCM(2009)Integra??o lavoura pecuária:o estado da arte e inova??o tecnolo′gicas.Rev Bras Zootech 38(1):133-146
Macedo RIG,Venturim N,Gomes JE,Lima EMG(2001)Princípios de agrossilvicultura como subsídios do manejo sustentável.Informe Agropecuário 29(1):15-26
Margolis HA,Brand DG(1990)An ecophysiological basis for understanding plantation establishment.Can J For Res20(4):375-390
Marques DB,Martins PFRB,Parreira MC,Alves PLCA(2015)Companion crops upon Eucalyptus urograndis initial development.Bosque 36(2):163-170
Maxwell K,Johnson GN(2000)Chlorophyll fluorescence:a practical guide.J Exp Bot 51:659-668
Menezes RSC,Salcedo IH,Elliott ET(2002)Microclimate and nutrient dynamic in a silvopastoral system of semiarid northeastern Brazil.Agrofor Syst 56(1):27-38
Nambiar EKS,Sands R(1993)Competition for water and nutrients in forests.Can J For Res 23(10):1955-1968
Pereira FCM,Yamauti MS,Alves PLCA(2012)Interaction between weed management and covering fertilization in the initial growth of Eucalyptus grandis 9 E.urophylla.Rev A′rvore36(5):941-949
Pereira FCM,Alves PLCA,Martins JVF(2013)Interference of grasses on the growth of eucalyptus clones.J Agric Sci5(11):173-180
Pitelli RA(1985)Interferência das plantas daninhas em culturas agrícolas.Informe Agropecuário 11(129):16-27
Pitelli RA,Marchi SR(1991)Interferência das plantas invasoras nas áreas de reflorestamento.Seminário Tcnico Sobre Plantas Daninhas e o Uso de Herbicidas em Reflorestamento 3:1-11
R Development Core Team(2017)R:a language and environment for statistical computing.R Foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna,Austria.http://www.R-project.org
Ribaski J,Rakocevic M(2002)Disponibilidade e qualidade da forragem de braquiária(Brachiaria brizantha)em um sistema silvipastoril com eucalipto(Eucalyptus citriodora)no noroeste do Estado do Paraná.Congresso brasileiro de sistemas agroflorestais,Ilhus.https://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/bitstream/doc/307621/1/6026disponibilidade.pdf.Accessed 08 Feb 2017
Sands R,Nambiar EKS(1984)Water relations of Pinus radiata in competition with weeds.Can J For Res 14(2):233-237
Santos MV,Ferreira EA,Tuffi Santos LD,Fonseca DM,Aspiazu I,Silva DV,Porto JMP,Braga RR(2015)Physiological aspects of acacia and eucalyptus in competition with Brachiaria.Aust JCrop Sci 9(3):210-214
Schaller M,Schroth G,Beer J,Jimnez F(2003)Root interactions between young Eucalyptus deglupta trees and competitive grass species in contour strips.For Ecol Manag 179(1-3):429-440
Sharkey TD,Raschke K(1981)Effect of light quality on stomatal opening in leaves of Xanthium strumarium L.Plant Physiol68(5):1170-1174
Stape J,Binkley D,Ryan MG,Gomes AN(2004)Water use,water limitation,and water use efficiency in a eucalyptus plantation.Bosque 25(2):35-41
Tarouco CP,Agostinetto D,Panozzo LE,Santos LS,Vignolo GK,Ramos LOO(2009)Períodos de interferência de plantas daninhas na fase inicial de crescimento do eucalipto.Pesqui Agropecu Bras 44(9):1131-1137
Toledo REB,Victoria Filho R,Pitelli RA,Alves PLCA,Lopes MAF(2000)Efeitos de períodos de controle de plantas daninhas sobre o desenvolvimento inicial de plantas de eucalipto.Planta Daninha 18(3):395-404
Toledo REB,Dinardo W,Bezutte AJ,Alves PLCA,Pitelli RA(2001)Efeito da densidade de plantas de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf sobre o crescimento inicial de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden.Sci For 60:109-117
Torres LG,Faria AT,Felipe RS,Benevenute SS,Medeiros WN,Ferreira FA(2010)Interferência de plantas daninhas sobre o crescimento inicial de mudas de clones de eucalipto.Congresso Brasileiro da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas 28:105-109
Watt MS,Whitehead D,Mason EG,Richardson B,Kimberley MO(2003)The influence of weed competition for light and water on growth and dry matter partitioning of young Pinus radiata,at a dryland site.For Ecol Manag 183(1-3):363-376
Adams PR,Beadle CL,Mendham NJ,Smethurst PJ(2003)The impact of timing and duration of grass control on the growth of a young Eucalyptus globulus Labill.plantation.New For26(2):147-165
Bacha AL,Pereira FCM,Pires RN,Nepomuceno MP,Alves PLCA(2016)Interference of seeding and regrowth of signalgrass weed(Urochloa decumbens)during the initial development of Eucalyptus urograndis(E.grandis 9 E.urophylla).Aust J Crop Sci10(3):322-330
Bleasdale JKA(1960)Studies on plant competition.In:Harper JL(ed)The biology of weeds.Blackwell Scientific Publications,Oxford,pp 133-142
Brendolan RA,Pellegrini MT,Alves PLCA(2000)Efeitos da nutri??o mineral na competi??o inter e intraespecífica de Eucalyptus grandis e Brachiaria decumbens:1-crescimento.Sci For 58:49-57
Caldwell JM,Sucoff EI,Dixon RK(1995)Grass interference limits resource availability and reduces growth of juvenile red pine in the field.New For 10(1):1-15
Coll L,Balandier P,Picon-Cochard C(2004)Morphological and physiological responses of beech(Fagus sylvatica)seedlings to grass-induced belowground competition.Tree Physiol24(1):45-54
Costa NL,Townsend CR,Magalh?es JA,Pereira RGA(2000)Desempenho agron?mico de gramíneas forrageiras sob sombreamento de eucalipto(Eucalyptus spp.).Embrapa Cpaf Rond?nia 184:1-4
Cruz MB,Alves PLCA,Karam D,Ferraudo AS(2010)Capimcoloni?o e seus efeitos sobre o crescimento inicial de clones de Eucalyptus x urograndis.Cienc Florest 20(3):391-401
Dinardo W,Toledo REB,Alves PLCA,Pitelli RA(2003)Efeito da densidade de plantas de Panicum maximum Jacq.sobre o crescimento inicial de Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden.Sci For 64:59-68
Ellis RC,Webb DP,Graley AM,Rout AF(1985)The effect of weed competition and nitrogen nutrition on the growth of seedlings of Eucalyptus delegatensis in a highland area of Tasmania.Aust For Res 15(4):395-408
Florentine S,Fox J(2003)Competition between Eucalyptus victrix seedlings and grass species.Ecol Res 18(1):25-39
Garau AM,Lemcoff JH,Ghersa CM,Beadle CL(2008)Water stress tolerance in Eucalyptus globulus Labill.subsp.maidenii(F.Muell.)saplings induced by water restrictions imposed by weeds.For Ecol Manag 255(7):2811-2819
Garau AM,Lemcoff JH,Ghersa CM,Baraao JJ(2009)Weeds in Eucalyptus globulus subsp.maidenii(F.Muell)establishment:effects of competition on sapling growth and survivorship.New For 37(3):251-264
Graat Y,Rosa JO,Nepomuceno MP,Carvalho LB,Alves PLCA(2015)Grass weeds interfering with eucalypt:effects of the distance of coexistence on the initial plant growth.Planta Daninha 33(2):203-211
Grossnickle S,Folk R(1993)Stock quality assessment:forecasting survival and performance on a reforestation niche.Tree Plant Notes 44(3):113-121
Iba(2016)Indústria brasileira de árvores.Relato′rio IBA′2016.http://iba.org/images/shared/Biblioteca/IBA_RelatorioAnual2016_.pdf.Accessed 23 Feb 2017
Kppen W(1948)Climatologia:con un estudio de los climas de la tierra.Fondo de Cultura Econ?mica,Mexico City,p 478
Krause GH,Weis E(1991)Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis:the basics.Annu Rev Plant Phys 42(2):313-349
Lamhamedi M,Bernier P,Hebert C,Jobidon R(1998)Physiological and growth responses of three sizes of containerized Picea mariana seedlings outplanted with and without vegetation control.For Ecol Manag 110(1-3):13-23
Macedo MCM(2009)Integra??o lavoura pecuária:o estado da arte e inova??o tecnolo′gicas.Rev Bras Zootech 38(1):133-146
Macedo RIG,Venturim N,Gomes JE,Lima EMG(2001)Princípios de agrossilvicultura como subsídios do manejo sustentável.Informe Agropecuário 29(1):15-26
Margolis HA,Brand DG(1990)An ecophysiological basis for understanding plantation establishment.Can J For Res20(4):375-390
Marques DB,Martins PFRB,Parreira MC,Alves PLCA(2015)Companion crops upon Eucalyptus urograndis initial development.Bosque 36(2):163-170
Maxwell K,Johnson GN(2000)Chlorophyll fluorescence:a practical guide.J Exp Bot 51:659-668
Menezes RSC,Salcedo IH,Elliott ET(2002)Microclimate and nutrient dynamic in a silvopastoral system of semiarid northeastern Brazil.Agrofor Syst 56(1):27-38
Nambiar EKS,Sands R(1993)Competition for water and nutrients in forests.Can J For Res 23(10):1955-1968
Pereira FCM,Yamauti MS,Alves PLCA(2012)Interaction between weed management and covering fertilization in the initial growth of Eucalyptus grandis 9 E.urophylla.Rev A′rvore36(5):941-949
Pereira FCM,Alves PLCA,Martins JVF(2013)Interference of grasses on the growth of eucalyptus clones.J Agric Sci5(11):173-180
Pitelli RA(1985)Interferência das plantas daninhas em culturas agrícolas.Informe Agropecuário 11(129):16-27
Pitelli RA,Marchi SR(1991)Interferência das plantas invasoras nas áreas de reflorestamento.Seminário Tcnico Sobre Plantas Daninhas e o Uso de Herbicidas em Reflorestamento 3:1-11
R Development Core Team(2017)R:a language and environment for statistical computing.R Foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna,Austria.http://www.R-project.org
Ribaski J,Rakocevic M(2002)Disponibilidade e qualidade da forragem de braquiária(Brachiaria brizantha)em um sistema silvipastoril com eucalipto(Eucalyptus citriodora)no noroeste do Estado do Paraná.Congresso brasileiro de sistemas agroflorestais,Ilhus.https://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/bitstream/doc/307621/1/6026disponibilidade.pdf.Accessed 08 Feb 2017
Sands R,Nambiar EKS(1984)Water relations of Pinus radiata in competition with weeds.Can J For Res 14(2):233-237
Santos MV,Ferreira EA,Tuffi Santos LD,Fonseca DM,Aspiazu I,Silva DV,Porto JMP,Braga RR(2015)Physiological aspects of acacia and eucalyptus in competition with Brachiaria.Aust JCrop Sci 9(3):210-214
Schaller M,Schroth G,Beer J,Jimnez F(2003)Root interactions between young Eucalyptus deglupta trees and competitive grass species in contour strips.For Ecol Manag 179(1-3):429-440
Sharkey TD,Raschke K(1981)Effect of light quality on stomatal opening in leaves of Xanthium strumarium L.Plant Physiol68(5):1170-1174
Stape J,Binkley D,Ryan MG,Gomes AN(2004)Water use,water limitation,and water use efficiency in a eucalyptus plantation.Bosque 25(2):35-41
Tarouco CP,Agostinetto D,Panozzo LE,Santos LS,Vignolo GK,Ramos LOO(2009)Períodos de interferência de plantas daninhas na fase inicial de crescimento do eucalipto.Pesqui Agropecu Bras 44(9):1131-1137
Toledo REB,Victoria Filho R,Pitelli RA,Alves PLCA,Lopes MAF(2000)Efeitos de períodos de controle de plantas daninhas sobre o desenvolvimento inicial de plantas de eucalipto.Planta Daninha 18(3):395-404
Toledo REB,Dinardo W,Bezutte AJ,Alves PLCA,Pitelli RA(2001)Efeito da densidade de plantas de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf sobre o crescimento inicial de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden.Sci For 60:109-117
Torres LG,Faria AT,Felipe RS,Benevenute SS,Medeiros WN,Ferreira FA(2010)Interferência de plantas daninhas sobre o crescimento inicial de mudas de clones de eucalipto.Congresso Brasileiro da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas 28:105-109
Watt MS,Whitehead D,Mason EG,Richardson B,Kimberley MO(2003)The influence of weed competition for light and water on growth and dry matter partitioning of young Pinus radiata,at a dryland site.For Ecol Manag 183(1-3):363-376