Linkage Between Winter Temperatures in the Yellow Sea and Atmospheric Circulation Indices
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摘要
This study investigated the linkage between winter temperature in the Yellow Sea(YS), China, and atmospheric indices and established this linkage through statistical models. The water temperature was obtained through hindcast simulation using a global–regional nested ocean model for the period of 1958–2007. The interannual variations of the simulated temperature were validated using satellite and in-situ observations. In the YS, the winter sea surface temperature(SST) had obvious interannual variations, with the maximum SST exceeding 2℃, and a significant shift from the cold to warm phase during 1988–1989. Based on the mechanism study, statistical models for the variations of water temperature in the YS were established using suitable atmospheric indices as predictors. For the northern YS(NYS) and the coastal region of the southern YS(SYS), statistical models of SST were established using linear regression based on the December–January–February mean Arctic oscillation index(AOI), representing the dominant large-scale atmospheric variability in boreal winter. For the YS warm current(YSWC) region, statistical models were established using both the AOI and the first principal component of the local wind stress curl(PC1-Curl), derived from the empirical orthogonal functions analysis. The PC1-Curl represents the influence of the local wind stress curl on the west-to-east shifts of the YSWC pathway. The applications proved that the models presented in this study have the ability to estimate winter temperatures in the YS within the recent years.
This study investigated the linkage between winter temperature in the Yellow Sea(YS), China, and atmospheric indices and established this linkage through statistical models. The water temperature was obtained through hindcast simulation using a global–regional nested ocean model for the period of 1958–2007. The interannual variations of the simulated temperature were validated using satellite and in-situ observations. In the YS, the winter sea surface temperature(SST) had obvious interannual variations, with the maximum SST exceeding 2℃, and a significant shift from the cold to warm phase during 1988–1989. Based on the mechanism study, statistical models for the variations of water temperature in the YS were established using suitable atmospheric indices as predictors. For the northern YS(NYS) and the coastal region of the southern YS(SYS), statistical models of SST were established using linear regression based on the December–January–February mean Arctic oscillation index(AOI), representing the dominant large-scale atmospheric variability in boreal winter. For the YS warm current(YSWC) region, statistical models were established using both the AOI and the first principal component of the local wind stress curl(PC1-Curl), derived from the empirical orthogonal functions analysis. The PC1-Curl represents the influence of the local wind stress curl on the west-to-east shifts of the YSWC pathway. The applications proved that the models presented in this study have the ability to estimate winter temperatures in the YS within the recent years.
This study investigated the linkage between winter temperature in the Yellow Sea(YS), China, and atmospheric indices and established this linkage through statistical models. The water temperature was obtained through hindcast simulation using a global–regional nested ocean model for the period of 1958–2007. The interannual variations of the simulated temperature were validated using satellite and in-situ observations. In the YS, the winter sea surface temperature(SST) had obvious interannual variations, with the maximum SST exceeding 2℃, and a significant shift from the cold to warm phase during 1988–1989. Based on the mechanism study, statistical models for the variations of water temperature in the YS were established using suitable atmospheric indices as predictors. For the northern YS(NYS) and the coastal region of the southern YS(SYS), statistical models of SST were established using linear regression based on the December–January–February mean Arctic oscillation index(AOI), representing the dominant large-scale atmospheric variability in boreal winter. For the YS warm current(YSWC) region, statistical models were established using both the AOI and the first principal component of the local wind stress curl(PC1-Curl), derived from the empirical orthogonal functions analysis. The PC1-Curl represents the influence of the local wind stress curl on the west-to-east shifts of the YSWC pathway. The applications proved that the models presented in this study have the ability to estimate winter temperatures in the YS within the recent years.
引文
Chassé,J.,Lambert,N.,Comeau,M.,Galbraith,P.S.,Larouche,P.,and Pettipas,P.G.,2014.Environmental conditions in the southern Gulf of St.Lawrence relevant to lobster.In:DFOCanadian Science Advisory Secretariat Research Document.Fisheries and Oceans Canada,Ontario,Ottawa,1-25.
Chen,W.,Takahashi,M.,and Graf,H.F.,2003.Interannual variations of stationary planetary wave activity in the northern winter troposphere and stratosphere and their relations to NAM and SST.Journal of Geophysical Research,108(D24):4797,DOI:10.1029/2003JD003834.
Hsueh,Y.,1988.Recent current observations in the eastern Yellow Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research,93(C6):6875-6884,DOI:10.1029/JC093iC06p06875.
Hu,Z.F.,Wang,D.P.,He,X.Q.,Li,M.T.,Wei,J.,Pan,D.L.,and Bai,Y.,2017.Episodic surface intrusions in the Yellow Sea during relaxation of northerly winds.Journal of Geophysical Research,122(8):6355-6546,DOI:10.1002/2017JC012830.
Hurrell,J.W.,1995.Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation:Regional temperatures and precipitation.Science,269(5224):676-679.
Kang,D.,Lee,M.,Im,J.,Kim,D.,Kim,H.M.,Kang,H.S.,Schubert,S.D.,Arribas,A.,and MacLachlan,C.,2014.Prediction of the Arctic Oscillation in boreal winter by dynamical seasonal forecasting systems.Geophysical Research Letters,41(10):3577-3585,DOI:10.1002/2014GL060011.
Kl?wer,M.,Latif,M.,Ding,H.,Greatbatch R.J.,and Park,W.,2014.Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and the prediction of North Atlantic sea surface temperature.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,406:1-6,DOI:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.09.001.
Large,W.G.,and Pond,S.,1981.Open ocean momentum fluxes in moderate to strong winds.Journal Physical Oceanography,11:324-336,DOI:10.1175/1520-0485(1981)0112.0.CO;2.
Large,W.G.,and Yeager,S.G.,2004.Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea-ice models:The data sets and flux climatologies.Technical Report TN-460+STR.National Center for Atmospheric Research,Boulder,Colorado,105pp.
Large,W.G.,and Yeager,S.G.,2009.The global climatology of an interannually varying air-sea flux data set.Climate Dynamics,33(2-3):341-364,DOI:10.1007/s00382-008-0441-3.
Le,K.,and Mao,H.,1990.Wintertime structures of temperature and salinity of the southern Huanghai(Yellow)Sea and its current systems.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,21:505-515(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lin,C.,Ning,X.R.,Su,J.L.,Lin,Y.,and Xu,B.,2005.Environmental changes and the responses of the ecosystems of the Yellow Sea during 1976-2000.Journal of Marine System,55(3-4):223-234,DOI:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.08.001.
Lin,X.P.,Yang,J.Y.,Guo,J.S.,Zhang,Z.X.,Yin,Y.Q.,Song X.Z.,and Zhang,X.H.,2011.An asymmetric upwind flow,Yellow Sea Warm Current:1.New observations in the western Yellow Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research,116(C4):C04026,DOI:10.1029/2010JC006513.
Lu,Y.,and Stammer,D.,2004.Vorticity balance in coarse-resolution global ocean simulations.Journal of Physical Oceanography,34:605-622,DOI:10.1175/2504.1.
Mann,M.E.,Steinman,B.A.,and Miller,S.K.,2014.On forced temperature changes,internal variability,and the AMO.Geophysical Research Letters,41(9):3211-3219,DOI:10.1002/2014GL059233.
Park,K.A.,Lee,E.Y.,Chang,E.M.,and Hong,S.,2015.Spatial and temporal variability of sea surface temperature and warming trends in the Yellow Sea.Journal of Marine System,143:24-38,DOI:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.10.013.
Park,S.,Chu,R.C.,and Lee,J.H.,2011.Interannual-to-interdecadal variability of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass in1967-2008:Characteristics and seasonal forcings.Journal of Marine System,87(3-4):177-193,DOI:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.03.012.
P?rtner,H.O.,Berdal,B.,Blust,R.,Brix,O.,Colosimo,A.,De Wachter,B.,Giuliani,A.,Johansen,T.,Fischer,T.,Knust,R.,Lannig,G.,Naevdal,G.,Nedenes,A.,Nyhammer,G.,Sartoris,F.J.,Serendero,I.,Sirabella,P.,Thorkildsen,S.,and Zakhartsev,M.,2001.Climate induced temperature effects on growth performance,fecundity and recruitment in marine fish:Developing a hypothesis for cause and effect relationships in Atlantic cod(Gadus morhua)and common eelpout(Zoares viviparus).Continental Shelf Research,21(18-19):1975-1997,DOI:10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00038-3.
Qiao,L.L.,Wang,X.H.,Wang,Y.Z.,Wu,D.X.,Bao,X.W.,and Lin,M.,2011.Winter heat budget in the Huanghai Sea and the effect from Huanghai Warm Current(Yellow Sea Warm Current).Acta Oceanologica Sinica,30(5):56-63,DOI:10.1007/s13131-011-0147-y.
Scaife,A.A.,Arribas,A.,Blockley,E.,Brookshaw,A.,Clark,R.T.,Dunstone,N.,Eade,R.,Fereday,D.,Folland,C.K.,Gordon,M.,Hermanson,L.,Knight,J.R.,Lea,D.J.,MacLachlan,C.,Maidens,A.,Martin,M.,Peterson,A.K.,Smith,D.,Vellinga,M.,Wallace,E.,Waters,J.,and Williams,A.,2014.Skillful long-range prediction of European and North American winters.Geophysical Research Letters,41(7):2514-2519,DOI:10.1002/2014GL059637.
Song,D.H.,Bao,X.W.,Wang,X.H.,Xu,L.L.,Lin,X.P.,and Wu,D.X.,2009.The inter-annual variability of the Yellow Sea Warm Current surface axis and its influencing factors.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,27(3):607-613,DOI:10.1007/s00343-009-9159-2.
Stenevik,E.K.,and Sundby,S.,2007.Impacts of climate change on commercial fish stocks in Norwegian waters.Marine Policy,31(1):19-31,DOI:10.1016/j.marpol.2006.05.001.
Stockdale,T.N.,Molteni,F.,and Ferranti,L.,2015.Atmospheric initial conditions and the predictability of the Arctic Oscillation.Geophysical Research Letters,42(4):1173-1179,DOI:10.1002/2014GL062681.
Sun,J.,Gu,X.Y.,Feng,Y.Y.,Jin,S.F.,Jiang,W.S.,Jin,H.Y.,and Chen,J.F.,2014.Summer and winter living coccolithophores in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea.Biogeosciences,11(3):779-806,DOI:10.5194/bg-11-779-2014.
Tang,Y.,Zou,E.,and Lie,H.J.,2001.On the origin and path of the Huanghai Warm Current during winter and early spring.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,23(1):1-12(in Chinese with English abstract).
Taylor,K.E.,2001.Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram.Journal of Geophysical Research,106(D7):7183-7192,DOI:10.1029/2000JD900719.
Thompson,D.W.J.,and Wallace,J.M.,1998.The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields.Geophysical Research Letters,25(9):1297-1300,DOI:10.1029/98GL00950.
Thompson,D.W.J.,and Wallace,J.M.,2000.Annular modes in the extratropical circulation.Part I:Month-to-month variability.Journal of Climate,13:1000-1016,DOI:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1000:AMITEC>2.0.CO;2.
Wagawa,T.,Kuroda,T.,Ito,S.,Kakehi,S.,and Yamanome,T.,2015.Variability in water properties and predictability of sea surface temperature along Sanriku coast,Japan.Continental Shelf Research,103:12-22,DOI:10.1016/j.csr.2015.04.016.
Wang,L.,Chen,W.,Zhou,W.,and Huang,R.H.,2009a.Interannual variations of East Asian trough axis at 500 h Pa and its association with the East Asian winter monsoon pathway.Journal of Climate,22(3):600-614,DOI:10.1175/2008JCLI2295.1.
Wang,L.,Huang,R.H.,Gu,L.,Chen,W.,and Kang,L.H.,2009b.Interdecadal variations of the East Asian winter monsoon and their association with quasi-stationary planetary wave activity.Journal of Climate,22(18):4860-4872,DOI:10.1175/2009JCLI2973.1.
Wang,L.,Wei,H.,and Batchelder,H.P.,2014.Individualbased modelling of Calanus sinicus population dynamics in the Yellow Sea.Marine Ecology Progress Series,503:75-97,DOI:10.3354/meps10725.
Wei,H.,Shi,J.,Lu,Y.,and Peng,Y.,2010.Interannual and longterm hydrographic changes in the Yellow Sea during 1977-1998.Deep Sea Research,Part II,57(11-12):1025-1034,DOI:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.02.004.
Wei,H.,Yuan,C.Y.,Lu,Y.,Zhang,Z.H.,and Luo,X.,2013.Forcing mechanisms of heat content variations in the Yellow Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research,118(9):4504-4513,DOI:10.1002/jgrc.20326.
Xu,Z.M.,Song,X.,Wang,M.,Liu,Q.,Jiang,Y.,Shao,H.B.,Liu,H.B.,Shi,K.P.,and Yu,Y.,2017.Community patterns and temporal variation of picoeukaryotes in response to changes in the Yellow Sea Warm Current.Journal of Oceanography,73(5):687-699,DOI:10.1007/s10872-017-0425-1.
Yu,F.,Zhang,Z.,Diao,X.Y.,and Guo,J.S.,2010.The observation evidence of the Yellow Sea Warm Current.Chinese Journal of Oceanography and Limnology,28(2):677-683,DOI:10.1007/s00343-010-0006-2.
Yuan,C.Y.,2011.Forcing mechanisms of seasonal to decadal variations of oceanic temperature and circulation in the Yellow Sea.PhD thesis.Ocean University of China,Qingdao.
Zhang,S.,Fei,Y.,Diao,X.Y.,and Guo,J.S.,2009.The characteristic analysis on sea surface temperature inter-annual variation in the Bohai Sea,Yellow Sea and East China Sea.Marine Science,33:76-81(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou,K.L.,Sun,S.,Wang,M.X.,Wang,S.W.,and Li,C.L.,2016.Differences in the physiological processes of Calanus sinicus inside and outside the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass.Journal of Plankton Research,38(3):551-563,DOI:10.1093plankt/fbw011.
Chen,W.,Takahashi,M.,and Graf,H.F.,2003.Interannual variations of stationary planetary wave activity in the northern winter troposphere and stratosphere and their relations to NAM and SST.Journal of Geophysical Research,108(D24):4797,DOI:10.1029/2003JD003834.
Hsueh,Y.,1988.Recent current observations in the eastern Yellow Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research,93(C6):6875-6884,DOI:10.1029/JC093iC06p06875.
Hu,Z.F.,Wang,D.P.,He,X.Q.,Li,M.T.,Wei,J.,Pan,D.L.,and Bai,Y.,2017.Episodic surface intrusions in the Yellow Sea during relaxation of northerly winds.Journal of Geophysical Research,122(8):6355-6546,DOI:10.1002/2017JC012830.
Hurrell,J.W.,1995.Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation:Regional temperatures and precipitation.Science,269(5224):676-679.
Kang,D.,Lee,M.,Im,J.,Kim,D.,Kim,H.M.,Kang,H.S.,Schubert,S.D.,Arribas,A.,and MacLachlan,C.,2014.Prediction of the Arctic Oscillation in boreal winter by dynamical seasonal forecasting systems.Geophysical Research Letters,41(10):3577-3585,DOI:10.1002/2014GL060011.
Kl?wer,M.,Latif,M.,Ding,H.,Greatbatch R.J.,and Park,W.,2014.Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and the prediction of North Atlantic sea surface temperature.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,406:1-6,DOI:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.09.001.
Large,W.G.,and Pond,S.,1981.Open ocean momentum fluxes in moderate to strong winds.Journal Physical Oceanography,11:324-336,DOI:10.1175/1520-0485(1981)0112.0.CO;2.
Large,W.G.,and Yeager,S.G.,2004.Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea-ice models:The data sets and flux climatologies.Technical Report TN-460+STR.National Center for Atmospheric Research,Boulder,Colorado,105pp.
Large,W.G.,and Yeager,S.G.,2009.The global climatology of an interannually varying air-sea flux data set.Climate Dynamics,33(2-3):341-364,DOI:10.1007/s00382-008-0441-3.
Le,K.,and Mao,H.,1990.Wintertime structures of temperature and salinity of the southern Huanghai(Yellow)Sea and its current systems.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,21:505-515(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lin,C.,Ning,X.R.,Su,J.L.,Lin,Y.,and Xu,B.,2005.Environmental changes and the responses of the ecosystems of the Yellow Sea during 1976-2000.Journal of Marine System,55(3-4):223-234,DOI:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.08.001.
Lin,X.P.,Yang,J.Y.,Guo,J.S.,Zhang,Z.X.,Yin,Y.Q.,Song X.Z.,and Zhang,X.H.,2011.An asymmetric upwind flow,Yellow Sea Warm Current:1.New observations in the western Yellow Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research,116(C4):C04026,DOI:10.1029/2010JC006513.
Lu,Y.,and Stammer,D.,2004.Vorticity balance in coarse-resolution global ocean simulations.Journal of Physical Oceanography,34:605-622,DOI:10.1175/2504.1.
Mann,M.E.,Steinman,B.A.,and Miller,S.K.,2014.On forced temperature changes,internal variability,and the AMO.Geophysical Research Letters,41(9):3211-3219,DOI:10.1002/2014GL059233.
Park,K.A.,Lee,E.Y.,Chang,E.M.,and Hong,S.,2015.Spatial and temporal variability of sea surface temperature and warming trends in the Yellow Sea.Journal of Marine System,143:24-38,DOI:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.10.013.
Park,S.,Chu,R.C.,and Lee,J.H.,2011.Interannual-to-interdecadal variability of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass in1967-2008:Characteristics and seasonal forcings.Journal of Marine System,87(3-4):177-193,DOI:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.03.012.
P?rtner,H.O.,Berdal,B.,Blust,R.,Brix,O.,Colosimo,A.,De Wachter,B.,Giuliani,A.,Johansen,T.,Fischer,T.,Knust,R.,Lannig,G.,Naevdal,G.,Nedenes,A.,Nyhammer,G.,Sartoris,F.J.,Serendero,I.,Sirabella,P.,Thorkildsen,S.,and Zakhartsev,M.,2001.Climate induced temperature effects on growth performance,fecundity and recruitment in marine fish:Developing a hypothesis for cause and effect relationships in Atlantic cod(Gadus morhua)and common eelpout(Zoares viviparus).Continental Shelf Research,21(18-19):1975-1997,DOI:10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00038-3.
Qiao,L.L.,Wang,X.H.,Wang,Y.Z.,Wu,D.X.,Bao,X.W.,and Lin,M.,2011.Winter heat budget in the Huanghai Sea and the effect from Huanghai Warm Current(Yellow Sea Warm Current).Acta Oceanologica Sinica,30(5):56-63,DOI:10.1007/s13131-011-0147-y.
Scaife,A.A.,Arribas,A.,Blockley,E.,Brookshaw,A.,Clark,R.T.,Dunstone,N.,Eade,R.,Fereday,D.,Folland,C.K.,Gordon,M.,Hermanson,L.,Knight,J.R.,Lea,D.J.,MacLachlan,C.,Maidens,A.,Martin,M.,Peterson,A.K.,Smith,D.,Vellinga,M.,Wallace,E.,Waters,J.,and Williams,A.,2014.Skillful long-range prediction of European and North American winters.Geophysical Research Letters,41(7):2514-2519,DOI:10.1002/2014GL059637.
Song,D.H.,Bao,X.W.,Wang,X.H.,Xu,L.L.,Lin,X.P.,and Wu,D.X.,2009.The inter-annual variability of the Yellow Sea Warm Current surface axis and its influencing factors.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,27(3):607-613,DOI:10.1007/s00343-009-9159-2.
Stenevik,E.K.,and Sundby,S.,2007.Impacts of climate change on commercial fish stocks in Norwegian waters.Marine Policy,31(1):19-31,DOI:10.1016/j.marpol.2006.05.001.
Stockdale,T.N.,Molteni,F.,and Ferranti,L.,2015.Atmospheric initial conditions and the predictability of the Arctic Oscillation.Geophysical Research Letters,42(4):1173-1179,DOI:10.1002/2014GL062681.
Sun,J.,Gu,X.Y.,Feng,Y.Y.,Jin,S.F.,Jiang,W.S.,Jin,H.Y.,and Chen,J.F.,2014.Summer and winter living coccolithophores in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea.Biogeosciences,11(3):779-806,DOI:10.5194/bg-11-779-2014.
Tang,Y.,Zou,E.,and Lie,H.J.,2001.On the origin and path of the Huanghai Warm Current during winter and early spring.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,23(1):1-12(in Chinese with English abstract).
Taylor,K.E.,2001.Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram.Journal of Geophysical Research,106(D7):7183-7192,DOI:10.1029/2000JD900719.
Thompson,D.W.J.,and Wallace,J.M.,1998.The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields.Geophysical Research Letters,25(9):1297-1300,DOI:10.1029/98GL00950.
Thompson,D.W.J.,and Wallace,J.M.,2000.Annular modes in the extratropical circulation.Part I:Month-to-month variability.Journal of Climate,13:1000-1016,DOI:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1000:AMITEC>2.0.CO;2.
Wagawa,T.,Kuroda,T.,Ito,S.,Kakehi,S.,and Yamanome,T.,2015.Variability in water properties and predictability of sea surface temperature along Sanriku coast,Japan.Continental Shelf Research,103:12-22,DOI:10.1016/j.csr.2015.04.016.
Wang,L.,Chen,W.,Zhou,W.,and Huang,R.H.,2009a.Interannual variations of East Asian trough axis at 500 h Pa and its association with the East Asian winter monsoon pathway.Journal of Climate,22(3):600-614,DOI:10.1175/2008JCLI2295.1.
Wang,L.,Huang,R.H.,Gu,L.,Chen,W.,and Kang,L.H.,2009b.Interdecadal variations of the East Asian winter monsoon and their association with quasi-stationary planetary wave activity.Journal of Climate,22(18):4860-4872,DOI:10.1175/2009JCLI2973.1.
Wang,L.,Wei,H.,and Batchelder,H.P.,2014.Individualbased modelling of Calanus sinicus population dynamics in the Yellow Sea.Marine Ecology Progress Series,503:75-97,DOI:10.3354/meps10725.
Wei,H.,Shi,J.,Lu,Y.,and Peng,Y.,2010.Interannual and longterm hydrographic changes in the Yellow Sea during 1977-1998.Deep Sea Research,Part II,57(11-12):1025-1034,DOI:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.02.004.
Wei,H.,Yuan,C.Y.,Lu,Y.,Zhang,Z.H.,and Luo,X.,2013.Forcing mechanisms of heat content variations in the Yellow Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research,118(9):4504-4513,DOI:10.1002/jgrc.20326.
Xu,Z.M.,Song,X.,Wang,M.,Liu,Q.,Jiang,Y.,Shao,H.B.,Liu,H.B.,Shi,K.P.,and Yu,Y.,2017.Community patterns and temporal variation of picoeukaryotes in response to changes in the Yellow Sea Warm Current.Journal of Oceanography,73(5):687-699,DOI:10.1007/s10872-017-0425-1.
Yu,F.,Zhang,Z.,Diao,X.Y.,and Guo,J.S.,2010.The observation evidence of the Yellow Sea Warm Current.Chinese Journal of Oceanography and Limnology,28(2):677-683,DOI:10.1007/s00343-010-0006-2.
Yuan,C.Y.,2011.Forcing mechanisms of seasonal to decadal variations of oceanic temperature and circulation in the Yellow Sea.PhD thesis.Ocean University of China,Qingdao.
Zhang,S.,Fei,Y.,Diao,X.Y.,and Guo,J.S.,2009.The characteristic analysis on sea surface temperature inter-annual variation in the Bohai Sea,Yellow Sea and East China Sea.Marine Science,33:76-81(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou,K.L.,Sun,S.,Wang,M.X.,Wang,S.W.,and Li,C.L.,2016.Differences in the physiological processes of Calanus sinicus inside and outside the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass.Journal of Plankton Research,38(3):551-563,DOI:10.1093plankt/fbw011.