拉科酰胺在癫痫持续状态中的应用——针对现有证据的系统评价
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摘要
拉科酰胺(Lacosamide,LCM)的静脉制剂具有良好的耐受性和安全性,促使其在癫痫持续状态(Status Epilepticus,SE)中得到应用。本项系统评价的目的是确定和评估LCM在SE中的使用情况。在电子数据库中用联合检索方式对2008年—2016年10月的文献进行了系统检索,并使用标准化的评估表格从各项研究中将有关研究设计、方法框架、数据源、有效性和LCM引起的不良反应的信息进行提取并系统地报告。研究共评估了522次SE发作,其中包括486例成人和36例儿童及青少年发作,女性占51.7%。LCM的总体效力为57%。LCM对非惊厥性(57%,82/145)和全面痉挛性(61%,30/49,P=0.68)SE的效力相似,但对局灶运动性SE的总体有效率更高(92%,34/39,P<0.001)。而LCM在用药次序靠后时其疗效从100%下降到20%。治疗期间的主要不良反应是眩晕,视力异常,复视和共济失调。总体而言,LCM具有良好的耐受性,并且没有具临床意义的药物相互作用。现有数据表明LCM在SE中的使用是有前景的,有效率为57%。LCM的优势在于没有潜在的药物相互作用,并且在紧急情况需迅速增加剂量时可静脉使用。
引文
1Kortland LM, Alfter A, Bahr O, et al. Costs and cost-driving factors for acute treatment of adults with status epilepticus:A multicenter cohort study from Germany. Epilepsia, 2016, 57(12):2056-2066.
2 Kortland LM, Knake S, Rosenow F, et al. Cost of status epilepticus:A systematic review. Seizure, 2015, 24:17-20.
3Ferlisi M, Shorvon S. The outcome of therapies in refractory and super-refractory convulsive status epilepticus and recommendations for therapy. Brain, 2012, 135(Pt 8):2314-2328.
4 Shorvon S, Ferlisi M. The treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus:a critical review of available therapies and a clinical treatment protocol. Brain, 2011, 134(Pt 10):2802-2818.
5Perucca E. What is the promise of new antiepileptic drugs in status epilepticus? Focus on brivaracetam, carisbamate, lacosamide, NS-1209, and topiramate. Epilepsia, 2009, 50(Suppl 12):49-50.
6 Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, et al. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes.Epilepsia, 2013, 54(3):551-563.
7Wechsler RT, Li G, French J, et al. Conversion to lacosamide monotherapy in the treatment of focal epilepsy:Results from a historical-controlled, multicenter, double-blind study. Epilepsia,2014, 55(7):1088-1098.
8 Baulac M, Rosenow F, Toledo M, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of lacosamide monotherapy versus controlled-release carbamazepine in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy:a phase3 , randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Neurol,2017, 16(1):43-54.
9Doty P, Hebert D, Mathy FX, et al. Development of lacosamide for the treatment of partial-onset seizures. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2013,1291:56-68.
10 Doty P, Rudd GD, Stoehr T, et al. Lacosamide. Neurotherapeutics,2007, 4(1):145-148.
11Cawello W, Stockis A, Andreas JO, et al. Advances in epilepsy treatment:Lacosamide pharmacokinetic profile. Ann N Y Acad Sci,2014, 1329:18-32.
12 Cawello W, Boekens H, Bonn R. Absorption, disposition,metabolic fate and elimination of the anti-epileptic drug lacosamide in humans:mass balance following intravenous and oral administration. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet, 2012, 37(4):241-248.
13Ben-Menachem E, Biton V, Jatuzis D, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral lacosamide as adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures. Epilepsia, 2007, 48(7):1308-1317.
14 Chung S, Sperling MR, Biton V, et al. Lacosamide as adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures:A randomized controlled trial.Epilepsia, 2010, 51(6):958-967.
15Halasz P, Kalviainen R, Mazurkiewicz-Beldzinska M, et al.Adjunctive lacosamide for partial-onset seizures:efficacy and safety results from a randomized controlled trial. Epilepsia, 2009, 50(3):443-453.
16 Baulac M, Rosenow F, Toledo M, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of lacosamide monotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy:a randomized double-blind trial versus controlled release carbamazepine. Eur J Neurol, 2016, 23:52.
17Rosenfeld W, Fountain NB, Kaubrys G, et al. Safety and efficacy of adjunctive lacosamide among patients with partial-onset seizures in a long-term open-label extension trial of up to 8 years. Epilepsy Behav, 2014, 41:164-170.
18Husain A, Chung S, Faught E, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy in patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures treated with adjunctive lacosamide:results from a Phase III open-label extension trial. Epilepsia, 2012, 53(3):521-528.
19 Rosenow F, Kelemen A, Ben-Menachem E, et al. Long-term adjunctive lacosamide treatment in patients with partial-onset seizures. Acta Neurol Scand, 2016, 133:136-144.
20Steinhoff BJ, Eckhardt K, Doty P, et al. A long-term noninterventional safety study of adjunctive lacosamide therapy in patients with epilepsy and uncontrolled partial-onset seizures.Epilepsy Behav, 2016, 58:35-43.
21 Wehner T, Bauer S, Hamer HM, et al. Six months of postmarketing experience with adjunctive lacosamide in patients with pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy at a tertiary epilepsy center in germany. Epilepsy Behav, 2009, 16(3):423-425.
22Biton V, Rosenfeld WE, Whitesides J, et al. Intravenous lacosamide as replacement for oral lacosamide in patients with partial-onset seizures. Epilepsia, 2008, 49(3):418-424.
23 Cawello W, Bonn R, Boekens H. Bioequivalence of intravenous and oral formulations of the antiepileptic drug lacosamide.Pharmacology, 2012, 90(1-2):40-46.
24Fountain NB, Krauss G, Isojarvi J, et al. Safety and tolerability of adjunctive lacosamide intravenous loading dose in lacosamidena?ve patients with partial-onset seizures. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(1):58-65.
25 H?fler J, Trinka E. Lacosamide as a new treatment option in status epilepticus. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(3):393-404.
26Bauer S, Willems LM, Paule E, et al. The efficacy of lacosamide as monotherapy and adjunctive therapy in focal epilepsy and its use in status epilepticus:clinical trial evidence and experience. Ther Adv Neurol Disord, 2017, 10(2):103-126.
27 Albers JM, Moddel G, Dittrich R, et al. Intravenous lacosamide-an effective add-on treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Seizure,2011, 20(5):428-430.
28Cherry S, Judd L, Muniz JC, et al. Safety and efficacy of lacosamide in the intensive care unit. Neurocrit Care, 2012, 16(2):294-298.
29 Goodwin H, Hinson HE, Shermock KM, et al. The use of lacosamide in refractory status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care, 2011,14(3):348-353.
30Jain V, Harvey AS. Treatment of refractory tonic status epilepticus with intravenous lacosamide. Epilepsia, 2012, 53(4):761-762.
31 Koubeissi MZ, Mayor CL, Estephan B, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous lacosamide in refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Acta Neurol Scand, 2011, 123(2):142-146.
32Rantsch K, Walter U, Wittstock M, et al. Efficacy of intravenous lacosamide in refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus and simple partial status epilepticus. Seizure, 2011, 20(7):529-532.
33 Mnatsakanyan L, Chung JM, Tsimerinov EI, et al. Intravenous lacosamide in refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Seizure,2012, 21(3):198-201.
34H?fler J, Unterberger I, Dobesberger J, et al. Intravenous lacosamide in status epilepticus and seizure clusters. Epilepsia,2011, 52(10):e148-e152.
35 Kellinghaus C, Berning S, Immisch I, et al. Intravenous lacosamide for treatment of status epilepticus. Acta Neurol Scand, 2011,123(2):137-141.
36 Granda-Mendez J, Toledo M, Flores-Flores A, et al. Intravenous lacosamide in monotherapy in a case of complex partial epileptic status. Rev Neurol, 2011, 53(1):61-63, authors reply 64.
37Kellinghaus C, Berning S, Besselmann M. Intravenous lacosamide as successful treatment for nonconvulsive status epilepticus after failure of first-line therapy. Epilepsy Behav, 2009, 14(2):429-431.
38 Tilz C, Resch R, Hofer T, et al. Successful treatment for refractory convulsive status epilepticus by non-parenteral lacosamide.Epilepsia, 2010, 51(2):316-317.
39Turpin-Fenoll L, Millan-Pascual J, Navarro-Munoz S, et al. The use of oral lacosamide in a patient with refractory partial epileptic status. Rev Neurol, 2010, 50(10):603-606.
40 Chen LL, Haneef Z, Dorsch A, et al. Successful treatment of refractory simple motor status epilepticus with lacosamide and levetiracetam. Seizure, 2011, 20(3):263-265.
41Krause LU, Brodowski KO, Kellinghaus C. Atrioventricular block following lacosamide intoxication. Epilepsy Behav, 2011, 20(4):725-727.
42 Parkerson KA, Reinsberger C, Chou SH, et al. Lacosamide in the treatment of acute recurrent seizures and periodic epileptiform patterns in critically ill patients. Epilepsy Behav, 2011, 20(1):48-51.
43Torres-Cano N, Giner Bayarri P, Chilet-Chilet MR, et al.Refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Rev Neurol, 2011,53(4):255-256.
44 La Roche SM, Shivdat-Nanhoe R. Subacute encephalopathy and seizures in alcoholics(SESA)presenting with non-convulsive status epilepticus. Seizure, 2011, 20(6):505-508.
45Shiloh-Malawsky Y, Fan Z, Greenwood R, et al. Successful treatment of childhood prolonged refractory status epilepticus with lacosamide. Seizure, 2011, 20(7):586-588.
46 Belcastro V, Vidale S, Pierguidi L, et al. Intravenous lacosamide as treatment option in post-stroke non convulsive status epilepticus in the elderly:a proof-of-concept, observational study. Seizure, 2013,22(10):905-907.
47Kaplan PW. EEG criteria for nonconvulsive status epilepticus.Epilepsia, 2007, 48(Suppl 8):39-41.
48 Miro J, Toledo M, Santamarina E, et al. Efficacy of intravenous lacosamide as an add-on treatment in refractory status epilepticus:a multicentric prospective study. Seizure, 2013, 22(1):77-79.
49Santamarina E, Toledo M, Sueiras M, et al. Usefulness of intravenous lacosamide in status epilepticus. J Neurol, 2013,260(12):3122-3128.
50 Kellinghaus C, Berning S, Stogbauer F. Intravenous lacosamide or phenytoin for treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Acta Neurol Scand, 2014, 129:294-299.
51Moreno Morales EY, Fernandez Peleteiro M, Bondy Pena EC, et al.Observational study of intravenous lacosamide in patients with convulsive versus non-convulsive status epilepticus. Clin Drug Investig, 2015, 35(7):463-469.
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53Garces M, Villanueva V, Mauri JA, et al. Factors influencing response to intravenous lacosamide in emergency situations:LACO-IV study. Epilepsy Behav, 2014, 36:144-152.
54 Legros B, Depondt C, Levy-Nogueira M, et al. Intravenous lacosamide in refractory seizure clusters and status epilepticus:comparison of 200 and 400 mg loading doses. Neurocrit Care,2014, 20(3):484-488.
55Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care, 2012, 17(1):3-23.
56 Bachhuber A, Lasrich M, Halmer R, et al. Comparison of antiepileptic approaches in treatment of benzodiazepine nonresponsive status epilepticus. CNS Neurosci Ther, 2016, 22(3):178-183.
57d’Orsi G, Pascarella MG, Martino T, et al. Intravenous lacosamide in seizure emergencies:observations from a hospitalized in-patient adult population. Seizure, 2016, 42:20-28.
58 d’Orsi G, Pacillo F, Trivisano M, et al. Lacosamide in absence status epilepticus. Seizure, 2014, 23(5):397-398.
59Lang N, Lange M, Schmitt FC, et al. Intravenous lacosamide in clinical practice-results from an independent registry. Seizure,2016, 39:5-9.
60 Hawkes MA, Fernandez Suarez M, Ugarnes G, et al. Single-dose oral lacosamide in refractory simple partial status epilepticus:case report and review. Clin Neuropharmacol, 2013, 36(4):138-140.
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71Grosso S, Zamponi N, Bartocci A, et al. Lacosamide in children with refractory status epilepticus. A multicenter italian experience.Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 2014, 18(5):604-608.
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75Sake JK, Hebert D, Isojarvi J, et al. A pooled analysis of lacosamide clinical trial data grouped by mechanism of action of concomitant antiepileptic drugs. Cns Drugs, 2010, 24(12):1055-1068.
76Ramsay RE, Sabharwal V, Khan F, et al. Safety&p K of IV loading dose of lacosamide in the ICU. Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 49:340-342.
77 Trinka E, H?fler J, Leitinger M, et al. Pharmacotherapy for status epilepticus. Drugs, 2015, 75(13):1499-1521.
78Rudd GD, Haverkamp W, Mason JW, et al. Lacosamide cardiac safety:clinical trials in patients with partial-onset seizures. Acta Neurol Scand, 2015, 132(5):355-363.
2 Kortland LM, Knake S, Rosenow F, et al. Cost of status epilepticus:A systematic review. Seizure, 2015, 24:17-20.
3Ferlisi M, Shorvon S. The outcome of therapies in refractory and super-refractory convulsive status epilepticus and recommendations for therapy. Brain, 2012, 135(Pt 8):2314-2328.
4 Shorvon S, Ferlisi M. The treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus:a critical review of available therapies and a clinical treatment protocol. Brain, 2011, 134(Pt 10):2802-2818.
5Perucca E. What is the promise of new antiepileptic drugs in status epilepticus? Focus on brivaracetam, carisbamate, lacosamide, NS-1209, and topiramate. Epilepsia, 2009, 50(Suppl 12):49-50.
6 Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, et al. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes.Epilepsia, 2013, 54(3):551-563.
7Wechsler RT, Li G, French J, et al. Conversion to lacosamide monotherapy in the treatment of focal epilepsy:Results from a historical-controlled, multicenter, double-blind study. Epilepsia,2014, 55(7):1088-1098.
8 Baulac M, Rosenow F, Toledo M, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of lacosamide monotherapy versus controlled-release carbamazepine in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy:a phase3 , randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Neurol,2017, 16(1):43-54.
9Doty P, Hebert D, Mathy FX, et al. Development of lacosamide for the treatment of partial-onset seizures. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2013,1291:56-68.
10 Doty P, Rudd GD, Stoehr T, et al. Lacosamide. Neurotherapeutics,2007, 4(1):145-148.
11Cawello W, Stockis A, Andreas JO, et al. Advances in epilepsy treatment:Lacosamide pharmacokinetic profile. Ann N Y Acad Sci,2014, 1329:18-32.
12 Cawello W, Boekens H, Bonn R. Absorption, disposition,metabolic fate and elimination of the anti-epileptic drug lacosamide in humans:mass balance following intravenous and oral administration. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet, 2012, 37(4):241-248.
13Ben-Menachem E, Biton V, Jatuzis D, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral lacosamide as adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures. Epilepsia, 2007, 48(7):1308-1317.
14 Chung S, Sperling MR, Biton V, et al. Lacosamide as adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures:A randomized controlled trial.Epilepsia, 2010, 51(6):958-967.
15Halasz P, Kalviainen R, Mazurkiewicz-Beldzinska M, et al.Adjunctive lacosamide for partial-onset seizures:efficacy and safety results from a randomized controlled trial. Epilepsia, 2009, 50(3):443-453.
16 Baulac M, Rosenow F, Toledo M, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of lacosamide monotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy:a randomized double-blind trial versus controlled release carbamazepine. Eur J Neurol, 2016, 23:52.
17Rosenfeld W, Fountain NB, Kaubrys G, et al. Safety and efficacy of adjunctive lacosamide among patients with partial-onset seizures in a long-term open-label extension trial of up to 8 years. Epilepsy Behav, 2014, 41:164-170.
18Husain A, Chung S, Faught E, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy in patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures treated with adjunctive lacosamide:results from a Phase III open-label extension trial. Epilepsia, 2012, 53(3):521-528.
19 Rosenow F, Kelemen A, Ben-Menachem E, et al. Long-term adjunctive lacosamide treatment in patients with partial-onset seizures. Acta Neurol Scand, 2016, 133:136-144.
20Steinhoff BJ, Eckhardt K, Doty P, et al. A long-term noninterventional safety study of adjunctive lacosamide therapy in patients with epilepsy and uncontrolled partial-onset seizures.Epilepsy Behav, 2016, 58:35-43.
21 Wehner T, Bauer S, Hamer HM, et al. Six months of postmarketing experience with adjunctive lacosamide in patients with pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy at a tertiary epilepsy center in germany. Epilepsy Behav, 2009, 16(3):423-425.
22Biton V, Rosenfeld WE, Whitesides J, et al. Intravenous lacosamide as replacement for oral lacosamide in patients with partial-onset seizures. Epilepsia, 2008, 49(3):418-424.
23 Cawello W, Bonn R, Boekens H. Bioequivalence of intravenous and oral formulations of the antiepileptic drug lacosamide.Pharmacology, 2012, 90(1-2):40-46.
24Fountain NB, Krauss G, Isojarvi J, et al. Safety and tolerability of adjunctive lacosamide intravenous loading dose in lacosamidena?ve patients with partial-onset seizures. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(1):58-65.
25 H?fler J, Trinka E. Lacosamide as a new treatment option in status epilepticus. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(3):393-404.
26Bauer S, Willems LM, Paule E, et al. The efficacy of lacosamide as monotherapy and adjunctive therapy in focal epilepsy and its use in status epilepticus:clinical trial evidence and experience. Ther Adv Neurol Disord, 2017, 10(2):103-126.
27 Albers JM, Moddel G, Dittrich R, et al. Intravenous lacosamide-an effective add-on treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Seizure,2011, 20(5):428-430.
28Cherry S, Judd L, Muniz JC, et al. Safety and efficacy of lacosamide in the intensive care unit. Neurocrit Care, 2012, 16(2):294-298.
29 Goodwin H, Hinson HE, Shermock KM, et al. The use of lacosamide in refractory status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care, 2011,14(3):348-353.
30Jain V, Harvey AS. Treatment of refractory tonic status epilepticus with intravenous lacosamide. Epilepsia, 2012, 53(4):761-762.
31 Koubeissi MZ, Mayor CL, Estephan B, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous lacosamide in refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Acta Neurol Scand, 2011, 123(2):142-146.
32Rantsch K, Walter U, Wittstock M, et al. Efficacy of intravenous lacosamide in refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus and simple partial status epilepticus. Seizure, 2011, 20(7):529-532.
33 Mnatsakanyan L, Chung JM, Tsimerinov EI, et al. Intravenous lacosamide in refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Seizure,2012, 21(3):198-201.
34H?fler J, Unterberger I, Dobesberger J, et al. Intravenous lacosamide in status epilepticus and seizure clusters. Epilepsia,2011, 52(10):e148-e152.
35 Kellinghaus C, Berning S, Immisch I, et al. Intravenous lacosamide for treatment of status epilepticus. Acta Neurol Scand, 2011,123(2):137-141.
36 Granda-Mendez J, Toledo M, Flores-Flores A, et al. Intravenous lacosamide in monotherapy in a case of complex partial epileptic status. Rev Neurol, 2011, 53(1):61-63, authors reply 64.
37Kellinghaus C, Berning S, Besselmann M. Intravenous lacosamide as successful treatment for nonconvulsive status epilepticus after failure of first-line therapy. Epilepsy Behav, 2009, 14(2):429-431.
38 Tilz C, Resch R, Hofer T, et al. Successful treatment for refractory convulsive status epilepticus by non-parenteral lacosamide.Epilepsia, 2010, 51(2):316-317.
39Turpin-Fenoll L, Millan-Pascual J, Navarro-Munoz S, et al. The use of oral lacosamide in a patient with refractory partial epileptic status. Rev Neurol, 2010, 50(10):603-606.
40 Chen LL, Haneef Z, Dorsch A, et al. Successful treatment of refractory simple motor status epilepticus with lacosamide and levetiracetam. Seizure, 2011, 20(3):263-265.
41Krause LU, Brodowski KO, Kellinghaus C. Atrioventricular block following lacosamide intoxication. Epilepsy Behav, 2011, 20(4):725-727.
42 Parkerson KA, Reinsberger C, Chou SH, et al. Lacosamide in the treatment of acute recurrent seizures and periodic epileptiform patterns in critically ill patients. Epilepsy Behav, 2011, 20(1):48-51.
43Torres-Cano N, Giner Bayarri P, Chilet-Chilet MR, et al.Refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Rev Neurol, 2011,53(4):255-256.
44 La Roche SM, Shivdat-Nanhoe R. Subacute encephalopathy and seizures in alcoholics(SESA)presenting with non-convulsive status epilepticus. Seizure, 2011, 20(6):505-508.
45Shiloh-Malawsky Y, Fan Z, Greenwood R, et al. Successful treatment of childhood prolonged refractory status epilepticus with lacosamide. Seizure, 2011, 20(7):586-588.
46 Belcastro V, Vidale S, Pierguidi L, et al. Intravenous lacosamide as treatment option in post-stroke non convulsive status epilepticus in the elderly:a proof-of-concept, observational study. Seizure, 2013,22(10):905-907.
47Kaplan PW. EEG criteria for nonconvulsive status epilepticus.Epilepsia, 2007, 48(Suppl 8):39-41.
48 Miro J, Toledo M, Santamarina E, et al. Efficacy of intravenous lacosamide as an add-on treatment in refractory status epilepticus:a multicentric prospective study. Seizure, 2013, 22(1):77-79.
49Santamarina E, Toledo M, Sueiras M, et al. Usefulness of intravenous lacosamide in status epilepticus. J Neurol, 2013,260(12):3122-3128.
50 Kellinghaus C, Berning S, Stogbauer F. Intravenous lacosamide or phenytoin for treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Acta Neurol Scand, 2014, 129:294-299.
51Moreno Morales EY, Fernandez Peleteiro M, Bondy Pena EC, et al.Observational study of intravenous lacosamide in patients with convulsive versus non-convulsive status epilepticus. Clin Drug Investig, 2015, 35(7):463-469.
52 Sutter R, Marsch S, Ruegg S. Safety and efficacy of intravenous lacosamide for adjunctive treatment of refractory status epilepticus:a comparative cohort study. Cns Drugs, 2013, 27(4):321-329.
53Garces M, Villanueva V, Mauri JA, et al. Factors influencing response to intravenous lacosamide in emergency situations:LACO-IV study. Epilepsy Behav, 2014, 36:144-152.
54 Legros B, Depondt C, Levy-Nogueira M, et al. Intravenous lacosamide in refractory seizure clusters and status epilepticus:comparison of 200 and 400 mg loading doses. Neurocrit Care,2014, 20(3):484-488.
55Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care, 2012, 17(1):3-23.
56 Bachhuber A, Lasrich M, Halmer R, et al. Comparison of antiepileptic approaches in treatment of benzodiazepine nonresponsive status epilepticus. CNS Neurosci Ther, 2016, 22(3):178-183.
57d’Orsi G, Pascarella MG, Martino T, et al. Intravenous lacosamide in seizure emergencies:observations from a hospitalized in-patient adult population. Seizure, 2016, 42:20-28.
58 d’Orsi G, Pacillo F, Trivisano M, et al. Lacosamide in absence status epilepticus. Seizure, 2014, 23(5):397-398.
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