陆地热泉硅华研究进展与展望
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摘要
陆地热泉硅华是活动地热环境下,富含硅酸盐热液流体在地表形成的沉积物,其独特的微生物结构及地球化学特征对潜在地热资源、古环境、古气候、早期生命起源等研究具有重要指示意义。尽管近年来地质学家对形成陆地热泉硅华的热源类型、硅华结构特征、共生矿物、同位素及微量元素特征、微生物在成岩中的作用等方面做了不少研究,但由于热泉硅华沉积-成岩过程中受包括热储岩性、热泉水蒸发冷却、pH值改变、微生物生长等复杂外界条件影响,其形成环境、发育特征和控制因素等系列科学问题有待深入探讨。在国内外大量文献调研的基础上,结合近期对云南腾冲热海地热区硅华的研究,综述了目前国内外对陆地热泉硅华的研究进展,总结了陆地热泉硅华具有矿物种类多样、结构形态丰富、地球化学特征复杂、与地热系统热源关系密切等基本特征,还总结了影响陆地热泉硅华形成中冷却、蒸发、pH值、阳离子效应、微生物活动等非生物和生物控制因素,提出了当前陆地热泉硅华研究存在硅华结构成因解释不明确、微生物与热泉硅华微结构间的关系及微量元素和同位素地球化学研究薄弱、人类活动对硅华沉积影响使得研究更复杂等问题,指出下一步应加强同位素分馏、微量元素及常量元素在硅华沉积-成岩中的作用机理研究;通过全面的地球物理-化学-微生物关系分析,明确热泉硅华成因;弄清控制硅华沉积的因素及微生物在硅华生长中的作用;深入了解热泉硅华形成的复杂性及其在全球范围内的相关性,从而更加全面地认识陆地热泉硅华沉积,并为下一步研究提供启示。
Terrestrial hot-spring siliceous sinter is a common surface product formed in the emerging and precipitation of silicate hydrothermal fluids in geothermal environments.Its unique microbial textures and geochemical characteristics have important implications in the study of latent geothermal resources,paleoenvironment,paleoclimate,and early life origin.Due to its manifestation of the geothermal system heat source on the terrestrial surface,its depositional and diagenetic process is affected by biotic and abiotic interactions in different depositional environments,and exhibits different petromineralogy and geochemical characteristics on the earth′s surface.In recent years geologists have studied the types of heat sources,the textures characteristics,symbiotic minerals,isotopes and trace elements,and the role of microorganismsin the formation of terrestrial hot springs siliceous sinter.However,due to the influence of complex external conditions such as thermal reservoir lithology,evaporative cooling of hot spring water,pH changes and microbial growth during the depositional and diagenetic process of hot springs siliceous sinter,further studies are needed on the formation environment,geological characteristics of sinter and factors controlling the formation mechanism of sinter.Based on a literature review and our research in the Tengchong geothermal field,Yunnan,we reviewed the current research progress in terrestrial hot spring siliceous deposits in China and abroad.We not only summarize the basic characteristics of terrestrial hot springs siliceous sinter,such as mineral diversity,abundant structure and morphology,complex geochemical characteristics,and close relationship with the heat source of geothermal system,but also sum up the abiotic and biological control factors affecting the formation of terrestrial hot springs siliceous sinter,such as cooling,evaporation,pH values,cation effect and microbial activity.We propose that some problems still remain in the current study of sinter deposits in terrestrial hot springs,for example,the unclarified interpretation of the cause of sinter textures,the weak relationship between microorganisms and micro-structures of the hot springs sinter and trace elements and isotope geochemistry and the complexity of the influence of human activities on the deposition of sinter.We suggest that the next step of research should be to investigate the action mechanism of isotope fractionation,trace elements and major elements in the depositional and diagenetic process of sinter and that we should make comprehensive geophysical-chemical-microbial relationship analysis to clarify the cause of the formation of hot spring siliceous sinter and the factors controlling the deposition of sinter and the role of microorganisms in the growth of sinter so as to understand in depth the complexity of hot springs sinter formation and its global relevance.This study may provide a more comprehensive understanding of terrestrial hot spring siliceous deposits and be an inspiration for further research.
Terrestrial hot-spring siliceous sinter is a common surface product formed in the emerging and precipitation of silicate hydrothermal fluids in geothermal environments.Its unique microbial textures and geochemical characteristics have important implications in the study of latent geothermal resources,paleoenvironment,paleoclimate,and early life origin.Due to its manifestation of the geothermal system heat source on the terrestrial surface,its depositional and diagenetic process is affected by biotic and abiotic interactions in different depositional environments,and exhibits different petromineralogy and geochemical characteristics on the earth′s surface.In recent years geologists have studied the types of heat sources,the textures characteristics,symbiotic minerals,isotopes and trace elements,and the role of microorganismsin the formation of terrestrial hot springs siliceous sinter.However,due to the influence of complex external conditions such as thermal reservoir lithology,evaporative cooling of hot spring water,pH changes and microbial growth during the depositional and diagenetic process of hot springs siliceous sinter,further studies are needed on the formation environment,geological characteristics of sinter and factors controlling the formation mechanism of sinter.Based on a literature review and our research in the Tengchong geothermal field,Yunnan,we reviewed the current research progress in terrestrial hot spring siliceous deposits in China and abroad.We not only summarize the basic characteristics of terrestrial hot springs siliceous sinter,such as mineral diversity,abundant structure and morphology,complex geochemical characteristics,and close relationship with the heat source of geothermal system,but also sum up the abiotic and biological control factors affecting the formation of terrestrial hot springs siliceous sinter,such as cooling,evaporation,pH values,cation effect and microbial activity.We propose that some problems still remain in the current study of sinter deposits in terrestrial hot springs,for example,the unclarified interpretation of the cause of sinter textures,the weak relationship between microorganisms and micro-structures of the hot springs sinter and trace elements and isotope geochemistry and the complexity of the influence of human activities on the deposition of sinter.We suggest that the next step of research should be to investigate the action mechanism of isotope fractionation,trace elements and major elements in the depositional and diagenetic process of sinter and that we should make comprehensive geophysical-chemical-microbial relationship analysis to clarify the cause of the formation of hot spring siliceous sinter and the factors controlling the deposition of sinter and the role of microorganisms in the growth of sinter so as to understand in depth the complexity of hot springs sinter formation and its global relevance.This study may provide a more comprehensive understanding of terrestrial hot spring siliceous deposits and be an inspiration for further research.
引文
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