道路旁建筑群移位方法研究
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摘要
地图上道路的移位、变形或符号化往往会产生道路与其周边建筑物的空间冲突。为了尽量保持道路旁的建筑物群沿线分布的基本规律,提出了把建筑物群移位转换为线移位问题的一种移位方法,能协同处理好道路与建筑物之间的空间冲突,并利用实验验证了所提出方法的合理性和有效性。该方法首先需要确定潜在的空间冲突区域,并依据空间冲突区内的地图要素类别确定空间冲突类型;然后,判断落入空间冲突区内的建筑物群,用建筑物中心点到道路的垂线表示建筑物与道路的关联关系,并把与这些落入空间冲突区域内的建筑物最邻近的距离小于阈值的建筑物归类到相应的建筑物子群,对每个这样的建筑物子群,建立其中心点的最小生成树(minimum spanning tree,MST);最后,把这些垂线、MST和道路看成一个线状要素网络,利用Snake模型进行协同移位处理。
Displacement,deformation and symbolization of roads in maps usually results in spatial conflicts between roads and the surrounding buildings.The algorithm proposed in this paper resolves spatial conflicts between roads and buildings collaboratively,by means of transforming buildings displacement into linear feature displacement.The algorithm maintains the pattern of buildings along roads.The reasonability and availability of the algorithm was verified by a test.In this algorithm,spatial conflict areas are detected,and types of conflicts identified based on cartographic features in these areas.Buildings inside the areas are detected,and buildings close to detected buildings inside each conflict area and not far from a threshold value are distinguished from other buildings.Perpendiculars from each building center to a road are calculated and regarded as connections between buildings and roads.A minimum spanning tree(MST)for the centers of found buildings is established.The MST,perpendiculars and roads constitute a linear network,and a Snake model is used to analyze the collaborative displacement of this network.
Displacement,deformation and symbolization of roads in maps usually results in spatial conflicts between roads and the surrounding buildings.The algorithm proposed in this paper resolves spatial conflicts between roads and buildings collaboratively,by means of transforming buildings displacement into linear feature displacement.The algorithm maintains the pattern of buildings along roads.The reasonability and availability of the algorithm was verified by a test.In this algorithm,spatial conflict areas are detected,and types of conflicts identified based on cartographic features in these areas.Buildings inside the areas are detected,and buildings close to detected buildings inside each conflict area and not far from a threshold value are distinguished from other buildings.Perpendiculars from each building center to a road are calculated and regarded as connections between buildings and roads.A minimum spanning tree(MST)for the centers of found buildings is established.The MST,perpendiculars and roads constitute a linear network,and a Snake model is used to analyze the collaborative displacement of this network.
引文
[1]Bader M,Barrault M,Weibel R.Building Displacement over a Ductile Truss[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2005,19(8):915-936
[2]Ruas A.A Method for Building Displacement in Automated Map Generalisation[J].International Journal of Geographic Information Science,1998,12(7):789-803
[3]Ai Tinghua.A Displacement of Building Cluster Based on Field Analysis[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2004,33(1):89-94(艾廷华.基于场论分析的建筑群的移位[J].测绘学报,2004,33(1):89-94)
[4]He Jin,Fei Lifan.Mathematical Methods Involved in Constrained Reshaping for Solving Graphic Conflicts Between Streets and Buildings[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2007,32(4):326-330(何津,费立凡.解决图形冲突的受限变形所涉及的数学原则—以道路和建筑物的关系为例[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2007,32(4):326-330)
[5]Fei Lifan,He Jin.Displacement Models for Solving Graphic Conflicts Between Streets and Buildings[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2007,32(6):540-543(费立凡,何津.解决街道与建筑物图形冲突的移位模型研究[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2007,32(6):540-543)
[6]Hou Xuan,Wu Fang,Liu Fang,et al.A Model for Point Cluster Displacement in Automated Generaligotion[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2005,30(2):44-47(侯璇,武芳,刘芳,等.基于弹性力学思想的居民地点群目标位移模型[J].测绘科学,2005,30(2):44-47)
[7]Lonergan M,Jones C B.An Iterative Displacement Method for Conflict Resolution in Map Generalization[J].Algorithmica,2001,30(2):287-301
[8]Wilson I D,Ware J M,Ware J A.A Genetic Algorithm Approach to Cartographic Map Generalization[J].Computers in Industry,2003,52(3):291-304
[9]Ware J M,Jones C B.Automated Map Generalization with Multiple Operators:A Simulated Annealing Approach[J].Geographical Information Science,2003,17(8):743-769
[10]Hjholt P.Solving Local and Global Space Conflicts in Map Generalization:Using a Finite Element Method[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Science,2000,27(1):65-73
[11]Harrie L.An Optimisation Approach to Cartographic Generalisation[D].Sweden:Lund University,2001
[12]Liu Yuangang,Guo Qingsheng,Sun Yageng.A Complete Solution of Cartographic Displacement Based on Elastic Beams Model and Delaunay Triangulation[C].ISPRS Technical Commission IV Symposium,Suzhou,China,2014
[13]Burghardt D,Meier S.Cartographic Displacement Using the Snakes Concept[M]//Frstner W,Plümer L.Semantic Modeling for the Acquisition of Topographic Information from Images and Maps.Basel:Birkhuser,1997:114-120
[14]Bader M.Energy Minimization Methods for Feature Displacement in Map Generalization[D].Zürich:University of Zürich,2001
[15]Wu Fang,Hou Xuan,Qian Haizhong,et al.A Model f or Road Network Displacement in Automated Map Generalization[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2005,34(3):262-268(武芳,侯璇,钱海忠,等.自动制图综合中的线目标位移模型[J].测绘学报,2005,34(3):262-268
[16]Wu Xiaofang,Du Qingyun,Hu Yueming,et al.Disposal of Spatial Conflict Between the Roads Networks Based on Improved Snake Model[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2008,37(2):223-229(吴小芳,杜清运,胡月明,等.基于改进Snake模型的道路网空间冲突处理[J].测绘学报,2008,37(2):223-229
[17]Wu Xiaofang,Du Qingyun,Xu Zhiyong.Disposal of Spatial Conflict between Roads and Buildings Based on the Multilevel Displacement Principles[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographic Sinica,2010,39(6):649-654(吴小芳,杜清运,徐智勇.多层次移位原则的道路与建筑物空间冲突处理[J].测绘学报,2010,39(6):649-654
[18]Zhou Qi,Ai Tinghua,Zhang Xia.A Displacement Field Model to Resolve Multiple Spatial Conflicts[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographic Sinica,2013,42(4):615-620(周启,艾廷华,张翔.面向多重空间冲突解决的移位场模型[J].测绘学报,2013,42(4):615-620)
[19]Ai T H,Zhang X,Zhou Q,Yang M.AVector Field Model to Handle the Displacement of Multiple Conflicts in Building Generalization[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2015,29(8):1 310-1 331
[20]Liu Yuanggang,Guo Qingsheng,Sun Yageng,et al.A Road Feature Displacement Software Module Based on Snakes Algorithm[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping,2014(4):56-60(刘远刚,郭庆胜,孙雅庚,等.基于Snakes算法的道路要素移位软件模块[J].测绘通报,2014(4):56-60)
[21]Sun Yageng,Guo Qingsheng,Liu Yuanggang,et al.Improved Research for the Road Network Graphic Conflict Displacement Based on Snake Algorithm[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2015,40(3):101-106(孙雅庚,郭庆胜,刘远刚,等.基于Snake算法的道路网图形冲突移位改进研究[J].测绘科学,2015,40(3):101-106)
[22]Sun Yageng,Guo Qingsheng,Liu Yuanggang,et al.A Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm Considering Gestalt Principles to Building Displacement[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2015,40(2):269-273(孙雅庚,郭庆胜,刘远刚,等.顾及格式塔原则的建筑物群移位实数编码遗传算法[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2015,40(2):269-273)
[23]Liu Yuangang,Guo Qingsheng,Sun Yageng,et al.A Combined Approach to Cartographic Displacement for Buildings Based on Skeleton and Improved Elastic Beam Algorithm[J].Plos One,2015,9(12),DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0113953
[24]Sun Yageng,Guo Qingsheng,Liu Yuangang,et al.Building Displacement Based on the Topological Structure[J].The Cartographic Journal,2014,DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743277414Y.0000000089
[2]Ruas A.A Method for Building Displacement in Automated Map Generalisation[J].International Journal of Geographic Information Science,1998,12(7):789-803
[3]Ai Tinghua.A Displacement of Building Cluster Based on Field Analysis[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2004,33(1):89-94(艾廷华.基于场论分析的建筑群的移位[J].测绘学报,2004,33(1):89-94)
[4]He Jin,Fei Lifan.Mathematical Methods Involved in Constrained Reshaping for Solving Graphic Conflicts Between Streets and Buildings[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2007,32(4):326-330(何津,费立凡.解决图形冲突的受限变形所涉及的数学原则—以道路和建筑物的关系为例[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2007,32(4):326-330)
[5]Fei Lifan,He Jin.Displacement Models for Solving Graphic Conflicts Between Streets and Buildings[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2007,32(6):540-543(费立凡,何津.解决街道与建筑物图形冲突的移位模型研究[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2007,32(6):540-543)
[6]Hou Xuan,Wu Fang,Liu Fang,et al.A Model for Point Cluster Displacement in Automated Generaligotion[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2005,30(2):44-47(侯璇,武芳,刘芳,等.基于弹性力学思想的居民地点群目标位移模型[J].测绘科学,2005,30(2):44-47)
[7]Lonergan M,Jones C B.An Iterative Displacement Method for Conflict Resolution in Map Generalization[J].Algorithmica,2001,30(2):287-301
[8]Wilson I D,Ware J M,Ware J A.A Genetic Algorithm Approach to Cartographic Map Generalization[J].Computers in Industry,2003,52(3):291-304
[9]Ware J M,Jones C B.Automated Map Generalization with Multiple Operators:A Simulated Annealing Approach[J].Geographical Information Science,2003,17(8):743-769
[10]Hjholt P.Solving Local and Global Space Conflicts in Map Generalization:Using a Finite Element Method[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Science,2000,27(1):65-73
[11]Harrie L.An Optimisation Approach to Cartographic Generalisation[D].Sweden:Lund University,2001
[12]Liu Yuangang,Guo Qingsheng,Sun Yageng.A Complete Solution of Cartographic Displacement Based on Elastic Beams Model and Delaunay Triangulation[C].ISPRS Technical Commission IV Symposium,Suzhou,China,2014
[13]Burghardt D,Meier S.Cartographic Displacement Using the Snakes Concept[M]//Frstner W,Plümer L.Semantic Modeling for the Acquisition of Topographic Information from Images and Maps.Basel:Birkhuser,1997:114-120
[14]Bader M.Energy Minimization Methods for Feature Displacement in Map Generalization[D].Zürich:University of Zürich,2001
[15]Wu Fang,Hou Xuan,Qian Haizhong,et al.A Model f or Road Network Displacement in Automated Map Generalization[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2005,34(3):262-268(武芳,侯璇,钱海忠,等.自动制图综合中的线目标位移模型[J].测绘学报,2005,34(3):262-268
[16]Wu Xiaofang,Du Qingyun,Hu Yueming,et al.Disposal of Spatial Conflict Between the Roads Networks Based on Improved Snake Model[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2008,37(2):223-229(吴小芳,杜清运,胡月明,等.基于改进Snake模型的道路网空间冲突处理[J].测绘学报,2008,37(2):223-229
[17]Wu Xiaofang,Du Qingyun,Xu Zhiyong.Disposal of Spatial Conflict between Roads and Buildings Based on the Multilevel Displacement Principles[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographic Sinica,2010,39(6):649-654(吴小芳,杜清运,徐智勇.多层次移位原则的道路与建筑物空间冲突处理[J].测绘学报,2010,39(6):649-654
[18]Zhou Qi,Ai Tinghua,Zhang Xia.A Displacement Field Model to Resolve Multiple Spatial Conflicts[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographic Sinica,2013,42(4):615-620(周启,艾廷华,张翔.面向多重空间冲突解决的移位场模型[J].测绘学报,2013,42(4):615-620)
[19]Ai T H,Zhang X,Zhou Q,Yang M.AVector Field Model to Handle the Displacement of Multiple Conflicts in Building Generalization[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2015,29(8):1 310-1 331
[20]Liu Yuanggang,Guo Qingsheng,Sun Yageng,et al.A Road Feature Displacement Software Module Based on Snakes Algorithm[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping,2014(4):56-60(刘远刚,郭庆胜,孙雅庚,等.基于Snakes算法的道路要素移位软件模块[J].测绘通报,2014(4):56-60)
[21]Sun Yageng,Guo Qingsheng,Liu Yuanggang,et al.Improved Research for the Road Network Graphic Conflict Displacement Based on Snake Algorithm[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2015,40(3):101-106(孙雅庚,郭庆胜,刘远刚,等.基于Snake算法的道路网图形冲突移位改进研究[J].测绘科学,2015,40(3):101-106)
[22]Sun Yageng,Guo Qingsheng,Liu Yuanggang,et al.A Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm Considering Gestalt Principles to Building Displacement[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2015,40(2):269-273(孙雅庚,郭庆胜,刘远刚,等.顾及格式塔原则的建筑物群移位实数编码遗传算法[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2015,40(2):269-273)
[23]Liu Yuangang,Guo Qingsheng,Sun Yageng,et al.A Combined Approach to Cartographic Displacement for Buildings Based on Skeleton and Improved Elastic Beam Algorithm[J].Plos One,2015,9(12),DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0113953
[24]Sun Yageng,Guo Qingsheng,Liu Yuangang,et al.Building Displacement Based on the Topological Structure[J].The Cartographic Journal,2014,DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743277414Y.0000000089