线图形简化与移位算子的协同方法
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摘要
在地图综合过程中,线的图形简化和移位算子通常是分别执行的,图形简化和移位有时都会产生新的空间冲突。本文试图把这两种算子进行协同,避免在地图综合过程中进行空间冲突的多次探测,提高地图综合数据处理的效率。本文通过把线图形简化转换为线上的点移位,并构建邻近地图目标之间的移位传播路径,在考虑空间上下文关系和地图感受规则的前提下,使移位过程能考虑到线图形简化,并尽量保持有关地图目标的空间特征。最后,以道路和其周边的建筑物群为例,验证了该算法的有效性和可行性。
Linear graphic simplification and displacement operators are usually performed respectively in map generalization.Both of them may give rise to new conflicts with other map features such as surrounding buildings.In this paper,we attempt to coordinate these two operators to avoid repetitious detection of spatial conflicts,thus enhancing the efficiency of data processing.Linear graphic simplification has been taken into account in the process of displacement by transferring the linear graphic simplification into displacement of points on the line,constructing propagation paths between proximal map objects and considering spatial context and map perception rules.At the same time,the spatial characteristics of map objects are maintained as far as possible.Also,the roads and their surrounding buildings as an example are handled by means of this method,and effectiveness and availability of this method is verified.
Linear graphic simplification and displacement operators are usually performed respectively in map generalization.Both of them may give rise to new conflicts with other map features such as surrounding buildings.In this paper,we attempt to coordinate these two operators to avoid repetitious detection of spatial conflicts,thus enhancing the efficiency of data processing.Linear graphic simplification has been taken into account in the process of displacement by transferring the linear graphic simplification into displacement of points on the line,constructing propagation paths between proximal map objects and considering spatial context and map perception rules.At the same time,the spatial characteristics of map objects are maintained as far as possible.Also,the roads and their surrounding buildings as an example are handled by means of this method,and effectiveness and availability of this method is verified.
引文
[1]MULLER J C.The Removal of Spatial Conflicts in Line Generalization[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Systems,1990,17(2):141-149.
[2]LI Zhilin,OPENSHAW S.Algorithms for Automated Line Generalization Based on a Natural Principle of Objective Generalization[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Systems,1992,6(5):373-389.
[3]郭庆胜.线状要素图形综合的渐进方法研究[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1998,23(1):52-56.GUO Qingsheng.Study on Progressive Approach to Graphic Generalization of Linear Feature[J].Journal of Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping,1998,23(1):52-56.
[4]SAALFELD A.Topologically Consistent Line Simplification with the Douglas-Peucker Algorithm[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Science,1999,26(1):7-18.
[5]GUO Qingsheng,BRANDENBERGER C,HURNI L.A Progressive Line Simplification Algorithm[J],Geo-Spatial Information Science,2002,5(3):41-45.
[6]朱鲲鹏.武芳.王辉连,等.Li-Openshaw算法的改进与评价[J].测绘学报,2007.36(4):450-456.ZHU Kunpeng,WU Fang,WANG Huilian,et al.Improvement and Assessment of Li-Openshaw Algorithm[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2007,36(4):450-456.
[7]BURGHARDT D,MEIER S.Cartographic Displacement Using the Snakes Concept[C]//FORSTNER W,PLUMER L.Semantic Modeling for the Acquisition of Topografic Information from Images and Maps.Basel:Birkhaeuser Verlag,1997:59-71.
[8]BADER M.Energy Minimization Methods for Feature Displacement in Map Generalization[D].Zurich:University of Zurich,2001.
[9]武芳,侯璇,钱海忠,等.自动制图综合中的线目标位移模型[J].测绘学报,2005,34(3):262-268.WU Fang,HOU Xuan,QIAN Haizhong,et al.A Model for Road Network Displacement in Automated Map Generalization[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2005,34(3):262-268.
[10]吴小芳,杜清运,胡月明,等.基于改进Snake模型的道路网空间冲突处理[J].测绘学报,2008,37(2):223-229.WU Xiaofang,DU Qingyun,HU Yueming,et al.Disposal of Spatial Conflict between the Roads Networks Based on Improved Snake Model[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2008,37(2):223-229.
[11]LIU Yuangang,GUO Qingsheng,SUN Yageng.A Complete Solution of Cartographic Displacement Based on Elastic Beams Model and Delaunay Triangulation[C]//Proceedings of the International Archives of the Photogrammetry,Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences.Suzhou:ISPRS Technical Commission IV Symposium,2014,XL-4:163-168.
[12]艾廷华.基于场论分析的建筑物群的移位[J].测绘学报.2004,33(1):89-94.Al Tinghua.A Displacement of Building Cluster Based on Field Analysis[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2004,33(1):89-94.
[13]何津,费立凡.解决图形冲突的受限变形所涉及的数学原则——以道路与建筑物的关系为例[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2007.32(4):326-330.HE Jin,FE1 Lifan.Mathematical Methods Involved in Constrained Reshaping for Solving Graphic Conflicts between Streets and Buildings[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2007,32(4):326-330.
[14]费立凡.何津.解决街道与建筑物图形冲突的移位模型研究[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2007,32(6):540-543.FEI Lifan,HE Jin.Displacement Models for Solving Graphic Conflicts between Streets and Buildings[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2007,32(6):540-543.
[15]周启,艾廷华,张翔.面向多重空间冲突解决的移位场模型[J].测绘学报.2013,42(4):615-620.ZHOU Qi,Al Tinghua,ZHANG Xiang.A Displacement Field Model to Resolve Multiple Spatial Conflicts[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2013,42(4):615-620.
[16]RUAS A.A Method for Building Displacement in Automated Map Generalisation[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,1998,12(8):789-803.
[17]HφJHOLT P.Solving Space Conflicts in Map Generalization:Using a Finite Element Method[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Science,2000,27(1):65-74.
[18]HARRIE L.An Optimisation Approach to Cartographic Generalisation[D].Sweden:Lund University,2001.
[19]BADER M,BARRAULT M,WEIBEL R.Building Displacement over a Ductile Truss[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2005,19(8-9):915-936.
[20]LONERGAN M,JONES C B.An Iterative Displacement Method for Conflict Resolution in Map Generalization[J].Algorithmica,2001,30(2):287-301.
[21]WARE J M,JONES C B,THOMAS N.Automated Map Generalization with Multiple Operators:A Simulated Annealing Approach[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2003,17(8):743-769.
[2]LI Zhilin,OPENSHAW S.Algorithms for Automated Line Generalization Based on a Natural Principle of Objective Generalization[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Systems,1992,6(5):373-389.
[3]郭庆胜.线状要素图形综合的渐进方法研究[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1998,23(1):52-56.GUO Qingsheng.Study on Progressive Approach to Graphic Generalization of Linear Feature[J].Journal of Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping,1998,23(1):52-56.
[4]SAALFELD A.Topologically Consistent Line Simplification with the Douglas-Peucker Algorithm[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Science,1999,26(1):7-18.
[5]GUO Qingsheng,BRANDENBERGER C,HURNI L.A Progressive Line Simplification Algorithm[J],Geo-Spatial Information Science,2002,5(3):41-45.
[6]朱鲲鹏.武芳.王辉连,等.Li-Openshaw算法的改进与评价[J].测绘学报,2007.36(4):450-456.ZHU Kunpeng,WU Fang,WANG Huilian,et al.Improvement and Assessment of Li-Openshaw Algorithm[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2007,36(4):450-456.
[7]BURGHARDT D,MEIER S.Cartographic Displacement Using the Snakes Concept[C]//FORSTNER W,PLUMER L.Semantic Modeling for the Acquisition of Topografic Information from Images and Maps.Basel:Birkhaeuser Verlag,1997:59-71.
[8]BADER M.Energy Minimization Methods for Feature Displacement in Map Generalization[D].Zurich:University of Zurich,2001.
[9]武芳,侯璇,钱海忠,等.自动制图综合中的线目标位移模型[J].测绘学报,2005,34(3):262-268.WU Fang,HOU Xuan,QIAN Haizhong,et al.A Model for Road Network Displacement in Automated Map Generalization[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2005,34(3):262-268.
[10]吴小芳,杜清运,胡月明,等.基于改进Snake模型的道路网空间冲突处理[J].测绘学报,2008,37(2):223-229.WU Xiaofang,DU Qingyun,HU Yueming,et al.Disposal of Spatial Conflict between the Roads Networks Based on Improved Snake Model[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2008,37(2):223-229.
[11]LIU Yuangang,GUO Qingsheng,SUN Yageng.A Complete Solution of Cartographic Displacement Based on Elastic Beams Model and Delaunay Triangulation[C]//Proceedings of the International Archives of the Photogrammetry,Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences.Suzhou:ISPRS Technical Commission IV Symposium,2014,XL-4:163-168.
[12]艾廷华.基于场论分析的建筑物群的移位[J].测绘学报.2004,33(1):89-94.Al Tinghua.A Displacement of Building Cluster Based on Field Analysis[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2004,33(1):89-94.
[13]何津,费立凡.解决图形冲突的受限变形所涉及的数学原则——以道路与建筑物的关系为例[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2007.32(4):326-330.HE Jin,FE1 Lifan.Mathematical Methods Involved in Constrained Reshaping for Solving Graphic Conflicts between Streets and Buildings[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2007,32(4):326-330.
[14]费立凡.何津.解决街道与建筑物图形冲突的移位模型研究[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2007,32(6):540-543.FEI Lifan,HE Jin.Displacement Models for Solving Graphic Conflicts between Streets and Buildings[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2007,32(6):540-543.
[15]周启,艾廷华,张翔.面向多重空间冲突解决的移位场模型[J].测绘学报.2013,42(4):615-620.ZHOU Qi,Al Tinghua,ZHANG Xiang.A Displacement Field Model to Resolve Multiple Spatial Conflicts[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2013,42(4):615-620.
[16]RUAS A.A Method for Building Displacement in Automated Map Generalisation[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,1998,12(8):789-803.
[17]HφJHOLT P.Solving Space Conflicts in Map Generalization:Using a Finite Element Method[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Science,2000,27(1):65-74.
[18]HARRIE L.An Optimisation Approach to Cartographic Generalisation[D].Sweden:Lund University,2001.
[19]BADER M,BARRAULT M,WEIBEL R.Building Displacement over a Ductile Truss[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2005,19(8-9):915-936.
[20]LONERGAN M,JONES C B.An Iterative Displacement Method for Conflict Resolution in Map Generalization[J].Algorithmica,2001,30(2):287-301.
[21]WARE J M,JONES C B,THOMAS N.Automated Map Generalization with Multiple Operators:A Simulated Annealing Approach[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2003,17(8):743-769.