印度对阿富汗的发展援助政策研究
摘要
文章认为本世纪以来,作为阿富汗最主要的援助国之一,印度对阿富汗的发展援助政策具有鲜明的两重性:一方面,印度长期大量的发展援助推动了阿富汗经济发展和社会稳定,具有利他性和互惠性;另一方面,印度对阿富汗的发展援助在很大程度上也具有自利性。尽管印度的发展援助在客观上促进了阿富汗的经济发展,但未来也存在着较大的制约和挑战。
引文
(1)Anwesha Ghosh,A Leap Forward:Capacity Building,Education and India-Afghanistan Cooperation,New Delhi:Knowledge World,2013.
(2)Mullen,Rani D.,India's Development Assistance:Will It Change the Global Development Finance Paradigm?http://www.iilj.org/newsandevents/documents/mullen.pdf.
(3)Poverty in India,Asian Development Bank,https://www.adb.org/countries/india/poverty.
(4)Geoffrey Swenson,Why U.S.Efforts to Promote the Rule of Law in Afghanistan Failed,International Security,p.114.Summer,2017,Vol.42No.1.
(1)Stephan Klingebiel,Development Cooperation:Challenges of the New Aid Architecture,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2014,pp.2-3.
(2)Agrawal,Subhash,Emerging Donors in International Development Assistance:The India Case,2007,http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/userS/12441474461Case_of_India.pdf.
(3)2016Report of the Secretary-General on"Trends and Progress in International Development Cooperation",United Nations Economic and Social Council,10 May,2016,http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=E/2016/65.
(4)Annual Report(2015-2016),Ministry of External Affairs,Government of India,2016,p.19.
(5)Manning,Richard,Will Emerging Donors Change the Face of International Co-operation?Development Policy Review,24,2006,4:pp.371-85.
(6)Kragelund,Peter,The Potential Role of Non-Traditional Donors'Aid in Africa,ICTSD Issue Paper,No.11,Geneva:International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development,2010.
(1)Kashyap Arora and Rani D.,Mullen,Indian Development Cooperation with Afghanistan and the"Afghan-India Friendship Dam",Indian Development Cooperation Research,Centre for Policy Research,June 2016.
(2)图1~3数据来源:印度发展合作研究中心(时间分别为:2006年7月至2016年、2006~2017、2010年11月至2016年),新德里。
(3)Shanthie Mariet D.Souza,India's Role in the Economic Stabilisation of Afghanistan,www.fes-asia.org.
(4)Shanthie Mariet D.Souza,India's Evolving Policy Contours towards Post 2014Afghanistan,The Journal of South Asian Development,pp.185-207,(New Delhi:Sage,2013).
(1)Government of India,Ministry of External Affairs,India-Afghanistan Relations,February 17,2016.http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Afghanistan_17_02_2016.pdf;Prakash Nanda,“Soft Power”not Enough to Serve India’s Foreign Policy Goal in Afghanistan,FirstPost India,June 5,2016,http://www.firstpost.com/politics/indias-soft-power-in-afghanistan-has-reached-its-limits-time-to-develop-smart-power-approach-2817608.html.
(2)《2016年印度向阿富汗提供发展援助大幅下降》,2017年4月10日,中华人民共和国商务部网站,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/i/jyjl/j/201704/20170402554212.shtml。
(3)《薄伽梵歌》,周宾凰,译,第167页,http://www.mgt.ncu.edu.tw/~chou/ge/Gitab5c.pdf。
(4)Sachin Chaturvedi,Anuradha M.Chenoy,Deepta Chopra,Anuradha Joshi and Khush Hal S.Lagdhyan,Indian Development Cooperation:The State of the Debate,p.6.
(5)Ministry of External Affairs(2011),--India's Foreign Relations-2011 Documents,http://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf/Indiaforeign-relation-2011.pdf.
(6)Bhabani Sen Gupta,Indian Journalist,1997.
(7)Gauhar,Altaf(1997),Gujral Doctrine,The Times of India,15June 1997.
(8)《印度要援助阿富汗建项目提高影响力,巴基斯坦表示不接受》,澎拜新闻网,2017年9月21日,http://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1802755。
(1)Bava,Ummu Salma,New Powers for Global Change:India's Role in the Emerging World Order,FES Briefing Paper,4/2007,FES:New Delhi.
(2)J.N.Dix it,External Affairs:Cross-Border Relations,New Delhi Roli Books,2004:p.83.
(3)Rohan Gunaratna,Terrorism Outlook for 2004,Singapore:Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies,2004,p.1.
(4)Ja da Silva Reis,THE SCO and Post-War Afghantion:New Challenges to Regional Cooperation,https://www.ufrgs.br/ufrgsmun/2013/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/The-SCO-and-Post-War-Afghanistan-New-Challenges-to-Regional-Cooperation.pdf.
(5)Anita InderSingh,India's Relations with Russia and Central Asia,International Affairs,1995,71(1)p.78.
(1)Meena Sing Roy,India's Interests in Central Asia,Strategic Analysis,2001(2),p.89.
(2)Khaleej Times,2006-04-10.
(3)C.Christine Fair,Securing Indian Interests in Afghanistan Beyond 2014,Asia Policy,January 2014,No.17,p.28.
(4)History Has Elected the BJP to Lead India's March towards Becoming a Superpower,Statement by Deputy Prime Minister Shri L.K.Advani,a Press Conference in New Delhi,March 2,2004,http://www.bjp.org/press/mar-0204.htm.
(5)ITEC,Official Website of Technical Cooperation Division,Ministry of External Affairs,Government of India,2011,http://itec.mea.gov.in/.
(6)MEA,2009-2010,Annual Report,Ministry of External Affairs,Government of India,http://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/171_Annual-Report-2009-2010.pdf.
(7)Agrawal Subhash,Emerging Donors in International Development Assistance:The India Case.
(8)Chidambaram,P.,India Empowered to Me is,in A View from the Outside:Why Good Economics Works for Everyone,Penguin:New Delhi,2007.
(1)陈志新、牟宗琮、廖政军:《土库曼斯坦、阿富汗、巴基斯坦、印度,四国签署天然气管道框架协议》,《人民日报》2010年12月13日。
(2)5 Things to Know about the India Afghanistan Relationship,Business Standard,4January 2016,http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/5-things-to-know-about-the-india-afghanistanrelationship-116010400230_1.html.
(3)ITEC,Official Website of Technical Cooperation Division,Ministry of External Affairs,Government of India,2011,http://itec.mea.gov.in/.
(4)Raja Mohan,C.,India's Regional Security Cooperation:The Nehru Raj legacy,ISAS Working Paper,no.168-7,March 2013,ISAS:Singapore.
(1)《印度、伊朗建港口与华竞争,伙同阿富汗打造经济走廊、角逐中南亚控制权》,《香港明报》2016年5月23日,https://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20160525/s00014/1464113379790。
(2)《特朗普出台阿富汗新战略》,《北京周报》2017年9月8日,http://www.beijingreview.com.cn/shishi/201709/t20170908_800104300.html。
(3)Kenneth Katzman and Clayton Thomas,Afghanistan:Post-Taliban Governance,Security,and U.S.Policy,August 22,2017,Congressional Research Service,https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL30588.pdf.
(4)Matthew Rosenberg,Obama Loosens Restrictions on U.S.Forces Fighting Taliban in Afghanistan,New York Times,June 10,2016.
(5)2006年4月,扎布尔省印度电信工程师卡苏拉·苏里亚纳拉亚被杀害就是其中一个例子。
(6)Saurabh Kumar,Aparna Sharma,India's Neighbourhood Aid Policy:Opportunities and Challenges,CUTS International,2015,p.11.
(7)资料来源:援助管理平台,http://www.mof.gov.np/ieccd/newsbook/20170416160028.pdf。
(1)《印度要援助阿富汗建项目提高影响力,巴基斯坦表示不接受》,《印度斯坦时报》2017年9月21日,http://www.sohu.com/a/193924593_99901645。
(2)Afghans Push India for More Arms,Despite Pakistan's Wary Eye,https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-india-defence/afghans-push-india-for-more-arms-despite-pakistans-wary-eyeidUSKCN10X29W.
(3)Niharika Betkerur,India Stepping Up to the Plate in Afghanistan,http://thediplomat.com/2014/05/india-stepping-up-to-the-plate-in-afghanistan/.
(4)《印度明确拒绝出兵阿富汗,美防长访印收获有限》,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2017-09/28/c_129713318.htm。
(5)(6)S.D.Muni Vivek Chadha,India as a Security Provider,Asian Strategic Review 2015,Delhi,p.104,http://www.idsa.in/system/files/book/book_ASR2015.pdf#page=239.
(7)Shashak Joshi,India's Role in a Changing Afghanistan,The Washington Quarterly,37(2),Summer2014,p.92.
(1)S.D.Muni Vivek Chadha,India as a Security Provider.
(2)(3)Kenneth Katzman and Clayton Thomas,Afghanistan:Post-Taliban Governance,Security,and U.S.Policy.
(4)Afghans Broadly Support New Government,Setting Aside Suspicions of Election Fraud,http://acsor-surveys.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Afghan-Futures-Wave-6-Analysis_FINAL-v2.pdf.
(5)Giuliano Battiston,Limits and Sustainability Challenges for the Afghan National Security Forces,ISPIAnalysis,No.270,July 2014,p.1.
(2)Mullen,Rani D.,India's Development Assistance:Will It Change the Global Development Finance Paradigm?http://www.iilj.org/newsandevents/documents/mullen.pdf.
(3)Poverty in India,Asian Development Bank,https://www.adb.org/countries/india/poverty.
(4)Geoffrey Swenson,Why U.S.Efforts to Promote the Rule of Law in Afghanistan Failed,International Security,p.114.Summer,2017,Vol.42No.1.
(1)Stephan Klingebiel,Development Cooperation:Challenges of the New Aid Architecture,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2014,pp.2-3.
(2)Agrawal,Subhash,Emerging Donors in International Development Assistance:The India Case,2007,http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/userS/12441474461Case_of_India.pdf.
(3)2016Report of the Secretary-General on"Trends and Progress in International Development Cooperation",United Nations Economic and Social Council,10 May,2016,http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=E/2016/65.
(4)Annual Report(2015-2016),Ministry of External Affairs,Government of India,2016,p.19.
(5)Manning,Richard,Will Emerging Donors Change the Face of International Co-operation?Development Policy Review,24,2006,4:pp.371-85.
(6)Kragelund,Peter,The Potential Role of Non-Traditional Donors'Aid in Africa,ICTSD Issue Paper,No.11,Geneva:International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development,2010.
(1)Kashyap Arora and Rani D.,Mullen,Indian Development Cooperation with Afghanistan and the"Afghan-India Friendship Dam",Indian Development Cooperation Research,Centre for Policy Research,June 2016.
(2)图1~3数据来源:印度发展合作研究中心(时间分别为:2006年7月至2016年、2006~2017、2010年11月至2016年),新德里。
(3)Shanthie Mariet D.Souza,India's Role in the Economic Stabilisation of Afghanistan,www.fes-asia.org.
(4)Shanthie Mariet D.Souza,India's Evolving Policy Contours towards Post 2014Afghanistan,The Journal of South Asian Development,pp.185-207,(New Delhi:Sage,2013).
(1)Government of India,Ministry of External Affairs,India-Afghanistan Relations,February 17,2016.http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Afghanistan_17_02_2016.pdf;Prakash Nanda,“Soft Power”not Enough to Serve India’s Foreign Policy Goal in Afghanistan,FirstPost India,June 5,2016,http://www.firstpost.com/politics/indias-soft-power-in-afghanistan-has-reached-its-limits-time-to-develop-smart-power-approach-2817608.html.
(2)《2016年印度向阿富汗提供发展援助大幅下降》,2017年4月10日,中华人民共和国商务部网站,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/i/jyjl/j/201704/20170402554212.shtml。
(3)《薄伽梵歌》,周宾凰,译,第167页,http://www.mgt.ncu.edu.tw/~chou/ge/Gitab5c.pdf。
(4)Sachin Chaturvedi,Anuradha M.Chenoy,Deepta Chopra,Anuradha Joshi and Khush Hal S.Lagdhyan,Indian Development Cooperation:The State of the Debate,p.6.
(5)Ministry of External Affairs(2011),--India's Foreign Relations-2011 Documents,http://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf/Indiaforeign-relation-2011.pdf.
(6)Bhabani Sen Gupta,Indian Journalist,1997.
(7)Gauhar,Altaf(1997),Gujral Doctrine,The Times of India,15June 1997.
(8)《印度要援助阿富汗建项目提高影响力,巴基斯坦表示不接受》,澎拜新闻网,2017年9月21日,http://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1802755。
(1)Bava,Ummu Salma,New Powers for Global Change:India's Role in the Emerging World Order,FES Briefing Paper,4/2007,FES:New Delhi.
(2)J.N.Dix it,External Affairs:Cross-Border Relations,New Delhi Roli Books,2004:p.83.
(3)Rohan Gunaratna,Terrorism Outlook for 2004,Singapore:Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies,2004,p.1.
(4)Ja da Silva Reis,THE SCO and Post-War Afghantion:New Challenges to Regional Cooperation,https://www.ufrgs.br/ufrgsmun/2013/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/The-SCO-and-Post-War-Afghanistan-New-Challenges-to-Regional-Cooperation.pdf.
(5)Anita InderSingh,India's Relations with Russia and Central Asia,International Affairs,1995,71(1)p.78.
(1)Meena Sing Roy,India's Interests in Central Asia,Strategic Analysis,2001(2),p.89.
(2)Khaleej Times,2006-04-10.
(3)C.Christine Fair,Securing Indian Interests in Afghanistan Beyond 2014,Asia Policy,January 2014,No.17,p.28.
(4)History Has Elected the BJP to Lead India's March towards Becoming a Superpower,Statement by Deputy Prime Minister Shri L.K.Advani,a Press Conference in New Delhi,March 2,2004,http://www.bjp.org/press/mar-0204.htm.
(5)ITEC,Official Website of Technical Cooperation Division,Ministry of External Affairs,Government of India,2011,http://itec.mea.gov.in/.
(6)MEA,2009-2010,Annual Report,Ministry of External Affairs,Government of India,http://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/171_Annual-Report-2009-2010.pdf.
(7)Agrawal Subhash,Emerging Donors in International Development Assistance:The India Case.
(8)Chidambaram,P.,India Empowered to Me is,in A View from the Outside:Why Good Economics Works for Everyone,Penguin:New Delhi,2007.
(1)陈志新、牟宗琮、廖政军:《土库曼斯坦、阿富汗、巴基斯坦、印度,四国签署天然气管道框架协议》,《人民日报》2010年12月13日。
(2)5 Things to Know about the India Afghanistan Relationship,Business Standard,4January 2016,http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/5-things-to-know-about-the-india-afghanistanrelationship-116010400230_1.html.
(3)ITEC,Official Website of Technical Cooperation Division,Ministry of External Affairs,Government of India,2011,http://itec.mea.gov.in/.
(4)Raja Mohan,C.,India's Regional Security Cooperation:The Nehru Raj legacy,ISAS Working Paper,no.168-7,March 2013,ISAS:Singapore.
(1)《印度、伊朗建港口与华竞争,伙同阿富汗打造经济走廊、角逐中南亚控制权》,《香港明报》2016年5月23日,https://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20160525/s00014/1464113379790。
(2)《特朗普出台阿富汗新战略》,《北京周报》2017年9月8日,http://www.beijingreview.com.cn/shishi/201709/t20170908_800104300.html。
(3)Kenneth Katzman and Clayton Thomas,Afghanistan:Post-Taliban Governance,Security,and U.S.Policy,August 22,2017,Congressional Research Service,https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL30588.pdf.
(4)Matthew Rosenberg,Obama Loosens Restrictions on U.S.Forces Fighting Taliban in Afghanistan,New York Times,June 10,2016.
(5)2006年4月,扎布尔省印度电信工程师卡苏拉·苏里亚纳拉亚被杀害就是其中一个例子。
(6)Saurabh Kumar,Aparna Sharma,India's Neighbourhood Aid Policy:Opportunities and Challenges,CUTS International,2015,p.11.
(7)资料来源:援助管理平台,http://www.mof.gov.np/ieccd/newsbook/20170416160028.pdf。
(1)《印度要援助阿富汗建项目提高影响力,巴基斯坦表示不接受》,《印度斯坦时报》2017年9月21日,http://www.sohu.com/a/193924593_99901645。
(2)Afghans Push India for More Arms,Despite Pakistan's Wary Eye,https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-india-defence/afghans-push-india-for-more-arms-despite-pakistans-wary-eyeidUSKCN10X29W.
(3)Niharika Betkerur,India Stepping Up to the Plate in Afghanistan,http://thediplomat.com/2014/05/india-stepping-up-to-the-plate-in-afghanistan/.
(4)《印度明确拒绝出兵阿富汗,美防长访印收获有限》,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2017-09/28/c_129713318.htm。
(5)(6)S.D.Muni Vivek Chadha,India as a Security Provider,Asian Strategic Review 2015,Delhi,p.104,http://www.idsa.in/system/files/book/book_ASR2015.pdf#page=239.
(7)Shashak Joshi,India's Role in a Changing Afghanistan,The Washington Quarterly,37(2),Summer2014,p.92.
(1)S.D.Muni Vivek Chadha,India as a Security Provider.
(2)(3)Kenneth Katzman and Clayton Thomas,Afghanistan:Post-Taliban Governance,Security,and U.S.Policy.
(4)Afghans Broadly Support New Government,Setting Aside Suspicions of Election Fraud,http://acsor-surveys.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Afghan-Futures-Wave-6-Analysis_FINAL-v2.pdf.
(5)Giuliano Battiston,Limits and Sustainability Challenges for the Afghan National Security Forces,ISPIAnalysis,No.270,July 2014,p.1.