Effects of Long-term K Fertilizer Application on the Crop Yield and K Distribution of Soil Aggregates in a Paddy-Upland Rotation System
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摘要
[Objective]A long-term paddy-upland experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of the recommended amount of potassium( K)fertilizer on crop yield,distribution of soil aggregate,and soil available K content. It was mainly to ascertain the distribution of K in the soil aggregate components in the paddy-upland rotation system,and then to provide theoretical basis for soil structure improvement,K pool management,and reasonable application of K fertilizer. [Method]There were 2 treatments selected,namely,NP(-K) treatment and NPK( + K) treatment in this study. Then the effects of K fertilizer application on the yield,available K content,and aggregate distribution in the middle rice-winter rape rotation system were analyzed. [Result]The results showed that the output of the crop rotation was affected by the year and fertilization. Compared with NP(-K),the average yield increases of rice and winter rape after application of K fertilizer were 0.51 and 0.33 t/hm2,with the increments of 7.5%and 14. 1% respectively. The long-term application of K fertilizer( 7 a) had no significant effects on the distribution of soil aggregates but could significantly increase the water-soluble K content and available K content at depths of 20-30 and 30-40 cm,and available K content of aggregates in each particle size. In addition,the balance of available K at the 10-20 and 30-40 cm of soil layers was the most significant through calculation of surplus-deficit value of available K in agglomerates of different soil layers. [Conclusion]Compared with the initial available K content in the farmland in 2011,the current K fertilizer application could lead to that farmland K content continues to decline. Therefore,we should pay attention to straw returned and supplement of organic K fertilizer,to maintain crop rotation system's productivity and soil K balance.
[Objective]A long-term paddy-upland experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of the recommended amount of potassium( K)fertilizer on crop yield,distribution of soil aggregate,and soil available K content. It was mainly to ascertain the distribution of K in the soil aggregate components in the paddy-upland rotation system,and then to provide theoretical basis for soil structure improvement,K pool management,and reasonable application of K fertilizer. [Method]There were 2 treatments selected,namely,NP(-K) treatment and NPK( + K) treatment in this study. Then the effects of K fertilizer application on the yield,available K content,and aggregate distribution in the middle rice-winter rape rotation system were analyzed. [Result]The results showed that the output of the crop rotation was affected by the year and fertilization. Compared with NP(-K),the average yield increases of rice and winter rape after application of K fertilizer were 0.51 and 0.33 t/hm2,with the increments of 7.5%and 14. 1% respectively. The long-term application of K fertilizer( 7 a) had no significant effects on the distribution of soil aggregates but could significantly increase the water-soluble K content and available K content at depths of 20-30 and 30-40 cm,and available K content of aggregates in each particle size. In addition,the balance of available K at the 10-20 and 30-40 cm of soil layers was the most significant through calculation of surplus-deficit value of available K in agglomerates of different soil layers. [Conclusion]Compared with the initial available K content in the farmland in 2011,the current K fertilizer application could lead to that farmland K content continues to decline. Therefore,we should pay attention to straw returned and supplement of organic K fertilizer,to maintain crop rotation system's productivity and soil K balance.
[Objective]A long-term paddy-upland experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of the recommended amount of potassium( K)fertilizer on crop yield,distribution of soil aggregate,and soil available K content. It was mainly to ascertain the distribution of K in the soil aggregate components in the paddy-upland rotation system,and then to provide theoretical basis for soil structure improvement,K pool management,and reasonable application of K fertilizer. [Method]There were 2 treatments selected,namely,NP(-K) treatment and NPK( + K) treatment in this study. Then the effects of K fertilizer application on the yield,available K content,and aggregate distribution in the middle rice-winter rape rotation system were analyzed. [Result]The results showed that the output of the crop rotation was affected by the year and fertilization. Compared with NP(-K),the average yield increases of rice and winter rape after application of K fertilizer were 0.51 and 0.33 t/hm2,with the increments of 7.5%and 14. 1% respectively. The long-term application of K fertilizer( 7 a) had no significant effects on the distribution of soil aggregates but could significantly increase the water-soluble K content and available K content at depths of 20-30 and 30-40 cm,and available K content of aggregates in each particle size. In addition,the balance of available K at the 10-20 and 30-40 cm of soil layers was the most significant through calculation of surplus-deficit value of available K in agglomerates of different soil layers. [Conclusion]Compared with the initial available K content in the farmland in 2011,the current K fertilizer application could lead to that farmland K content continues to decline. Therefore,we should pay attention to straw returned and supplement of organic K fertilizer,to maintain crop rotation system's productivity and soil K balance.
引文
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[3]WANG Z,LU JW,ZHANG WJ,et al.Influential factors on soil available potassium evaluation in agriculture[J].Soils,2012,44(6):898-904.(in Chinese).
[4]LIU F,WU CZ,ZHU KB,et al.Study on potassium strategy to maintain crop high yield and potassium balance in cropland under rice-wheat rotation systems[J].Soils,2014(2):232-238.(in Chinese).
[5]SHI ZJ,LI JH.Research progress on nutrient management of the paddy-upland rotation cropping system[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2015,56(11):1819-1821.(in Chinese).
[6]LI WJ,YANG JF,PENG BF,et al.Effects of fertilization on aggregate characteristics and organic carbon distribution in a paddy soil in Dongting Lake Plain of China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(20):4007-4015.(in Chinese).
[7]HE RQ.Composition of soil aggregates and distribution of organic carbon and nutrients under different land use and fertilization[D].Xi'an:Northwest A&F University,2016.(in Chinese).
[8]LI JT,ZHANG B,PENG XH,et al.Effects of fertilization on particulate organic matter formation and aggregate stability in paddy soil[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(6):912-917.(in Chinese).
[9]LIU KL,HUANG J,ZHANG HM,et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on characteristics of aggregates and potassium distribution of different components in upland of red soil[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2018,55(2):443-454.(in Chinese).
[10]XIAO K,TANG J,LI JF,et al.Optimum amount of potassium fertilizer applied under continuous rice-rapeseed rotation[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2017,43(8):1226-1233.(in Chinese).
[11]BAO SD.Analysis of soil agrochemistry[M].The 3rdEdition.Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2007.(in Chinese).
[12]LIU C,CHEN F,LIU Y,et al.Research progress of nutrient management in three paddy-upland rotating systems[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2016,32(36):198-204.(in Chinese).
[13]NING DW.Study on effect and economic benefit of fertilization under rape-rice rotation system in Jianghan Plain[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2010.(in Chinese).
[14]LI JF,XUE XX,LI XK,et al.Substituting effect of crop residues for potassium fertilizer in rice-rapeseed rotation system[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2016,22(2):317-325.(in Chinese).
[15]WANG WN.Study on effect of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and recommended fertilizer application in rice based on regional scale[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2014.(in Chinese).
[16]AN WL,XIE HY,WANG WQ,et al.Effects of straw returning on nutrients of water-stable aggregates in paddy soils and their eco-stoichiometric ratios[J].Journal of Ecology,2017,36(1):150-156.(in Chinese).
[17]ROSOLEM CA,CALONEGO JC.Phosphorus and potassium budget in the soil-plant system in crop rotations under no-till[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2013,126(1):127-133.
[18]ZHANG M,CHENG G,FENG H,et al.Effects of straw and biochar amendments on aggregate stability,soil organic carbon,and enzyme activities in the Loess Plateau,China[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research,2017,24(11):1-13.
[19]TAN DS,LIU ZH,JIANG LH,et al.Long-term potash application and wheat straw return reduced soil potassium fixation and affected crop yields in North China[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2017,108:1-13.
[20]YIN ZY,HUANG L,XUE B,et al.Effect of conservation tillage on soil fertility under rice-rape rotation system[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2017,25(11):1604-1614.(in Chinese).
[21]HAN G Z,ZHANG GL,LI DC,et al.Pedogenetic evolution of clay minerals and agricultural implications in three paddy soil chronosequences of south China derived from different parent materials[J].Journal of Soils&Sediments,2015,15(2):423-435.
[22]XIE Q,ZHANG YT,JIANG QJ,et al.Effect of long-term potassium unbalanced input on clay mineralogical property of purple soil[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2016,36(6):1910-1915.(in Chinese).
[23]LIU JS,HU XM,HU CX,et al.Differences in soil fertility parameters between 1981 and 2006 in Jingzhou County,China associated with changes of agricultural practices[J].Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis,2011,42(20):2504-2514.
[24]BELLARBY J,BWJ S,HAYGARTH PM,et al.The stocks and flows of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium across a 30-year time series for agriculture in Huantai County,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,619:606-620.
[25]LI N.Effects of long-term fertilization on characteristics and effectiveness of potassium supply in brown soil[D].Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University,2012.(in Chinese).
[26]YOUSAF M,LI X,REN T,et al.Response of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilization on productivity and quality of winter rapeseed in central China[J].International Journal of Agriculture&Biology,2016,18(6):1137-1142.
[2]FAN MS,JIANG RF,ZHANG FS,et al.Nutrient management strategy of paddy rice-upland crop rotation system[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(2):424-432.(in Chinese).
[3]WANG Z,LU JW,ZHANG WJ,et al.Influential factors on soil available potassium evaluation in agriculture[J].Soils,2012,44(6):898-904.(in Chinese).
[4]LIU F,WU CZ,ZHU KB,et al.Study on potassium strategy to maintain crop high yield and potassium balance in cropland under rice-wheat rotation systems[J].Soils,2014(2):232-238.(in Chinese).
[5]SHI ZJ,LI JH.Research progress on nutrient management of the paddy-upland rotation cropping system[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2015,56(11):1819-1821.(in Chinese).
[6]LI WJ,YANG JF,PENG BF,et al.Effects of fertilization on aggregate characteristics and organic carbon distribution in a paddy soil in Dongting Lake Plain of China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(20):4007-4015.(in Chinese).
[7]HE RQ.Composition of soil aggregates and distribution of organic carbon and nutrients under different land use and fertilization[D].Xi'an:Northwest A&F University,2016.(in Chinese).
[8]LI JT,ZHANG B,PENG XH,et al.Effects of fertilization on particulate organic matter formation and aggregate stability in paddy soil[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(6):912-917.(in Chinese).
[9]LIU KL,HUANG J,ZHANG HM,et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on characteristics of aggregates and potassium distribution of different components in upland of red soil[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2018,55(2):443-454.(in Chinese).
[10]XIAO K,TANG J,LI JF,et al.Optimum amount of potassium fertilizer applied under continuous rice-rapeseed rotation[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2017,43(8):1226-1233.(in Chinese).
[11]BAO SD.Analysis of soil agrochemistry[M].The 3rdEdition.Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2007.(in Chinese).
[12]LIU C,CHEN F,LIU Y,et al.Research progress of nutrient management in three paddy-upland rotating systems[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2016,32(36):198-204.(in Chinese).
[13]NING DW.Study on effect and economic benefit of fertilization under rape-rice rotation system in Jianghan Plain[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2010.(in Chinese).
[14]LI JF,XUE XX,LI XK,et al.Substituting effect of crop residues for potassium fertilizer in rice-rapeseed rotation system[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2016,22(2):317-325.(in Chinese).
[15]WANG WN.Study on effect of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and recommended fertilizer application in rice based on regional scale[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2014.(in Chinese).
[16]AN WL,XIE HY,WANG WQ,et al.Effects of straw returning on nutrients of water-stable aggregates in paddy soils and their eco-stoichiometric ratios[J].Journal of Ecology,2017,36(1):150-156.(in Chinese).
[17]ROSOLEM CA,CALONEGO JC.Phosphorus and potassium budget in the soil-plant system in crop rotations under no-till[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2013,126(1):127-133.
[18]ZHANG M,CHENG G,FENG H,et al.Effects of straw and biochar amendments on aggregate stability,soil organic carbon,and enzyme activities in the Loess Plateau,China[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research,2017,24(11):1-13.
[19]TAN DS,LIU ZH,JIANG LH,et al.Long-term potash application and wheat straw return reduced soil potassium fixation and affected crop yields in North China[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2017,108:1-13.
[20]YIN ZY,HUANG L,XUE B,et al.Effect of conservation tillage on soil fertility under rice-rape rotation system[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2017,25(11):1604-1614.(in Chinese).
[21]HAN G Z,ZHANG GL,LI DC,et al.Pedogenetic evolution of clay minerals and agricultural implications in three paddy soil chronosequences of south China derived from different parent materials[J].Journal of Soils&Sediments,2015,15(2):423-435.
[22]XIE Q,ZHANG YT,JIANG QJ,et al.Effect of long-term potassium unbalanced input on clay mineralogical property of purple soil[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2016,36(6):1910-1915.(in Chinese).
[23]LIU JS,HU XM,HU CX,et al.Differences in soil fertility parameters between 1981 and 2006 in Jingzhou County,China associated with changes of agricultural practices[J].Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis,2011,42(20):2504-2514.
[24]BELLARBY J,BWJ S,HAYGARTH PM,et al.The stocks and flows of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium across a 30-year time series for agriculture in Huantai County,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,619:606-620.
[25]LI N.Effects of long-term fertilization on characteristics and effectiveness of potassium supply in brown soil[D].Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University,2012.(in Chinese).
[26]YOUSAF M,LI X,REN T,et al.Response of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilization on productivity and quality of winter rapeseed in central China[J].International Journal of Agriculture&Biology,2016,18(6):1137-1142.