Coupling the Common Land Model to ECHAM5 Atmospheric General Circulation Model
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摘要
The ECHAM5 model is coupled with the widely used Common Land Model(CoLM). ECHAM5 is a state-of-theart atmospheric general circulation model incorporated into the integrated weather and climate model of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(CAMS-CSM). Land surface schemes in ECHAM5 are simple and do not provide an adequate representation of the vegetation canopy and snow/frozen soil processes. Two AMIP(Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project)-type experiments using ECHAM5 and ECHAM5-CoLM are run over 30 yr and the results are compared with reanalysis and observational data. It is found that the pattern of land surface temperature simulated by ECHAM5-CoLM is significantly improved relative to ECHAM5. Specifically, the cold bias over Eurasia is removed and the root-mean-square error is reduced in most regions. The seasonal variation in the zonal mean land surface temperature and the in situ soil temperature at 20-and 80-cm depths are both better simulated by ECHAM5-CoLM. ECHAM5-CoLM produces a more reasonable spatial pattern in the soil moisture content, whereas ECHAM5 predicts much drier soils. The seasonal cycle of soil moisture content from ECHAM5-CoLM is a better match to the observational data in six specific regions. ECHAM5-CoLM reproduces the observed spatial patterns of both sensible and latent heat fluxes. The strong positive bias in precipitation over land is reduced in ECHAM5-CoLM, especially over the southern Tibetan Plateau and middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the summer monsoon rainy season.
The ECHAM5 model is coupled with the widely used Common Land Model(CoLM). ECHAM5 is a state-of-theart atmospheric general circulation model incorporated into the integrated weather and climate model of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(CAMS-CSM). Land surface schemes in ECHAM5 are simple and do not provide an adequate representation of the vegetation canopy and snow/frozen soil processes. Two AMIP(Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project)-type experiments using ECHAM5 and ECHAM5-CoLM are run over 30 yr and the results are compared with reanalysis and observational data. It is found that the pattern of land surface temperature simulated by ECHAM5-CoLM is significantly improved relative to ECHAM5. Specifically, the cold bias over Eurasia is removed and the root-mean-square error is reduced in most regions. The seasonal variation in the zonal mean land surface temperature and the in situ soil temperature at 20-and 80-cm depths are both better simulated by ECHAM5-CoLM. ECHAM5-CoLM produces a more reasonable spatial pattern in the soil moisture content, whereas ECHAM5 predicts much drier soils. The seasonal cycle of soil moisture content from ECHAM5-CoLM is a better match to the observational data in six specific regions. ECHAM5-CoLM reproduces the observed spatial patterns of both sensible and latent heat fluxes. The strong positive bias in precipitation over land is reduced in ECHAM5-CoLM, especially over the southern Tibetan Plateau and middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the summer monsoon rainy season.
The ECHAM5 model is coupled with the widely used Common Land Model(CoLM). ECHAM5 is a state-of-theart atmospheric general circulation model incorporated into the integrated weather and climate model of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(CAMS-CSM). Land surface schemes in ECHAM5 are simple and do not provide an adequate representation of the vegetation canopy and snow/frozen soil processes. Two AMIP(Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project)-type experiments using ECHAM5 and ECHAM5-CoLM are run over 30 yr and the results are compared with reanalysis and observational data. It is found that the pattern of land surface temperature simulated by ECHAM5-CoLM is significantly improved relative to ECHAM5. Specifically, the cold bias over Eurasia is removed and the root-mean-square error is reduced in most regions. The seasonal variation in the zonal mean land surface temperature and the in situ soil temperature at 20-and 80-cm depths are both better simulated by ECHAM5-CoLM. ECHAM5-CoLM produces a more reasonable spatial pattern in the soil moisture content, whereas ECHAM5 predicts much drier soils. The seasonal cycle of soil moisture content from ECHAM5-CoLM is a better match to the observational data in six specific regions. ECHAM5-CoLM reproduces the observed spatial patterns of both sensible and latent heat fluxes. The strong positive bias in precipitation over land is reduced in ECHAM5-CoLM, especially over the southern Tibetan Plateau and middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the summer monsoon rainy season.
引文
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Dai,Y.J.,R.E.Dickinson,and Y.-P.Wang,2004:A two-big-leaf model for canopy temperature,photosynthesis,and stomatal conductance.J.Climate,17,2281-2299,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2281:ATMFCT>2.0.CO;2.
Dai,Y.,S.G.Wei,Q.Y.Duan,et al.,2013:Development of a China dataset of soil hydraulic parameters using pedotransfer functions for land surface modeling.J.Hydrometeorol.,14,869-887,doi:10.1175/jhm-d-12-0149.1.
Dickinson,R.E.,A.Henderson-Sellers,and P.J.Kennedy,1993:Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme(BATS)Version 1e as Coupled to the NCAR Community Climate Model.NCARTechnical Note NCAR/TN-387+STR,National Center for Atmospheric Research,Boulder,CO,doi:10.5065/D67W6959.
Eyring,V.,S.Bony,G.A.Meehl,et al.,2016:Overview of the coupled model intercomparison project phase 6(CMIP6)experimental design and organization.Geosci.Mod.Dev.,9,1937-1958,doi:10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016.
Fan,Y.,and H.van den Dool,2004:Climate Prediction Center global monthly soil moisture data set at 0.5°resolution for1948 to present.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,109,D10102,doi:10.1029/2003JD004345.
Griffies,S.M.,2010:Elements of MOM4p1.GFDL Ocean Group Technical Report No.6,NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory,Princeton,444 pp.
IPCC,2013:Evaluation of climate models.Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis,Contribution of Working Group Ito the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change,T.F.Stocker,D.Qin,G.-K.Plattner,et al.,Eds.,Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,United Kingdom and New York,NY,USA.
Jetten,V.,A.de Roo,and D.Favis-Mortlock,1999:Evaluation of field-scale and catchment-scale soil erosion models.CATENA,37,521-541,doi:10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00037-5.
Jung,M.,M.Reichstein,H.A.Margolis,et al.,2011:Global patterns of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide,latent heat,and sensible heat derived from eddy covariance,satellite,and meteorological observations.J.Geophys.Res.Biogeosci.,116,G00J07,doi:10.1029/2010JG001566.
Kanamitsu,M.,W.Ebisuzaki,J.Woollen,et al.,2002:NCEP-DOE AMIP-II reanalysis(R-2).Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,83,1631-1643,doi:10.1175/BAMS-83-11-1631.
Kumar,S.,P.A.Dirmeyer,V.Merwade,et al.,2013:Land use/cover change impacts in CMIP5 climate simulations:Anew methodology and 21st century challenges.J.Geophys.Res.Atoms.,118,6337-6353,doi:10.1002/jgrd.50463.
Lee,X.,M.L.Goulden,D.Y.Hollinger,et al.,2011:Observed increase in local cooling effect of deforestation at higher latitudes.Nature,479,384-387,doi:10.1038/nature10588.
Li,H.Y.,C.B.Fu,and W.D.Guo,2017:An integrated evaluation of land surface energy fluxes over China in seven reanalysis/modeling products.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,122,8543-8566,doi:10.1002/2016JD026166.
Li,J.D.,Q.Y.Duan,W.Gong,et al.,2013:Assessing parameter importance of the Common Land Model based on qualitative and quantitative sensitivity analysis.Hydrol.Earth Syst.Sci.,17,3279-3293,doi:10.5194/hess-17-3279-2013.
Li,Y.,N.De Noblet-Ducoudré,E.L.Davin,et al.,2016:The role of spatial scale and background climate in the latitudinal temperature response to deforestation.Earth Syst.Dynam.,7,167-181,doi:10.5194/esd-7-167-2016.
Liang,X.,D.P.Lettenmaier,E.F.Wood,et al.,1994:A simple hydrologically based model of land surface water and energy fluxes for general circulation models.J.Geophys.Res.Atoms.,99,1415-1428,doi:10.1029/94JD00483.
Niu,G.Y.,Z.L.Yang,K.E.Mitchell,et al.,2011:The community Noah land surface model with multiparameterization options(Noah-MP):1.Model description and evaluation with local-scale measurements.J.Geophys.Res.Atoms.,116,D12109,doi:10.1029/2010JD015139.
Oleson,K.,D.M.Lawrence,G.B.Bonan,et al.,2010:Technical Description of Version 4.0 of the Community Land Model.NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-478+STR,National Center for Atmospheric Research,Boulder,Colorado,257 pp,doi:10.5065/D6FB50WZ..
Perrin,C.,C.Michel,and V.Andréassian,2001:Does a large number of parameters enhance model performance?Comparative assessment of common catchment model structures on429 catchments J.Hydrol.,242,275-301,doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00393-0.
Pitman,A.J.,N.de Noblet-Ducoudré,F.T.Cruz,et al.,2009:Uncertainties in climate responses to past land cover change:First results from the LUCID intercomparison study.Geophys.Res.Lett.,36,L14814,doi:10.1029/2009GL039076.
Roeckner,E.,G.B?uml,L.Bonaventura,et al.,2003:The Atmospheric General Circulation Model ECHAM 5.Part I:Model Description.MPI-Report No.349,MPI für Meteorologie,Hamburg,127 pp.
Roeckner,E.,R.Brokopf,M.Esch,et al.,2004:The Atmospheric General Circulation Model ECHAM5.Part II:Sensitivity of Simulated Climate to Horizontal and Vertical Resolution,MPI-Report No.354,MPI für Meteorologie,Hamburg,55 pp.
Rowntree,P.R.,1991:Atmospheric parameterization schemes for evaporation over land:Basic concepts and climate modeling aspects.Land Surface Evaporation:Measurement and Parameterization,T.J.Schmugge,and J.-C.André,Eds.,Springer,New York,5-29,doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3032-8_2.
Schlosser,C.A.,A.G.Slater,A.Robock,et al.,2000:Simulations of a boreal grassland hydrology at Valdai,Russia:PILPS Phase 2(d).Mon.Wea.Rev.,128,301-321,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0301:SOABGH>2.0.CO;2.
Slater,A.G.,C.A.Schlosser,C.E.Desborough,et al.,2001:The representation of snow in land-surface schemes:Results from PILPS 2(d).J.Hydrometeorol.,2,7-25,doi:10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002<0007:TROSIL>2.0.CO;2.
Stull,R.B.,1988:An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology.Kluwer Academic Publishers,Dordrecht,2831-2841.
Swann,A.L.S.,I.Y.Fung,and J.C.H.Chiang,2012:Mid-latitude afforestation shifts general circulation and tropical precipitation.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,109,712-716,doi:10.1073/pnas.1116706108.
Wei,J.F.,P.A.Dirmeyer,Z.C.Guo,et al.,2010:How much do different land models matter for climate simulation?Part I:Climatology and variability.J.Climate,23,3120-3134,doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3177.1.
Wei,J.F.,P.A.Dirmeyer,Z.L.Yang,et al.,2017:Effect of land model ensemble versus coupled model ensemble on the simulation of precipitation climatology and variability.Theor.Appl.Climatol.,134,793-800,doi:10.1007/s00704-017-2310-7.
Xue,Y.,P.J.Sellers,J.L.Kinter,et al.,1991:A simplified biosphere model for global climate studies.J.Climate,4,345-364,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004<0345:ASBMFG>2.0.CO;2.
Yu,R.C.,1994:A two-step shape preserving advection scheme.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,11,479-490,doi:10.1007/BF02658169.
Albergel,C.,P.De Rosnay,G.Balsamo,et al.,2012:Soil moisture analyses at ECMWF:Evaluation using global groundbased in situ observations.J.Hydrometeorol.,13,1442-1460,doi:10.1175/JHM-D-11-0107.1.
Balsamo,G.,S.Boussetta,E.Dutra,et al.,2011:Evolution of land-surface processes in the IFS.ECMWF Newslett.,127,17-22,doi:10.21957/x1j3i7bz.
Bonan,G.B.,1998:The land surface climatology of the NCARland surface model coupled to the NCAR community climate model.J.Climate,11,1307-1326,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<1307:TLSCOT>2.0.CO;2.
Chen,F.,K.Mitchell,J.Schaake,et al.,1996:Modeling of land surface evaporation by four schemes and comparison with FIFE observations.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,101,7251-7268,doi:10.1029/95JD02165.
Dai,Y.J.,X.B.Zeng,R.E.Dickinson,et al.,2003:The common land model.Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,84,1013-1023,doi:10.1175/BAMS-84-8-1013.
Dai,Y.J.,R.E.Dickinson,and Y.-P.Wang,2004:A two-big-leaf model for canopy temperature,photosynthesis,and stomatal conductance.J.Climate,17,2281-2299,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2281:ATMFCT>2.0.CO;2.
Dai,Y.,S.G.Wei,Q.Y.Duan,et al.,2013:Development of a China dataset of soil hydraulic parameters using pedotransfer functions for land surface modeling.J.Hydrometeorol.,14,869-887,doi:10.1175/jhm-d-12-0149.1.
Dickinson,R.E.,A.Henderson-Sellers,and P.J.Kennedy,1993:Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme(BATS)Version 1e as Coupled to the NCAR Community Climate Model.NCARTechnical Note NCAR/TN-387+STR,National Center for Atmospheric Research,Boulder,CO,doi:10.5065/D67W6959.
Eyring,V.,S.Bony,G.A.Meehl,et al.,2016:Overview of the coupled model intercomparison project phase 6(CMIP6)experimental design and organization.Geosci.Mod.Dev.,9,1937-1958,doi:10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016.
Fan,Y.,and H.van den Dool,2004:Climate Prediction Center global monthly soil moisture data set at 0.5°resolution for1948 to present.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,109,D10102,doi:10.1029/2003JD004345.
Griffies,S.M.,2010:Elements of MOM4p1.GFDL Ocean Group Technical Report No.6,NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory,Princeton,444 pp.
IPCC,2013:Evaluation of climate models.Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis,Contribution of Working Group Ito the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change,T.F.Stocker,D.Qin,G.-K.Plattner,et al.,Eds.,Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,United Kingdom and New York,NY,USA.
Jetten,V.,A.de Roo,and D.Favis-Mortlock,1999:Evaluation of field-scale and catchment-scale soil erosion models.CATENA,37,521-541,doi:10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00037-5.
Jung,M.,M.Reichstein,H.A.Margolis,et al.,2011:Global patterns of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide,latent heat,and sensible heat derived from eddy covariance,satellite,and meteorological observations.J.Geophys.Res.Biogeosci.,116,G00J07,doi:10.1029/2010JG001566.
Kanamitsu,M.,W.Ebisuzaki,J.Woollen,et al.,2002:NCEP-DOE AMIP-II reanalysis(R-2).Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,83,1631-1643,doi:10.1175/BAMS-83-11-1631.
Kumar,S.,P.A.Dirmeyer,V.Merwade,et al.,2013:Land use/cover change impacts in CMIP5 climate simulations:Anew methodology and 21st century challenges.J.Geophys.Res.Atoms.,118,6337-6353,doi:10.1002/jgrd.50463.
Lee,X.,M.L.Goulden,D.Y.Hollinger,et al.,2011:Observed increase in local cooling effect of deforestation at higher latitudes.Nature,479,384-387,doi:10.1038/nature10588.
Li,H.Y.,C.B.Fu,and W.D.Guo,2017:An integrated evaluation of land surface energy fluxes over China in seven reanalysis/modeling products.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,122,8543-8566,doi:10.1002/2016JD026166.
Li,J.D.,Q.Y.Duan,W.Gong,et al.,2013:Assessing parameter importance of the Common Land Model based on qualitative and quantitative sensitivity analysis.Hydrol.Earth Syst.Sci.,17,3279-3293,doi:10.5194/hess-17-3279-2013.
Li,Y.,N.De Noblet-Ducoudré,E.L.Davin,et al.,2016:The role of spatial scale and background climate in the latitudinal temperature response to deforestation.Earth Syst.Dynam.,7,167-181,doi:10.5194/esd-7-167-2016.
Liang,X.,D.P.Lettenmaier,E.F.Wood,et al.,1994:A simple hydrologically based model of land surface water and energy fluxes for general circulation models.J.Geophys.Res.Atoms.,99,1415-1428,doi:10.1029/94JD00483.
Niu,G.Y.,Z.L.Yang,K.E.Mitchell,et al.,2011:The community Noah land surface model with multiparameterization options(Noah-MP):1.Model description and evaluation with local-scale measurements.J.Geophys.Res.Atoms.,116,D12109,doi:10.1029/2010JD015139.
Oleson,K.,D.M.Lawrence,G.B.Bonan,et al.,2010:Technical Description of Version 4.0 of the Community Land Model.NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-478+STR,National Center for Atmospheric Research,Boulder,Colorado,257 pp,doi:10.5065/D6FB50WZ..
Perrin,C.,C.Michel,and V.Andréassian,2001:Does a large number of parameters enhance model performance?Comparative assessment of common catchment model structures on429 catchments J.Hydrol.,242,275-301,doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00393-0.
Pitman,A.J.,N.de Noblet-Ducoudré,F.T.Cruz,et al.,2009:Uncertainties in climate responses to past land cover change:First results from the LUCID intercomparison study.Geophys.Res.Lett.,36,L14814,doi:10.1029/2009GL039076.
Roeckner,E.,G.B?uml,L.Bonaventura,et al.,2003:The Atmospheric General Circulation Model ECHAM 5.Part I:Model Description.MPI-Report No.349,MPI für Meteorologie,Hamburg,127 pp.
Roeckner,E.,R.Brokopf,M.Esch,et al.,2004:The Atmospheric General Circulation Model ECHAM5.Part II:Sensitivity of Simulated Climate to Horizontal and Vertical Resolution,MPI-Report No.354,MPI für Meteorologie,Hamburg,55 pp.
Rowntree,P.R.,1991:Atmospheric parameterization schemes for evaporation over land:Basic concepts and climate modeling aspects.Land Surface Evaporation:Measurement and Parameterization,T.J.Schmugge,and J.-C.André,Eds.,Springer,New York,5-29,doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3032-8_2.
Schlosser,C.A.,A.G.Slater,A.Robock,et al.,2000:Simulations of a boreal grassland hydrology at Valdai,Russia:PILPS Phase 2(d).Mon.Wea.Rev.,128,301-321,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0301:SOABGH>2.0.CO;2.
Slater,A.G.,C.A.Schlosser,C.E.Desborough,et al.,2001:The representation of snow in land-surface schemes:Results from PILPS 2(d).J.Hydrometeorol.,2,7-25,doi:10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002<0007:TROSIL>2.0.CO;2.
Stull,R.B.,1988:An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology.Kluwer Academic Publishers,Dordrecht,2831-2841.
Swann,A.L.S.,I.Y.Fung,and J.C.H.Chiang,2012:Mid-latitude afforestation shifts general circulation and tropical precipitation.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,109,712-716,doi:10.1073/pnas.1116706108.
Wei,J.F.,P.A.Dirmeyer,Z.C.Guo,et al.,2010:How much do different land models matter for climate simulation?Part I:Climatology and variability.J.Climate,23,3120-3134,doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3177.1.
Wei,J.F.,P.A.Dirmeyer,Z.L.Yang,et al.,2017:Effect of land model ensemble versus coupled model ensemble on the simulation of precipitation climatology and variability.Theor.Appl.Climatol.,134,793-800,doi:10.1007/s00704-017-2310-7.
Xue,Y.,P.J.Sellers,J.L.Kinter,et al.,1991:A simplified biosphere model for global climate studies.J.Climate,4,345-364,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004<0345:ASBMFG>2.0.CO;2.
Yu,R.C.,1994:A two-step shape preserving advection scheme.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,11,479-490,doi:10.1007/BF02658169.