Investigation of rockfall-prone road cut slope near Lengpui Airport,Mizoram,India
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摘要
Rockfall is one of severe natural hazards that are frequently reported in northeast region of India. It carries rock block falling from the cliff with high velocities and energies which can result in damages to vehicles, disruption to transportation, injuries and fatalities. The massive rockfall event which occurred in April 2017 on the highway NH-44 A, near Lengpui Airport, blocked the traffic for 1 d, and fortunately,no casualties were reported as the event occurred in the night. This is the only highway connecting the Aizawl city to the airport and the region is highly prone to rockfall events. Hence assessment of rockfall along this highway is necessary. In the current study, rockfall hazard assessment has been carried out on three locations by rockfall hazard rating system(RHRS). During pre-failure analysis, the result shows that most hazardous slopes have RHRS score of 639. The slopes were found to be vulnerable and later on the rockfall activity occurred. Three-dimensional(3 D) stability analysis has been carried out using 3 DEC software package to analyze the failure behavior and to decide the rockfall-prone zone(unstable blocks)for slope. The total displacement of 2.24 cm and velocity of 2,25 mm/s of the failed block have been observed in the numerical analysis. Further, the rockfall vulnerable zone(unstable blocks) is considered to determine the parameters such as run-out distance, bounce height and energies of the falling rock blocks. The maximum total kinetic energy of 5047 kJ has been observed in the numerical analysis with the maximum run-out distance up to 18 m.
Rockfall is one of severe natural hazards that are frequently reported in northeast region of India. It carries rock block falling from the cliff with high velocities and energies which can result in damages to vehicles, disruption to transportation, injuries and fatalities. The massive rockfall event which occurred in April 2017 on the highway NH-44 A, near Lengpui Airport, blocked the traffic for 1 d, and fortunately,no casualties were reported as the event occurred in the night. This is the only highway connecting the Aizawl city to the airport and the region is highly prone to rockfall events. Hence assessment of rockfall along this highway is necessary. In the current study, rockfall hazard assessment has been carried out on three locations by rockfall hazard rating system(RHRS). During pre-failure analysis, the result shows that most hazardous slopes have RHRS score of 639. The slopes were found to be vulnerable and later on the rockfall activity occurred. Three-dimensional(3 D) stability analysis has been carried out using 3 DEC software package to analyze the failure behavior and to decide the rockfall-prone zone(unstable blocks)for slope. The total displacement of 2.24 cm and velocity of 2,25 mm/s of the failed block have been observed in the numerical analysis. Further, the rockfall vulnerable zone(unstable blocks) is considered to determine the parameters such as run-out distance, bounce height and energies of the falling rock blocks. The maximum total kinetic energy of 5047 kJ has been observed in the numerical analysis with the maximum run-out distance up to 18 m.
Rockfall is one of severe natural hazards that are frequently reported in northeast region of India. It carries rock block falling from the cliff with high velocities and energies which can result in damages to vehicles, disruption to transportation, injuries and fatalities. The massive rockfall event which occurred in April 2017 on the highway NH-44 A, near Lengpui Airport, blocked the traffic for 1 d, and fortunately,no casualties were reported as the event occurred in the night. This is the only highway connecting the Aizawl city to the airport and the region is highly prone to rockfall events. Hence assessment of rockfall along this highway is necessary. In the current study, rockfall hazard assessment has been carried out on three locations by rockfall hazard rating system(RHRS). During pre-failure analysis, the result shows that most hazardous slopes have RHRS score of 639. The slopes were found to be vulnerable and later on the rockfall activity occurred. Three-dimensional(3 D) stability analysis has been carried out using 3 DEC software package to analyze the failure behavior and to decide the rockfall-prone zone(unstable blocks)for slope. The total displacement of 2.24 cm and velocity of 2,25 mm/s of the failed block have been observed in the numerical analysis. Further, the rockfall vulnerable zone(unstable blocks) is considered to determine the parameters such as run-out distance, bounce height and energies of the falling rock blocks. The maximum total kinetic energy of 5047 kJ has been observed in the numerical analysis with the maximum run-out distance up to 18 m.
引文
Ahmad M, Umrao RK, Ansari MK, Singh R, Singh TN. Assessment of rockfall hazard along the road cut slopes of state highway-72, Maharashtra, India. Geomaterials2013;3(1):15-23.
Agliardi F, Crosta GB. High resolution three-dimensional numerical modelling of rockfalls. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences2003;40(4):455-71.
AASHTO. A policy on geometric design of highways and streets. Washington:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO);1994.
AASHTO. A policy on geometric design of highways and streets(the green book).Washington:AASHTO; 2004.
Ansari MK, Ahmad M, Singh R, Singh TN. Rockfall assessment near saptashrungi gad temple, Nashik, Maharashtra, India. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2012;2:77-83.
Ansari MK, Ahmad M, Singh R, Singh TN. Rockfall hazard rating system along SH-72:a case study of Poladpur-Mahabaleshwar road(Western India), Maharashtra, India. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 2016;7(2):649-66.
Barton N. The shear strength of rock and rock joints. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences&Geomechanics Abstracts 1976;13(9):255-79.
Brawner CO, Wyllie D. Rock slope stability on railway projects. Area Bulletin1976;656:449-74.
Budetta P. Assessment of rockfall risk along roads. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 2004;4(1):71-81.
Cruden DM, Varnes DJ. Chapter 3-Landslide types and processes. In:Landslides:investigation and mitigation. Transportation Research Board; 1996. p. 36-75.
Cundall PA. Formulation of a three-dimensional distinct element model. Part I. A scheme to detect and represent contacts in a system composed of many polyhedral blocks. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences&Geomechanics Abstracts 1988;25(3):107-16.
Dorren LK. A review of rockfall mechanics and modelling approaches. Progress in Physical Geography 2003;27(1):69-87.
Dorren LK, Berger F, Putters US. Real-size experiments and 3-D simulation of rockfall on forested and non-forested slopes. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 2006;6(1):145-53.
Dadashzadeh N, Duzgun HS, Yesiloglu-Gultekin N, Bilgin A. Comparison of lumped mass and rigid body rockfall simulation models for the Mardin Castle, Turkey.In:Proceedings of the 48th US rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium.American Rock Mechanics Association; 2014.
Douglas GR. Magnitude frequency study of rockfall in Co. Antrim, N. Ireland. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 1980;5(2):123-9.
Evans SG, Hungr O. The assessment of rockfall hazard at the base of talus slopes.Canadian Geotechnical Journal 1993;30(4):620-36.
Fell R, Corominas J, Bonnard C, Cascini L, Leroi E, Savage WZ. Guidelines for landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk zoning for land use planning. Engineering Geology 2008;102(3):85-98.
Ferrari F, Giacomini A, Thoeni K. Qualitative rockfall hazard assessment:a comprehensive review of current practices. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 2016;49(7):2865-922.
Fischer L, Amann F, Moore JR, Huggel C. Assessment of periglacial slope stability for the 1988 Tschierva rock avalanche(Piz Morteratsch, Switzerland). Engineering Geology 2010;116(1-2):32-43.
Gischig V, Amann F, Moore JR, Loew S, Eisenbeiss H, Stempfhuber W. Composite rock slope kinematics at the current Randa instability, Switzerland, based on remote sensing and numerical modeling. Engineering Geology 2011;118(1-2):37-53.
Guzzetti F, Carrara A, Cardinali M, Reichenbach P. Landslide hazard evaluation:a review of current techniques and their application in a multi-scale study,Central Italy. Geomorphology 1999;31(1):181-216.
Guzzetti F, Reichenbach P, Ardizzone F, Cardinali M, Galli M. Estimating the quality of landslide susceptibility models. Geomorphology 2006;81(1-2):166-84.
Hoek E. Putting numbers to geology:an engineer's viewpoint. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 1999;32(1):1-9.
Itasca. 3DEC-3 dimensional discrete element code, Version 5.2, User's manual.Minneapolis, USA:Itasca Consulting Group Inc.; 2016.
Jennings JE. A mathematical theory for the calculation of the stability of slopes in open cast mines. In:Proceedings of the planning open pit mines. A.A. Balkema;1970. p. 87-102.
Jin F, Zhang C, Hu W, Wang J. 3D mode discrete element method:elastic model.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 2011;48(1):59-66.
Kesari GK. Geology and mineral resources of Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. Geological Survey of India, Government of India; 2011. Publication No. 30.
Kumar N, Verma AK, Sardana S, Sarkar K, Singh TN. Comparative analysis of limit equilibrium and numerical methods for prediction of a landslide. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 2018;77(2):595-608.
Kundu J, Sarkar K, Tripathy A, Singh TN. Qualitative stability assessment of cut slopes along the National Highway-05 around Jhakri area, Himachal Pradesh,India. Journal of Earth System Science 2017; 126(8):112.
Kulhawy FH. Stress deformation properties of rock and rock discontinuities. Engineering Geology 1975;9(4):327-50.
Lallianthanga RK, Lalbiakmawia F, Lalramchuana F. Landslide hazard zonation of Mamit town, Mizoram, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques.International Journal of Geology, Earth and Environmental Sciences2013;3(1):148-94.
Matsuoka N, Sakai H. Rockfall activity from an alpine cliff during thawing periods.Geomorphology 1999;28(3-4):309-28.
McCarroll D, Shakesby RA, Matthews JA. Spatial and temporal patterns of late Holocene rockfall activity on a Norwegian talus slope:a lichenometric and simulation-modeling approach. Arctic and Alpine Research 1998;30(1):51-60.
Perret S, Dolf F, Kienholz H. Rockfalls into forests:analysis and simulation of rockfall trajectories-considerations with respect to mountainous forests in Switzerland. Landslides 2004;1(2):123-30.
Pierson LA, Davis SA, Van Vickle R. Rockfall hazard rating system implementation manual. Federal highway administration report No. FHWA-OR-EG-90-01.United States Department of Transportation; 1990.
Pierson LA, Van Vickle R. Rockfall hazard rating system. Transportation Research Record 1992;(1343):6-13.
Pierson LA, Van Vickle R. Rockfall hazard rating system:participants'manual.Report No. FHWA-SA-93-057. Federal Highway Administration; 1993.
Pierson LA, Beckstrand DL, Black BA. Rockfall hazard classification and mitigation system. Final Report No. FHWA/MT-05-011/8176. Montana Department of Transportation; 2005.
Ritchie AM. Evaluation of rockfall and its control. Highway Research Record1963;(17):13-28.
Sardana S, Jha MK, Verma AK. Assessment of rockfall activity along the road cut slope in Himalayan region:a case study. In:Proceedings of the Indian geotechnical conference 2017. Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; 2017.
Sardana S, Verma AK. Qualitative assessment of road cut slope in the northeast region of India-a case study. In:Proceedings of the 7th Indian rock conference;2017. p. 284-9.
Sarkar K, Singh TN, Verma AK. A numerical simulation of landslide-prone slope in Himalayan region:a case study. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2012;5(1):73-81.
Sarkar K, Singh AK, Niyogi A, Behera PK, Verma AK, Singh TN. The assessment of slope stability along NH-22 in Rampur-Jhakri Area, Himachal Pradesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India 2016;88(3):387-93.
Singh PK, Wasnik AB, Kainthola A, Sazid M, Singh TN. The stability of road cut cliff face along SH-121:a case study. Natural hazards 2013;68(2):497-507.
Singh TN, Verma AK. Evaluating the slope instability of the amiya slide. In:Proceedings of the 1st Canada-US rock mechanics symposium. American Rock Mechanics Association; 2007.
Valagussa A, Frattini P, Crosta GB. Earthquake-induced rockfall hazard zoning.Engineering Geology 2014;182:213-25.
Vandewater CJ, Dunne WM, Mauldon M, Drumm EC, Bateman V. Classifying and assessing the geologic contribution to rockfall hazard. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 2005;11(2):141-54.
Varnes DJ. Landslide hazard zonation:a review of principles and practice. Paris:The UNESCO Press; 1984.
Verma AK, Singh TN. Assessment of tunnel instability:a numerical approach.Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2010;3(2):181-92.
Verma AK, Singh TN, Chauhan NK, Sarkar K. A hybrid FEM-ANN approach for slope instability prediction. Journal of the Institution of Engineers(India):Series A2016;97(3):171-80.
Verma AK, Sardana S, Singh TN, Kumar N. Rockfall analysis and optimized design of rockfall barrier along a strategic road near Solang Valley, Himachal Pradesh,India. Indian Geotechnical Journal 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-018-0330-6.
Vijayakumar S, Yacoub T, Curran J. A study of rock shape and slope irregularity on rock fall impact distance. In:Proceedings of the 45th US rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium. American Rock Mechanics Association; 2011.
Wang X, Zhang L, Wang S, Agliardi F, Frattini P, Crosta GB, Yang Z. Field investigation and rockfall hazard zonation at the Shijing Mountains Sutra caves cultural heritage(China). Environmental Earth Sciences 2012;66(7):1897-908.
Wei LW, Chen H, Lee CF, Huang WK, Lin ML, Chi CC, Lin HH. The mechanism of rockfall disaster:a case study from Badouzih, Keelung, in northern Taiwan.Engineering Geology 2014;183:116-26.
Wieczorek GF, Jager S. Triggering mechanisms and depositional rates of postglacial slope-movement processes in the Yosemite Valley, California. Geomorphology1996;15(1):17-31.
Wieczorek GF, Nishenko SP, Varnes DJ. Analysis of rock falls in the yosemite valley,California. In:Daemen JJ, Schultz RA, editors. Proceedings of the 35th US symposium on rock mechanics. American Rock Mechanics Association; 1995. p. 85-9.
Wieczorek GF, Snyder JB, Waitt RB, Morrissey MM, Uhrhammer RA, Harp EL,Norris RD, Bursik MI, Finewood LG. Unusual July 10, 1996, rock fall at happy isles, yosemite national park, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin2000;112(1):75-85.
Wyllie DC. Rock fall engineering. CRC Press; 2014.
Wyllie DC, Mah C. Rock slope engineering. CRC Press; 2014.
Zhang C, Hou Y, Jin F, Wang G, Zhang C. Analysis of arch dam-abutment stability by3D deformable distinct elements. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 2006;25(6):1226-32[in Chinese].
Agliardi F, Crosta GB. High resolution three-dimensional numerical modelling of rockfalls. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences2003;40(4):455-71.
AASHTO. A policy on geometric design of highways and streets. Washington:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO);1994.
AASHTO. A policy on geometric design of highways and streets(the green book).Washington:AASHTO; 2004.
Ansari MK, Ahmad M, Singh R, Singh TN. Rockfall assessment near saptashrungi gad temple, Nashik, Maharashtra, India. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2012;2:77-83.
Ansari MK, Ahmad M, Singh R, Singh TN. Rockfall hazard rating system along SH-72:a case study of Poladpur-Mahabaleshwar road(Western India), Maharashtra, India. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 2016;7(2):649-66.
Barton N. The shear strength of rock and rock joints. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences&Geomechanics Abstracts 1976;13(9):255-79.
Brawner CO, Wyllie D. Rock slope stability on railway projects. Area Bulletin1976;656:449-74.
Budetta P. Assessment of rockfall risk along roads. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 2004;4(1):71-81.
Cruden DM, Varnes DJ. Chapter 3-Landslide types and processes. In:Landslides:investigation and mitigation. Transportation Research Board; 1996. p. 36-75.
Cundall PA. Formulation of a three-dimensional distinct element model. Part I. A scheme to detect and represent contacts in a system composed of many polyhedral blocks. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences&Geomechanics Abstracts 1988;25(3):107-16.
Dorren LK. A review of rockfall mechanics and modelling approaches. Progress in Physical Geography 2003;27(1):69-87.
Dorren LK, Berger F, Putters US. Real-size experiments and 3-D simulation of rockfall on forested and non-forested slopes. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 2006;6(1):145-53.
Dadashzadeh N, Duzgun HS, Yesiloglu-Gultekin N, Bilgin A. Comparison of lumped mass and rigid body rockfall simulation models for the Mardin Castle, Turkey.In:Proceedings of the 48th US rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium.American Rock Mechanics Association; 2014.
Douglas GR. Magnitude frequency study of rockfall in Co. Antrim, N. Ireland. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 1980;5(2):123-9.
Evans SG, Hungr O. The assessment of rockfall hazard at the base of talus slopes.Canadian Geotechnical Journal 1993;30(4):620-36.
Fell R, Corominas J, Bonnard C, Cascini L, Leroi E, Savage WZ. Guidelines for landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk zoning for land use planning. Engineering Geology 2008;102(3):85-98.
Ferrari F, Giacomini A, Thoeni K. Qualitative rockfall hazard assessment:a comprehensive review of current practices. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 2016;49(7):2865-922.
Fischer L, Amann F, Moore JR, Huggel C. Assessment of periglacial slope stability for the 1988 Tschierva rock avalanche(Piz Morteratsch, Switzerland). Engineering Geology 2010;116(1-2):32-43.
Gischig V, Amann F, Moore JR, Loew S, Eisenbeiss H, Stempfhuber W. Composite rock slope kinematics at the current Randa instability, Switzerland, based on remote sensing and numerical modeling. Engineering Geology 2011;118(1-2):37-53.
Guzzetti F, Carrara A, Cardinali M, Reichenbach P. Landslide hazard evaluation:a review of current techniques and their application in a multi-scale study,Central Italy. Geomorphology 1999;31(1):181-216.
Guzzetti F, Reichenbach P, Ardizzone F, Cardinali M, Galli M. Estimating the quality of landslide susceptibility models. Geomorphology 2006;81(1-2):166-84.
Hoek E. Putting numbers to geology:an engineer's viewpoint. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 1999;32(1):1-9.
Itasca. 3DEC-3 dimensional discrete element code, Version 5.2, User's manual.Minneapolis, USA:Itasca Consulting Group Inc.; 2016.
Jennings JE. A mathematical theory for the calculation of the stability of slopes in open cast mines. In:Proceedings of the planning open pit mines. A.A. Balkema;1970. p. 87-102.
Jin F, Zhang C, Hu W, Wang J. 3D mode discrete element method:elastic model.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 2011;48(1):59-66.
Kesari GK. Geology and mineral resources of Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. Geological Survey of India, Government of India; 2011. Publication No. 30.
Kumar N, Verma AK, Sardana S, Sarkar K, Singh TN. Comparative analysis of limit equilibrium and numerical methods for prediction of a landslide. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 2018;77(2):595-608.
Kundu J, Sarkar K, Tripathy A, Singh TN. Qualitative stability assessment of cut slopes along the National Highway-05 around Jhakri area, Himachal Pradesh,India. Journal of Earth System Science 2017; 126(8):112.
Kulhawy FH. Stress deformation properties of rock and rock discontinuities. Engineering Geology 1975;9(4):327-50.
Lallianthanga RK, Lalbiakmawia F, Lalramchuana F. Landslide hazard zonation of Mamit town, Mizoram, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques.International Journal of Geology, Earth and Environmental Sciences2013;3(1):148-94.
Matsuoka N, Sakai H. Rockfall activity from an alpine cliff during thawing periods.Geomorphology 1999;28(3-4):309-28.
McCarroll D, Shakesby RA, Matthews JA. Spatial and temporal patterns of late Holocene rockfall activity on a Norwegian talus slope:a lichenometric and simulation-modeling approach. Arctic and Alpine Research 1998;30(1):51-60.
Perret S, Dolf F, Kienholz H. Rockfalls into forests:analysis and simulation of rockfall trajectories-considerations with respect to mountainous forests in Switzerland. Landslides 2004;1(2):123-30.
Pierson LA, Davis SA, Van Vickle R. Rockfall hazard rating system implementation manual. Federal highway administration report No. FHWA-OR-EG-90-01.United States Department of Transportation; 1990.
Pierson LA, Van Vickle R. Rockfall hazard rating system. Transportation Research Record 1992;(1343):6-13.
Pierson LA, Van Vickle R. Rockfall hazard rating system:participants'manual.Report No. FHWA-SA-93-057. Federal Highway Administration; 1993.
Pierson LA, Beckstrand DL, Black BA. Rockfall hazard classification and mitigation system. Final Report No. FHWA/MT-05-011/8176. Montana Department of Transportation; 2005.
Ritchie AM. Evaluation of rockfall and its control. Highway Research Record1963;(17):13-28.
Sardana S, Jha MK, Verma AK. Assessment of rockfall activity along the road cut slope in Himalayan region:a case study. In:Proceedings of the Indian geotechnical conference 2017. Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; 2017.
Sardana S, Verma AK. Qualitative assessment of road cut slope in the northeast region of India-a case study. In:Proceedings of the 7th Indian rock conference;2017. p. 284-9.
Sarkar K, Singh TN, Verma AK. A numerical simulation of landslide-prone slope in Himalayan region:a case study. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2012;5(1):73-81.
Sarkar K, Singh AK, Niyogi A, Behera PK, Verma AK, Singh TN. The assessment of slope stability along NH-22 in Rampur-Jhakri Area, Himachal Pradesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India 2016;88(3):387-93.
Singh PK, Wasnik AB, Kainthola A, Sazid M, Singh TN. The stability of road cut cliff face along SH-121:a case study. Natural hazards 2013;68(2):497-507.
Singh TN, Verma AK. Evaluating the slope instability of the amiya slide. In:Proceedings of the 1st Canada-US rock mechanics symposium. American Rock Mechanics Association; 2007.
Valagussa A, Frattini P, Crosta GB. Earthquake-induced rockfall hazard zoning.Engineering Geology 2014;182:213-25.
Vandewater CJ, Dunne WM, Mauldon M, Drumm EC, Bateman V. Classifying and assessing the geologic contribution to rockfall hazard. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 2005;11(2):141-54.
Varnes DJ. Landslide hazard zonation:a review of principles and practice. Paris:The UNESCO Press; 1984.
Verma AK, Singh TN. Assessment of tunnel instability:a numerical approach.Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2010;3(2):181-92.
Verma AK, Singh TN, Chauhan NK, Sarkar K. A hybrid FEM-ANN approach for slope instability prediction. Journal of the Institution of Engineers(India):Series A2016;97(3):171-80.
Verma AK, Sardana S, Singh TN, Kumar N. Rockfall analysis and optimized design of rockfall barrier along a strategic road near Solang Valley, Himachal Pradesh,India. Indian Geotechnical Journal 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-018-0330-6.
Vijayakumar S, Yacoub T, Curran J. A study of rock shape and slope irregularity on rock fall impact distance. In:Proceedings of the 45th US rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium. American Rock Mechanics Association; 2011.
Wang X, Zhang L, Wang S, Agliardi F, Frattini P, Crosta GB, Yang Z. Field investigation and rockfall hazard zonation at the Shijing Mountains Sutra caves cultural heritage(China). Environmental Earth Sciences 2012;66(7):1897-908.
Wei LW, Chen H, Lee CF, Huang WK, Lin ML, Chi CC, Lin HH. The mechanism of rockfall disaster:a case study from Badouzih, Keelung, in northern Taiwan.Engineering Geology 2014;183:116-26.
Wieczorek GF, Jager S. Triggering mechanisms and depositional rates of postglacial slope-movement processes in the Yosemite Valley, California. Geomorphology1996;15(1):17-31.
Wieczorek GF, Nishenko SP, Varnes DJ. Analysis of rock falls in the yosemite valley,California. In:Daemen JJ, Schultz RA, editors. Proceedings of the 35th US symposium on rock mechanics. American Rock Mechanics Association; 1995. p. 85-9.
Wieczorek GF, Snyder JB, Waitt RB, Morrissey MM, Uhrhammer RA, Harp EL,Norris RD, Bursik MI, Finewood LG. Unusual July 10, 1996, rock fall at happy isles, yosemite national park, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin2000;112(1):75-85.
Wyllie DC. Rock fall engineering. CRC Press; 2014.
Wyllie DC, Mah C. Rock slope engineering. CRC Press; 2014.
Zhang C, Hou Y, Jin F, Wang G, Zhang C. Analysis of arch dam-abutment stability by3D deformable distinct elements. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 2006;25(6):1226-32[in Chinese].