薄层复合膜的纳米改性:设计、制备及应用
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摘要
以纳滤、反渗透、正渗透为代表的膜技术是目前高端水回用和海水淡化领域的主要技术,但是能源消耗高、分离效率低以及防污抗菌性差等已成为制约膜技术全面应用的主要因素。本文以薄层复合膜为讨论对象,以纳米材料对膜结构和性能的影响为主线,详细介绍了不同类型纳米材料的种类及选取原则、纳米材料的掺杂方式以及掺杂过程中可能遇到的主要问题及解决方法。指出薄层复合膜的纳米改性不仅可以优化膜结构及其物理化学性质(如亲水性、孔隙率、电荷密度、热和机械稳定性),还可以赋予膜某些特定的功能(如抗菌、光催化或吸附能力),从而满足特定的水处理应用需求。最后指出克服纳米材料团聚、解决分散性及相容性的问题是开发新一代高性能分离膜未来的主要研究方向。
Membrane-based filtration is the current leading technology for high-end water treatment processes. Nevertheless, the high energy consumption, the "trade-off"relationship between permeability and selectivity, and the low antifouling/antibacterial properties of membranes are challenges that hindertheir wide spread industrial-scale application. This review summarizes state-of-the-art nanomaterials andthe selection principles of them for the fabrication of nanocomposite membranes. An overview on thedesalination properties, including separation performance, antifouling/antibacterial characteristics, chlorineresistance, concentration polarization effect, are compared and summarized. Challenges, future research directions, and perspectives on developing high performance nanocomposite membranes are illustrated in detail. It is implicated that more efforts are still needed for the development of next-generation desalination membranes, particularly in the agglomeration, dispersibility, and compatibility of the nanomaterials.
Membrane-based filtration is the current leading technology for high-end water treatment processes. Nevertheless, the high energy consumption, the "trade-off"relationship between permeability and selectivity, and the low antifouling/antibacterial properties of membranes are challenges that hindertheir wide spread industrial-scale application. This review summarizes state-of-the-art nanomaterials andthe selection principles of them for the fabrication of nanocomposite membranes. An overview on thedesalination properties, including separation performance, antifouling/antibacterial characteristics, chlorineresistance, concentration polarization effect, are compared and summarized. Challenges, future research directions, and perspectives on developing high performance nanocomposite membranes are illustrated in detail. It is implicated that more efforts are still needed for the development of next-generation desalination membranes, particularly in the agglomeration, dispersibility, and compatibility of the nanomaterials.
引文
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