华北及毗邻地区近代苜蓿栽培利用考述
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摘要
华北及毗邻地区是我国近代农业变革的重要区域,受西学东渐的影响,农业技术有明显的进步。苜蓿作为华北及毗邻地区(河北、察哈尔、北平、天津、河南、山西、绥远、山东及苏北地区)的重要作物或饲草,在变革的农业发展中,苜蓿亦得到发展。采用植物考据学方法与原理,结合近现代研究成果,对华北及毗邻地区近代苜蓿的栽培利用状况进行了初步考证。结果表明,齐如山考释了华北地区苜蓿的方言,发现该地区常将苜蓿读为木须。据不完全考查,该区域近代大约有73个县(厅、地区)有苜蓿种植,其中以山东最多,达27个县,河北次之,达19个县,山西第三,达11个县,3个省占总数的78.0%。由于华北及毗邻地区近代苜蓿的种植,都形成了地方苜蓿品种,如晋南苜蓿、蔚县苜蓿、无棣苜蓿及淮阴苜蓿等。在华北地区为了发展苜蓿,政府也出台了若干项鼓励种植苜蓿的政策。苜蓿是华北及毗邻地区极好的饲草,常以花草的形式饲喂家畜,在苜蓿幼嫩时亦是很好的蔬菜。在近代盐碱地改良中,苜蓿发挥着重要作用,在山东和苏北盐垦区都有苜蓿种植。苜蓿是其主要播种形式,并注意到了播种床的精耕细作,本地区苜蓿一年刈割3次,用钐镰刈割。苜蓿种一次可使用10余年,但苜蓿怕积水。
North China and its adjacent areas are major centres of 20 th century agricultural transformation in China. Obvious changes in agricultural technology were evident, partly driven by Western learning spreading to the East. Alfalfa is a major forage crop in North China and its adjacent areas(Hebei, Chahar, Beiping, Tianjin, Henan, Shanxi, Suiyuan, Shandong and Northern Jiangsu), and played an important role in this agricultural development. The article synthesises textual criticism of agriculture-related works and scientific information from modern research, to understand the evolution of the cultivation and utilization of alfalfa in North China and adjacent regions in the modern times. We found that Qi Ru-shan examined the dialectal rendition of alfalfa in North China, and noted that alfalfa was often read as Kisu, rather than Mùxu. According to our incomplete examination of the records, alfalfa was planted in 72 counties(offices and districts) in North China in recent years. Shandong had the highest count(27 Counties), followed by Hebei(19 Counties), and Shanxi(11 Counties). These three Provinces account for 78% of the total records. Because alfalfa has been cultivated in the region for more than a millennium, some local varieties have emerged, including ‘Jinnan', ‘Weixian', ‘Wudi' and ‘Huaiyin', among others. In order to facilitate alfalfa planting in North China, the government has also created a number of policies to encourage alfalfa planting. Alfalfa has a growth pattern well suited to the climate in the North China region, and is both fed to livestock during the growing season and conserved as hay. When young, alfalfa is also suitable for human consumption. Alfalfa also plays an important role in the improvement of land with saline or alkaline soils, especially in the Shandong saline soil reclamation area and Northern Jiangsu saline soil reclamation areas. Alfalfa is normally cultivated by sowing seed in a well prepared seed bed of fine tilth. Once established, it is typically cut three times a year, with a sickle bar mower. Alfalfa stands can persist for more than 10 years, but stand longevity is reduced by waterlogging.
North China and its adjacent areas are major centres of 20 th century agricultural transformation in China. Obvious changes in agricultural technology were evident, partly driven by Western learning spreading to the East. Alfalfa is a major forage crop in North China and its adjacent areas(Hebei, Chahar, Beiping, Tianjin, Henan, Shanxi, Suiyuan, Shandong and Northern Jiangsu), and played an important role in this agricultural development. The article synthesises textual criticism of agriculture-related works and scientific information from modern research, to understand the evolution of the cultivation and utilization of alfalfa in North China and adjacent regions in the modern times. We found that Qi Ru-shan examined the dialectal rendition of alfalfa in North China, and noted that alfalfa was often read as Kisu, rather than Mùxu. According to our incomplete examination of the records, alfalfa was planted in 72 counties(offices and districts) in North China in recent years. Shandong had the highest count(27 Counties), followed by Hebei(19 Counties), and Shanxi(11 Counties). These three Provinces account for 78% of the total records. Because alfalfa has been cultivated in the region for more than a millennium, some local varieties have emerged, including ‘Jinnan', ‘Weixian', ‘Wudi' and ‘Huaiyin', among others. In order to facilitate alfalfa planting in North China, the government has also created a number of policies to encourage alfalfa planting. Alfalfa has a growth pattern well suited to the climate in the North China region, and is both fed to livestock during the growing season and conserved as hay. When young, alfalfa is also suitable for human consumption. Alfalfa also plays an important role in the improvement of land with saline or alkaline soils, especially in the Shandong saline soil reclamation area and Northern Jiangsu saline soil reclamation areas. Alfalfa is normally cultivated by sowing seed in a well prepared seed bed of fine tilth. Once established, it is typically cut three times a year, with a sickle bar mower. Alfalfa stands can persist for more than 10 years, but stand longevity is reduced by waterlogging.
引文
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[8] Sun Q Z,Liu Q,Tao Y,et al.Textual research of Zhang Qian of alfalfa introduced into China at Han Dynasty.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(10):180-190.孙启忠,柳茜,陶雅,等.张骞与汉代苜蓿引入考述.草业学报,2016,25(10):180-190.
[9] Sun Q Z,Liu Q,Tao Y,et al.Research on the introduction of alfalfa into China during the Han Dynasty.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(12):194-205.孙启忠,柳茜,陶雅,等.汉代苜蓿传入我国的时间考述.草业学报,2016,25(12):194-205.
[10] Sun Q Z,Liu Q,Li F,et al.Chinese ancient alfalfa species test.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2018,27(8):155-174.孙启忠,柳茜,李峰,等.我国古代苜蓿物种考述.草业学报,2018,27(8):155-174.
[11] Sun Q Z,Liu Q,Li F,et al.Alfalfa in ancient china:Botanical aspects.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(5):202-213.孙启忠,柳茜,李峰,等.我国古代苜蓿的植物学研究考.草业学报,2016,25(5):202-213.
[12] Sun Q Z,Liu Q,Tao Y,et al.Biological research on alfalfa in modern China.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2017,26(2):208-214.孙启忠,柳茜,陶雅,等.我国近代苜蓿生物学研究考述.草业学报,2017,26(2):208-214.
[13] Sun Q Z,Liu Q,Tao Y,et al.Research on alfalfa planting in Han,Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2017,26(11):185-195.孙启忠,柳茜,陶雅,等.两汉魏晋南北朝时期苜蓿种植利用刍考.草业学报,2017,26(11):185-195.
[14] Sun Q Z,Liu Q,Tao Y,et al.Five Dynasties period of alfalfa cultivation and utilization of test.Acta prataculturae Sinica,2018,27(9):183-193.孙启忠,柳茜,陶雅,等.隋唐五代时期苜蓿栽培利用刍考.草业学报,2018,27(9):183-193.
[15] Sun Q Z,Liu Q,Tao Y,et al.The use of alfalfa cultivation in China.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2018,27(10):204-214.孙启忠,柳茜,陶雅,等.我国明代苜蓿栽培利用刍考.草业学报,2018,27(10):204-214.
[16] Sun Q Z,Liu Q,Tao Y,et al.Research on the cultivation and utilization of alfalfa in modern China.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2017,26(1):178-186.孙启忠,柳茜,陶雅,等.我国近代苜蓿栽培利用研究考述.草业学报,2017,26(1):178-186.
[17] Sun Q Z,Liu Q,Li F,et al.Textual research of alfalfa records in local chronicles between Ming and Qing Dynasty.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2017,26(9):176-188.孙启忠,柳茜,李峰,等.明清时期方志中的苜蓿考.草业学报,2017,26(9):176-188.
[18] Sun Q Z,Liu Q,Tao Y,et al.Textual research on alfalfa in local records of the period of the Minguo.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2017,26(10):219-226.孙启忠,柳茜,陶雅,等.民国时期方志中的苜蓿考.草业学报,2017,26(10):219-226.
[19] Sun Q Z,Liu Q,Tao Y,et al.During the period of the republic of alfalfa cultivation in Northwest China using a test.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2018,27(7):187-195.孙启忠,柳茜,陶雅,等.民国时期西北地区苜蓿栽培利用刍考.草业学报,2018,27(7):187-195.
[20] Sun Q Z.Alfalfa classic.Beijing:Science Press,2016.孙启忠.苜蓿经.北京:科学出版社,2016.
[21] Sun Q Z.Alfalfa Fu.Beijing:Science Press,2017.孙启忠.苜蓿赋.北京:科学出版社,2017.
[22] Qi R S.The rural areas of North China.Shenyang:Liaoning Education Press,2007.齐如山.华北的农村.沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,2007.
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