黄土高原区草粮(油)翻耕轮作的土壤水分及作物产量效应
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摘要
为了评价苜蓿翻耕后进行不同轮作模式的水分适应性和经济效益,提出黄土高原区生态效益和经济效应较好的草田轮作模式。该文测定了6a生苜蓿草地翻耕后轮作农田和休闲地的土壤水分及作物产量,并进行经济效益分析。结果表明,不同草田轮作模式的土壤水分恢复作用存在差异。苜蓿地轮作第2年收获后,以苜蓿-休闲-休闲模式土壤水分状况最好,0～300cm土层土壤水分已接近连作农田水平,且100～340cm土层土壤水分较耕前出现了恢复现象;而苜蓿-冬小麦-冬小麦模式最差,土壤水分恢复层出现在120～320cm土层;6a生苜蓿地翻耕后经过2a轮作,0～500cm土层土壤水分仍未达到连作农田水平。轮作2a冬油菜平均籽粒产量和平均籽粒水分利用效率较连作冬油菜分别增加了34.9%、44.4%(P<0.05),轮作2a冬小麦平均籽粒产量和平均籽粒水分利用效率较连作冬小麦分别提高了45.0%、42.9%(P<0.05);效益分析表明,轮作2a冬小麦的平均产投比是连作2a冬小麦的近1.5倍,是轮作2a冬油菜的2.5倍,是连作2a冬油菜的3.4倍,6a生苜蓿地翻耕后轮作冬小麦比轮作冬油菜具有更高经济效益。该研究结果为黄土高原苜蓿草地可持续利用,建立稳定的旱地农业生态系统提供了理论依据。
In order to evaluate the water adaptability and economic benefit in different rotation systems,and put forward the suitable alfalfa-crop rotation model for the Loess Plateau,the soil moisture and crop yield were investigated,,while the economic benefit of the crop rotation field and fallow land was analyzed after plowing the 6-growth-old alfalfa grassland.The results showed that different alfalfa-crop rotation patterns had differences in restoring the soil moisture.After the post-harvest of the second year,alfalfa-rotation and alfalfa-leisure-leisure modes exhibited the best water eco-environment,soil moisture of which in 0-300 cm layer was close to continuous cropping;the soil moisture recovery layer appeared in 100-340 cm compared with the pre-stage of plowing alfalfa,but alfalfa-winter wheat-winter wheat mode had the worst water eco-environment and its soil moisture recovery layer appeared in 120-320 cm.After plowing the 6-growth-old alfalfa grassland,the soil moisture in 0-500 cm layer of two years for alfalfa-crop rotation was far from the level of continuous cropping.In the first and second year of rotation,the average of winter rape grain yield and water use efficiency respectively were increased by 34.9 %,44.4 %(P<0.05) than the continuous winter rape cropping.The average of winter wheat grain yield and water use efficiency respectively were increased45.0 %,42.9 %(P<0.05) than the continuous winter wheat cropping.The benefit analysis in two years showed that the average output to input ratio of winter wheat rotation system was 1.5 times of continuous winter wheat cropping,2.5 times of winter rape rotation and 3.4 times of continuous winter rape cropping.So the rotation of winter wheat was more suitable and efficient than winter rape after plowing the 6-growth-old alfalfa grassland.The study provide a reference for the sustainable use of alfalfa grassland and establishing a stable agriculture ecological system for dry land.
In order to evaluate the water adaptability and economic benefit in different rotation systems,and put forward the suitable alfalfa-crop rotation model for the Loess Plateau,the soil moisture and crop yield were investigated,,while the economic benefit of the crop rotation field and fallow land was analyzed after plowing the 6-growth-old alfalfa grassland.The results showed that different alfalfa-crop rotation patterns had differences in restoring the soil moisture.After the post-harvest of the second year,alfalfa-rotation and alfalfa-leisure-leisure modes exhibited the best water eco-environment,soil moisture of which in 0-300 cm layer was close to continuous cropping;the soil moisture recovery layer appeared in 100-340 cm compared with the pre-stage of plowing alfalfa,but alfalfa-winter wheat-winter wheat mode had the worst water eco-environment and its soil moisture recovery layer appeared in 120-320 cm.After plowing the 6-growth-old alfalfa grassland,the soil moisture in 0-500 cm layer of two years for alfalfa-crop rotation was far from the level of continuous cropping.In the first and second year of rotation,the average of winter rape grain yield and water use efficiency respectively were increased by 34.9 %,44.4 %(P<0.05) than the continuous winter rape cropping.The average of winter wheat grain yield and water use efficiency respectively were increased45.0 %,42.9 %(P<0.05) than the continuous winter wheat cropping.The benefit analysis in two years showed that the average output to input ratio of winter wheat rotation system was 1.5 times of continuous winter wheat cropping,2.5 times of winter rape rotation and 3.4 times of continuous winter rape cropping.So the rotation of winter wheat was more suitable and efficient than winter rape after plowing the 6-growth-old alfalfa grassland.The study provide a reference for the sustainable use of alfalfa grassland and establishing a stable agriculture ecological system for dry land.
引文
[1]王秀领,闫旭东,徐玉鹏,等.影响苜蓿干草中蛋白质含量的因素研究[J].草业科学,2008,25(3):47-50.Wang Xiuling,Yan Xuedong,Xu Yupeng,et al.Preliminary study on the factors affecting the protein contents of alfalfa hay[J].Pratacultural Science,2008,25(3):47-50.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]郑先哲,蒋亦元,潘忠礼.苜蓿不同部位干燥和质量特性研究[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(2):97-101.Zheng Xianzhe,Jiang Yiyuan,Pan Zhongli.Drying and quality characteristics of different components of alfalfa[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2007,23(2):97-101.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]万素梅,胡守林,贾志宽,等.黄土高原地区苜蓿生产力动态及其土壤水分消耗规律[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(12):30-34.Wan Sumei,Hu Shoulin,Jia Zhikuan,et al.Alfalfa productivity dynamics and consumption of soil water in the Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2007,23(12):30-34.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]李玉山.苜蓿生产力动态及其水分生态环境效应[J].土壤学报,2002,39(3):404-411.Li Yushan.Productivity dynamic of alfalfa and its effects on water eco-environment[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2002,39(3):404-411.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]程积民,万惠娥,王静.黄土丘陵区紫花苜蓿生长与土壤水分变化[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(3):435-438.Chen Jimin,Wan Huie,WangJing.Alfalfa growth and its relation with soil water status in loess hilly and gullyregion[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,16(3):435-438.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]王学春,李军,方新宇,等.半干旱区草粮轮作田土壤水分恢复效应[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(1):81-88.Wang Xuechun,Li Jun,Fang Xinyu,et al.Restoration of soil water in alfalfa-grain crop rotation fields on semi-arid region[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(1):81-88.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]沈禹颖,南志标,高崇岳,等.黄土高原苜蓿-冬小麦轮作系统土壤水分时空动态及产量响应[J].生态学报,2004,24(3):640-647.Shen Yuying,Nan Zhibiao,Gao Chongyue,et al.Spatial and temporal characteristics of soil water dynamics and crop yield response from a4-year of Lucerne and winter wheat rotation system in the loess plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(3):640-647.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]黄高宝,郭清毅,张仁陟,等.保护性耕作条件下旱地农田麦-豆双序列轮作体系的水分动态及产量效应[J].生态学报,2006,26(4):1176-1185.Huang Gaobao,Guo Qingyi,Zhang Renzhi,et al.Effects of conservation tillage on soil moisture and crop yield in a phased rotation system with spring wheat and field pea in dryland[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(4):11761185.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]孙剑,李军,王美艳,等.黄土高原半干旱偏旱区苜蓿-粮食轮作土壤水分恢复效应[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(6):33-39.Sun Jian,Li Jun,Wang Meiyan,et al.Effects of alfalfa-grain rotation on soil moisture restoration in semi-arid and drought-inclined areas of the Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(6):33-39.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]王志强,刘宝元,路炳军.黄土高原半干旱区土壤干层水分恢复研究[J].生态学报,2003,23(9):1944-1950.Wang Zhiqiang,Liu Baoyuan,Lu Bingjun.A study on water restoration of dry soil layers in the semi-arid alfalfa of Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(9):1944-1950.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]王俊,刘文兆,李凤民.半干旱区不同作物与苜蓿轮作对土壤水分恢复与肥力消耗的影响[J].土壤学报,2007,44(1):179-183.Wang Jun,Liu Wenzhao,Li Fengmin.Responses of soil water and fertility to the alfalfa crop rotation in semiarid loess area of China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(1):179-183.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]胡守林,贾志宽,万素梅.陇东黄土高原苜蓿草地土壤水分消耗及水分生态效应[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(8):48-53.Hu Shoulin,Jia Zhikuan,Wan Sumei.Soil moisture consumption and ecological effects in alfalfa grasslands in Longdong area of Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of theChinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(8):48-53.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]万素梅,贾志宽,王勇,等.黄土高原半湿润区苜蓿草地土壤干层形成及氮素消耗研究[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(3):383-390.Wan Sumei,Jia Zhikuan,Wang Yong,et al.Dry soil layer forming and soil nitrogen consumption characteristic of alfalfa grassland in the semi-humid region of the loess plateau[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2008,23(3):383390.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]刘沛松,贾志宽,李军,等.不同草粮轮作方式对退化苜蓿草地水分恢复的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(2):95-102.Liu Peisong,Jia Zhikuan,Li Jun,et al.Effects of different alfalfa-crop rotation patterns on water recovery of degradation alfalfa grassland[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(2):95-102.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]Gouranga Kar,Ravender Singh,Verma H N.Alternative cropping strategies for assured and efficient crop production in upland rained rice areas of eastern India based rainfall analysis[J].Agricultural Water Management,2004,67(1):47-62.
[16]Gregory M M,Shea K L,Bakko E B.Comparing agro ecosystems:Effects of cropping and tillage patterns on soil water,energy use and productivity[J].Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems,2005,20(2):81-90.
[17]Tawainga,Katsvairo.Tillage and rotation effects on soil physical characteristics[J].Agronomy Journal,2002,94(2):299-304.
[18]鲁鸿佩,孙爱华.草田轮作对粮食作物的增产效应[J].草业科学,2003,20(4):10-13.Lu Hongpei,Sun Aihua.The effect of grass-crop rotation on crop yield increase[J].Pratacultural Science,2003,20(4):10-13.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Latta R A,Cocks P S,Matthews C.Lucerne pastures to sustain agricultural production in southwestern Australian[J].Agricultural Water Management,2002,53(1):99-109.
[20]薛庆喜,杨思平,张玉春,等.不同作物茬口对连作大豆产量及农艺性状的影响[J].大豆科学,2009,28(1):72-75.Xue Qingxi,Yang Siping,Zhang Yuchun.Effects of different crop stubbles on yield and agronomic characters of continuous cropping soybean[J].Soybean Science,2009,28(1):72-75.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Li Ruifeng,Gao Yuechong,Zhao Linha,Li Yanxiao.Soil conversion effectiveness and energy efficiency of alternative rotations and continuous wheat cropping in the Loess Plateau of northwest China[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2002,91(1-3):101111.
[22]Gudni Hardarson,Craig Atkins.Optimizing biological N2fixation by legumes in farming systems[J].Plant and Soil,2003,252(6):41-54.
[23]袁宝财,达海莉,王琛.宁夏经济的新亮点:苜蓿[J].内蒙古畜牧科学,2001,22(2):33-35.Yuan Baocai,Da Haili,Wang Sheng.The new bright spot of Ningxia economy:Alfalfa[J].Inner Mongolian Journal of Animal Sciences and Production,2001,22(2):33-35.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]王晓凌,陈明灿,李凤民,等.黄土高原土壤干层水分恢复与作物产量响应[J].水土保持研究,2007,14(3):1-4.Wang Xiaoling,Chen Mingcan,Li Fengmin,et al.Water restoration of dry soil layers in the Loess Plateau and crop yield response[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,14(3):1-4.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]耿华珠.中国苜蓿[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995:100-101.
[26]Tucker B B,Cos M B,Eck HV.Effects of rotation,tillage methods,and N fenilization on winter wheat production[J].Agron.J.,1971,63(5):699-702.
[2]郑先哲,蒋亦元,潘忠礼.苜蓿不同部位干燥和质量特性研究[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(2):97-101.Zheng Xianzhe,Jiang Yiyuan,Pan Zhongli.Drying and quality characteristics of different components of alfalfa[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2007,23(2):97-101.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]万素梅,胡守林,贾志宽,等.黄土高原地区苜蓿生产力动态及其土壤水分消耗规律[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(12):30-34.Wan Sumei,Hu Shoulin,Jia Zhikuan,et al.Alfalfa productivity dynamics and consumption of soil water in the Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2007,23(12):30-34.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]李玉山.苜蓿生产力动态及其水分生态环境效应[J].土壤学报,2002,39(3):404-411.Li Yushan.Productivity dynamic of alfalfa and its effects on water eco-environment[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2002,39(3):404-411.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]程积民,万惠娥,王静.黄土丘陵区紫花苜蓿生长与土壤水分变化[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(3):435-438.Chen Jimin,Wan Huie,WangJing.Alfalfa growth and its relation with soil water status in loess hilly and gullyregion[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,16(3):435-438.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]王学春,李军,方新宇,等.半干旱区草粮轮作田土壤水分恢复效应[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(1):81-88.Wang Xuechun,Li Jun,Fang Xinyu,et al.Restoration of soil water in alfalfa-grain crop rotation fields on semi-arid region[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(1):81-88.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]沈禹颖,南志标,高崇岳,等.黄土高原苜蓿-冬小麦轮作系统土壤水分时空动态及产量响应[J].生态学报,2004,24(3):640-647.Shen Yuying,Nan Zhibiao,Gao Chongyue,et al.Spatial and temporal characteristics of soil water dynamics and crop yield response from a4-year of Lucerne and winter wheat rotation system in the loess plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(3):640-647.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]黄高宝,郭清毅,张仁陟,等.保护性耕作条件下旱地农田麦-豆双序列轮作体系的水分动态及产量效应[J].生态学报,2006,26(4):1176-1185.Huang Gaobao,Guo Qingyi,Zhang Renzhi,et al.Effects of conservation tillage on soil moisture and crop yield in a phased rotation system with spring wheat and field pea in dryland[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(4):11761185.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]孙剑,李军,王美艳,等.黄土高原半干旱偏旱区苜蓿-粮食轮作土壤水分恢复效应[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(6):33-39.Sun Jian,Li Jun,Wang Meiyan,et al.Effects of alfalfa-grain rotation on soil moisture restoration in semi-arid and drought-inclined areas of the Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(6):33-39.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]王志强,刘宝元,路炳军.黄土高原半干旱区土壤干层水分恢复研究[J].生态学报,2003,23(9):1944-1950.Wang Zhiqiang,Liu Baoyuan,Lu Bingjun.A study on water restoration of dry soil layers in the semi-arid alfalfa of Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(9):1944-1950.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]王俊,刘文兆,李凤民.半干旱区不同作物与苜蓿轮作对土壤水分恢复与肥力消耗的影响[J].土壤学报,2007,44(1):179-183.Wang Jun,Liu Wenzhao,Li Fengmin.Responses of soil water and fertility to the alfalfa crop rotation in semiarid loess area of China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(1):179-183.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]胡守林,贾志宽,万素梅.陇东黄土高原苜蓿草地土壤水分消耗及水分生态效应[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(8):48-53.Hu Shoulin,Jia Zhikuan,Wan Sumei.Soil moisture consumption and ecological effects in alfalfa grasslands in Longdong area of Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of theChinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(8):48-53.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]万素梅,贾志宽,王勇,等.黄土高原半湿润区苜蓿草地土壤干层形成及氮素消耗研究[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(3):383-390.Wan Sumei,Jia Zhikuan,Wang Yong,et al.Dry soil layer forming and soil nitrogen consumption characteristic of alfalfa grassland in the semi-humid region of the loess plateau[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2008,23(3):383390.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]刘沛松,贾志宽,李军,等.不同草粮轮作方式对退化苜蓿草地水分恢复的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(2):95-102.Liu Peisong,Jia Zhikuan,Li Jun,et al.Effects of different alfalfa-crop rotation patterns on water recovery of degradation alfalfa grassland[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(2):95-102.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]Gouranga Kar,Ravender Singh,Verma H N.Alternative cropping strategies for assured and efficient crop production in upland rained rice areas of eastern India based rainfall analysis[J].Agricultural Water Management,2004,67(1):47-62.
[16]Gregory M M,Shea K L,Bakko E B.Comparing agro ecosystems:Effects of cropping and tillage patterns on soil water,energy use and productivity[J].Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems,2005,20(2):81-90.
[17]Tawainga,Katsvairo.Tillage and rotation effects on soil physical characteristics[J].Agronomy Journal,2002,94(2):299-304.
[18]鲁鸿佩,孙爱华.草田轮作对粮食作物的增产效应[J].草业科学,2003,20(4):10-13.Lu Hongpei,Sun Aihua.The effect of grass-crop rotation on crop yield increase[J].Pratacultural Science,2003,20(4):10-13.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Latta R A,Cocks P S,Matthews C.Lucerne pastures to sustain agricultural production in southwestern Australian[J].Agricultural Water Management,2002,53(1):99-109.
[20]薛庆喜,杨思平,张玉春,等.不同作物茬口对连作大豆产量及农艺性状的影响[J].大豆科学,2009,28(1):72-75.Xue Qingxi,Yang Siping,Zhang Yuchun.Effects of different crop stubbles on yield and agronomic characters of continuous cropping soybean[J].Soybean Science,2009,28(1):72-75.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Li Ruifeng,Gao Yuechong,Zhao Linha,Li Yanxiao.Soil conversion effectiveness and energy efficiency of alternative rotations and continuous wheat cropping in the Loess Plateau of northwest China[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2002,91(1-3):101111.
[22]Gudni Hardarson,Craig Atkins.Optimizing biological N2fixation by legumes in farming systems[J].Plant and Soil,2003,252(6):41-54.
[23]袁宝财,达海莉,王琛.宁夏经济的新亮点:苜蓿[J].内蒙古畜牧科学,2001,22(2):33-35.Yuan Baocai,Da Haili,Wang Sheng.The new bright spot of Ningxia economy:Alfalfa[J].Inner Mongolian Journal of Animal Sciences and Production,2001,22(2):33-35.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]王晓凌,陈明灿,李凤民,等.黄土高原土壤干层水分恢复与作物产量响应[J].水土保持研究,2007,14(3):1-4.Wang Xiaoling,Chen Mingcan,Li Fengmin,et al.Water restoration of dry soil layers in the Loess Plateau and crop yield response[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,14(3):1-4.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]耿华珠.中国苜蓿[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995:100-101.
[26]Tucker B B,Cos M B,Eck HV.Effects of rotation,tillage methods,and N fenilization on winter wheat production[J].Agron.J.,1971,63(5):699-702.