A conceptual framework for characterizing mineralized waste rocks as future resource
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摘要
Conventional mining practices do not extract all mineralized rocks due to prevailing economics.Improvement in mineral prices and processing recovery(technology) could potentially make mineralized waste rocks profitable. A well-integrated mining strategy that focuses on both economic and physical resource depletion is vital to the management of non-renewable mineral resources. In this paper, a conceptual framework that maximizes the benefits of mining and processing mineralized waste rocks as future resource is proposed. Governmental policy and technical reforms that ensure mining companies incorporate the proposed mineralized waste rocks management framework in their long-term strategic mine plans have been recommended.
Conventional mining practices do not extract all mineralized rocks due to prevailing economics.Improvement in mineral prices and processing recovery(technology) could potentially make mineralized waste rocks profitable. A well-integrated mining strategy that focuses on both economic and physical resource depletion is vital to the management of non-renewable mineral resources. In this paper, a conceptual framework that maximizes the benefits of mining and processing mineralized waste rocks as future resource is proposed. Governmental policy and technical reforms that ensure mining companies incorporate the proposed mineralized waste rocks management framework in their long-term strategic mine plans have been recommended.
Conventional mining practices do not extract all mineralized rocks due to prevailing economics.Improvement in mineral prices and processing recovery(technology) could potentially make mineralized waste rocks profitable. A well-integrated mining strategy that focuses on both economic and physical resource depletion is vital to the management of non-renewable mineral resources. In this paper, a conceptual framework that maximizes the benefits of mining and processing mineralized waste rocks as future resource is proposed. Governmental policy and technical reforms that ensure mining companies incorporate the proposed mineralized waste rocks management framework in their long-term strategic mine plans have been recommended.
引文
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[4]JDS Energy&Mining Inc..Pre-feasibility study technical report on the Magino Project,Wawa,Ontario,Canada.Vancouver(British Columbia):Argonaut Gold Inc.;2016.
[5]New Gold Inc..New gold announces its rainy river feasibility study results.Canada:New Gold Inc.;2014.
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[15]Ellis J.Director 082-operating criteria:resource recovery requirement for oil sands mine and processing plant operations.Alberta,Canada;2016.
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[22]Brakopowers A.Prestea residents anticipate reopening of underground mine.Ghana;2016.
[23]Zhang YHB,Reipas K,Wills J,Rex T,Marshall N,Joughin J.NI 43-101 technical report on a feasibility study on the prestea underground gold project in Ghana.Toronto(Canada):Golden Star Resources Ltd.;2015.
[24]Amegbey N,Afum BO,Agbeno SY.Blast impact and air pollutants dispersion study at Esuaja North Pit.Ayanfuri.Ghana:Perseus Mining(Ghana)Limited(PMGL),Edikan Mine;2016.
[25]AngloGold Ashanti OM.Update on management of legacy environmental issues in Ghana;2015.
[26]Carbide Resources Ltd..Mount Morgan PFS confirms potential for low cost operation.Australia:Carbine Resources Limited;2015.
[27]P&E Mining Consultings Inc..Technical report and pre-feasibility study of the true north gold mine,Bissett,Manitoba,Canada for Klondex Canada limited.Canada:P&E Mining Consultants Inc.-Geologists and Mining Engineers;2016.p.315.
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[29]Fumi A,Pepe A,Scarabotti L,Schiraldi M.Fourier analysis for demand forecasting in a fashion company.Int J Eng Bus Manage 2013;5:1-10.
[30]Grudnitski G,Osburn L.Forecasting S&P and gold futures prices:an application of neural networks.J Futures Markets 1993;13:631-43.
[31]Hadavandi E,Ghanbari A,Abbasian-Naghneh S.Developing a time series model based on particle swarm optimization for gold price forecasting.In:Third international conference on business intelligence and financial engineering.IEEE Computer Society;2010.p.337-40.
[32]Li B.Research on WNN modeling for gold price forecasting based on improved artificial bee colony algorithm.Comput Int Neurosci 2014;2:10.
[33]Makridou G,Atsalakis GS,Zopounidis C,Andriosopoulos K.Gold price forecasting with a neuro-fuzzy-based inference system.Int J Financ Eng Risk Manage 2013;1:35-54.
[34]Shafee S,Topal E.An overview of global gold market and gold price forecasting.Resour Policy 2010;35:178-89.
[35]Mitchell CJ,Evans EJ,Styles(Division,I)MT.A review of gold-particle-size and recovery methods.Keyworth(Nottingham,UK):British Geological Survey,UK;1997.
[36]Bhakta P,Arthur B.Heap bio-oxidation and gold recovery at Newmont mining:first-year results.Min Met Mat Soc(JOM)2002;54:31-4.
[37]Brierley CL,Brierley JA.Present and future commercial applications of biohydrometallurgy.Hydrometallurgy 2001;59:233-9.
[2]Lottermoser BG.Recycling,reuse and rehabilitation of mine wastes.Elements2011;7:405-10.
[3]Centerra Gold Inc..Premier gold mines limited.Centerra gold and premier gold announce feasibility study results on the hardrock project.Canada:Centerra Gold and Premier Gold Mines Limited;2016.
[4]JDS Energy&Mining Inc..Pre-feasibility study technical report on the Magino Project,Wawa,Ontario,Canada.Vancouver(British Columbia):Argonaut Gold Inc.;2016.
[5]New Gold Inc..New gold announces its rainy river feasibility study results.Canada:New Gold Inc.;2014.
[6]Giurco D,Prior T,Mudd GM,Mason L,Behrisch J.Peak minerals in Australia:a review of changing impacts and benefits.Australia;2010.
[7]Tilton JE,Lagos G.Assessing the long-run availability of copper.Resour Policy2007;32:19-23.
[8]Gordon RB,Bertram M,Graedel TE.Metal stocks and sustainability.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:1209-14.
[9]Prior T,Giurco D,Mudd GM,Mason L,Behrisch J.Resource depletion,peak minerals and the implications for sustainable resource management.Global Environ Change 2012;22:577-87.
[10]Willett K.Managing Australian mineral wealth for sustainable economic development.London(UK):International Institute for Environment and Development;2002.
[11]Laurence D.Establishing a sustainable mining operation:an overview.J Clean Prod 2011;19:278-84.
[12]Weber I.Actualizing sustainable mining:whole mine,whole community,whole planet through industrial ecology and community-based strategies.Salt Lake City(USA):Weber Sustainability Consulting;2005.
[13]Meadows D,Randers J,Meadows D.Limits to growth:the 30 year update.London(UK):Earthscan;2005.
[14]Williamson HF.Prophecies of scarcity or exhaustion of natural resources in the United States.Am Econ Rev 1945;35:97-109.
[15]Ellis J.Director 082-operating criteria:resource recovery requirement for oil sands mine and processing plant operations.Alberta,Canada;2016.
[16]Hatayama H,Tahara K,Daigo I.Worth of metal gleaning in mining and recycling for mineral conservation.Miner Eng 2014;76:58-64.
[17]Eissler M.The metallurgy of gold:a practical treatise on the metallurgical treatment of gold-bearing Ores,including the processes of concentration,chlorination,and extraction by cyanide,and the assaying,melting and refining of gold.London(UK):Crosby Lockwood and Son;1896.
[18]Goldfields Annual Report.Mineral resource&mineral reserve supplement2016.Ghana;2016.
[19]Cross N,Stigson B.Breaking new ground:the report of the mining,minerals and sustainable development project.London(UK):Earthscan Publications Ltd;2002.
[20]Dold B.Sustainability in metal mining:from exploration,over processing to mine waste management.Rev Env Sci Bio/Technol 2008;7:275-85.
[21]Gbireh AB,Cobblah A,Suglo RS.Analysis of the trends of gold mining in Ghana.Ghana Mining J 2007;9:38-49.
[22]Brakopowers A.Prestea residents anticipate reopening of underground mine.Ghana;2016.
[23]Zhang YHB,Reipas K,Wills J,Rex T,Marshall N,Joughin J.NI 43-101 technical report on a feasibility study on the prestea underground gold project in Ghana.Toronto(Canada):Golden Star Resources Ltd.;2015.
[24]Amegbey N,Afum BO,Agbeno SY.Blast impact and air pollutants dispersion study at Esuaja North Pit.Ayanfuri.Ghana:Perseus Mining(Ghana)Limited(PMGL),Edikan Mine;2016.
[25]AngloGold Ashanti OM.Update on management of legacy environmental issues in Ghana;2015.
[26]Carbide Resources Ltd..Mount Morgan PFS confirms potential for low cost operation.Australia:Carbine Resources Limited;2015.
[27]P&E Mining Consultings Inc..Technical report and pre-feasibility study of the true north gold mine,Bissett,Manitoba,Canada for Klondex Canada limited.Canada:P&E Mining Consultants Inc.-Geologists and Mining Engineers;2016.p.315.
[28]Macrotrends LLC.Gold price-100 year historical chart;2016.
[29]Fumi A,Pepe A,Scarabotti L,Schiraldi M.Fourier analysis for demand forecasting in a fashion company.Int J Eng Bus Manage 2013;5:1-10.
[30]Grudnitski G,Osburn L.Forecasting S&P and gold futures prices:an application of neural networks.J Futures Markets 1993;13:631-43.
[31]Hadavandi E,Ghanbari A,Abbasian-Naghneh S.Developing a time series model based on particle swarm optimization for gold price forecasting.In:Third international conference on business intelligence and financial engineering.IEEE Computer Society;2010.p.337-40.
[32]Li B.Research on WNN modeling for gold price forecasting based on improved artificial bee colony algorithm.Comput Int Neurosci 2014;2:10.
[33]Makridou G,Atsalakis GS,Zopounidis C,Andriosopoulos K.Gold price forecasting with a neuro-fuzzy-based inference system.Int J Financ Eng Risk Manage 2013;1:35-54.
[34]Shafee S,Topal E.An overview of global gold market and gold price forecasting.Resour Policy 2010;35:178-89.
[35]Mitchell CJ,Evans EJ,Styles(Division,I)MT.A review of gold-particle-size and recovery methods.Keyworth(Nottingham,UK):British Geological Survey,UK;1997.
[36]Bhakta P,Arthur B.Heap bio-oxidation and gold recovery at Newmont mining:first-year results.Min Met Mat Soc(JOM)2002;54:31-4.
[37]Brierley CL,Brierley JA.Present and future commercial applications of biohydrometallurgy.Hydrometallurgy 2001;59:233-9.