Non-exhaustive double effort test is reliable and estimates the firs ventilatory threshold intensity in running exercise
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摘要
Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the reliability of the non-exhaustive double effort(NEDE) test in running exercise and its associations with the ventilatory thresholds(VT_1 and VT_2) and the maximal lactate steady state(MLSS).Methods: Ten healthy male adults(age: 23 ± 4 years, height: 176.6 ± 6.4 cm, body mass: 76.6 ± 10.7 kg) performed 4 procedures:(1) a ramp test for VT_1 and VT_2 determinations measured by ratio of expired ventilation to O_2 uptake(VE/VO_2) and expired ventilation to CO_2 output(VE/VCO_2) equivalents, respectively;(2) the NEDE test measured by blood lactate concentration(NEDE_(LAC)) and heart rate responses(NEDE_(HR));(3) a retest of NEDE for reliability analysis; and(4) continuous efforts to determine the MLSS intensity. The NEDE test consisted of4 sessions at different running intensities. Each session was characterized by double efforts at the same running velocity(E1 and E2, 180 s), separated by a passive recovery period(90 s rest). LAC and HR values after E1 and E2(in 4 sessions) were used to estimate the intensity equivalent to"null delta" by linear fit. This parameter represents, theoretically, the intensity equivalent to maximal aerobic capacity.Results: The intraclass correlation coefficient indicated significant reliability for NEDE_(LAC)(0.93) and NEDE_(HR)(0.79)(both p < 0.05). There were significant correlations, no differences, and strong agreement with the intensities predicted by NEDE_(LAC)(10.1 ± 1.9 km/h) and NEDE_(HR)(9.8 ± 2.0 km/h) to VT_1(10.2 ± 1.1 km/h). In addition, despite significantly lower MLSS intensity(12.2 ± 1.2 km/h), NEDE_(LAC) and NEDE_(HR) intensities were highly correlated with this parameter(0.90 and 0.88, respectively).Conclusion: The NEDE test applied to running exercise is reliable and estimates the VT_1 intensity. Additionally, NEDE intensities were lower but still correlated with VT_2 and MLSS.
Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the reliability of the non-exhaustive double effort(NEDE) test in running exercise and its associations with the ventilatory thresholds(VT_1 and VT_2) and the maximal lactate steady state(MLSS).Methods: Ten healthy male adults(age: 23 ± 4 years, height: 176.6 ± 6.4 cm, body mass: 76.6 ± 10.7 kg) performed 4 procedures:(1) a ramp test for VT_1 and VT_2 determinations measured by ratio of expired ventilation to O_2 uptake(VE/VO_2) and expired ventilation to CO_2 output(VE/VCO_2) equivalents, respectively;(2) the NEDE test measured by blood lactate concentration(NEDE_(LAC)) and heart rate responses(NEDE_(HR));(3) a retest of NEDE for reliability analysis; and(4) continuous efforts to determine the MLSS intensity. The NEDE test consisted of4 sessions at different running intensities. Each session was characterized by double efforts at the same running velocity(E1 and E2, 180 s), separated by a passive recovery period(90 s rest). LAC and HR values after E1 and E2(in 4 sessions) were used to estimate the intensity equivalent to"null delta" by linear fit. This parameter represents, theoretically, the intensity equivalent to maximal aerobic capacity.Results: The intraclass correlation coefficient indicated significant reliability for NEDE_(LAC)(0.93) and NEDE_(HR)(0.79)(both p < 0.05). There were significant correlations, no differences, and strong agreement with the intensities predicted by NEDE_(LAC)(10.1 ± 1.9 km/h) and NEDE_(HR)(9.8 ± 2.0 km/h) to VT_1(10.2 ± 1.1 km/h). In addition, despite significantly lower MLSS intensity(12.2 ± 1.2 km/h), NEDE_(LAC) and NEDE_(HR) intensities were highly correlated with this parameter(0.90 and 0.88, respectively).Conclusion: The NEDE test applied to running exercise is reliable and estimates the VT_1 intensity. Additionally, NEDE intensities were lower but still correlated with VT_2 and MLSS.
Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the reliability of the non-exhaustive double effort(NEDE) test in running exercise and its associations with the ventilatory thresholds(VT_1 and VT_2) and the maximal lactate steady state(MLSS).Methods: Ten healthy male adults(age: 23 ± 4 years, height: 176.6 ± 6.4 cm, body mass: 76.6 ± 10.7 kg) performed 4 procedures:(1) a ramp test for VT_1 and VT_2 determinations measured by ratio of expired ventilation to O_2 uptake(VE/VO_2) and expired ventilation to CO_2 output(VE/VCO_2) equivalents, respectively;(2) the NEDE test measured by blood lactate concentration(NEDE_(LAC)) and heart rate responses(NEDE_(HR));(3) a retest of NEDE for reliability analysis; and(4) continuous efforts to determine the MLSS intensity. The NEDE test consisted of4 sessions at different running intensities. Each session was characterized by double efforts at the same running velocity(E1 and E2, 180 s), separated by a passive recovery period(90 s rest). LAC and HR values after E1 and E2(in 4 sessions) were used to estimate the intensity equivalent to"null delta" by linear fit. This parameter represents, theoretically, the intensity equivalent to maximal aerobic capacity.Results: The intraclass correlation coefficient indicated significant reliability for NEDE_(LAC)(0.93) and NEDE_(HR)(0.79)(both p < 0.05). There were significant correlations, no differences, and strong agreement with the intensities predicted by NEDE_(LAC)(10.1 ± 1.9 km/h) and NEDE_(HR)(9.8 ± 2.0 km/h) to VT_1(10.2 ± 1.1 km/h). In addition, despite significantly lower MLSS intensity(12.2 ± 1.2 km/h), NEDE_(LAC) and NEDE_(HR) intensities were highly correlated with this parameter(0.90 and 0.88, respectively).Conclusion: The NEDE test applied to running exercise is reliable and estimates the VT_1 intensity. Additionally, NEDE intensities were lower but still correlated with VT_2 and MLSS.
引文
1.Tamburus NY,Kunz VC,Salviati MR,Castello Simoes V,Catai AM,Da Silva E.Interval training based on ventilatory anaerobic threshold improves aerobic functional capacity and metabolic profile:a randomized controlled trial in coronary artery disease patients.Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2016;52:1-11.
2.Rabadan M,Diaz V,Calderon FJ,Benito PJ,Peinado AB,Maffulli N.Physiological determinants of speciality of elite middle-and long-distance runners.J Sports Sci 2011;29:975-82.
3.Pedro RE,Milanez VF,Boullosa DA,Nakamura FY.Running speeds at ventilatory threshold and maximal oxygen consumption discriminate futsal competitive level.J Strength Cond Res 2013;27:514-8.
4.Mourot L,Tordi N,Bouhaddi M,Teffaha D,Monpere C,Regnard J.Heart rate variability to assess ventilatory thresholds:reliable in cardiac disease?.Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012;19:1272-80.
5.Castro EA,Peinado AB,Benito PJ,Galindo M,Gonzalez-Gross M,Cupeiro R;the PRONAF Study Group.What is the most effective exercise protocol to improve cardiovascular fitness in overweight and obese subjects?J Sport Health Sci 2017;6:454-61.
6.Neves CD,Lacerda AC,Lage VK,Lima LP,Fonseca SF,de Avelar NC,et al.Cardiorespiratory responses and prediction of peak oxygen uptake during the shuttle walking test in healthy sedentary adult men.PLo S One2015;10:e0117563.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117563
7.Novais LD,Silva E,Simoes RP,Sakabe DI,Martins LE,Oliveira L,et al.Anaerobic threshold by mathematical model in healthy and post-myocardial infarction men.Int J Sports Med 2016;37:112-8.
8.Wasserman K,Whipp BJ,Koyl SN,Beaver WL.Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise.J Appl Physiol 1973;35:236-43.
9.Kindermann W,Simon G,Keul J.The significance of the aerobic-anaerobic transition for the determination of work load intensities during endurance training.Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1979;42:25-34.
10.Dekerle J,Baron B,Dupont L,Vanvelcenaher J,Pelayo P.Maximal lactate steady state,respiratory compensation threshold and critical power.Eur J Appl Physiol 2003;89:281-8.
11.Beneke R,Hutler M,Von Duvillard SP,Sellens M,Leithauser RM.Effect of test interruptions on blood lactate during constant workload testing.Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35:1626-30.
12.Ramos-Campo DJ,Rubio-Arias JA,Avila-Gana V,Marn-Pagan C,Luque A,Alcarez PE.Heart rate variability to assess ventilatory thresholds in professional basketball players.J Sport Health Sci 2017;6:468-73.
13.Llodio I,Gorostiaga EM,Garcia-Tabar I,Granados C,Sanchez-Medina L.Estimation of the maximal lactate steady state in endurance runners.Int JSports Med 2016;37:539-46.
14.Mankowski RT,Michael S,Rozenberg R,Stokla S,Stam HJ,Praet SF.Heart-rate variability threshold as an alternative for spiro-ergometry testing:a validation study.J Strength Cond Res 2017;31:474-9.
15.Rossi FE,Kalva-Filho CA,Araujo RG,Neto JG,Campos EZ,Pastre CM,et al.Critical velocity determined by a non-exhaustive method in menopausal women.Sci Sports 2015;30:17-22.
16.Chassain AP.A method for objective evaluation of body tolerance to effort applied to measurement of critical peaks in heart rate and lactatemia.Sci Sports 1986;1:41-8.
17.Sid-Ali B,Vandewalle H,Chair K,Moreaux A,Monod H.Lactate steady state velocity and distance-exhaustion time relationship in running.Arch Int Physiol Biochim Biophys 1991;99:297-301.
18.Billat V,Dalmay F,Antonini MT,Chassain AP.A method for determining the maximal steady state of blood lactate concentration from two levels of submaximal exercise.Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1994;69:196-202.
19.Manchado FB,Gobatto CA,Voltarelli FA,de Mello MAR.Non-exhaustive test for aerobic capacity determination in swimming rats.Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2006;31:731-6.
20.Manchado-Gobatto FB,Gobatto CA,Contarteze RV,Mello MA.Nonexhaustive test for aerobic capacity determination in running rats.Indian JExp Biol 2011;49:781-5.
21.Gobatto CA,De Araujo GG,Santiago V,Papoti M,Manchado-Gobatto FB.Validation of non-exhaustive test to determine the aerobic capacity in swimming.J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018;58:407-13.
22.Hallal PC,Victora CG.Reliability and validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire(IPAQ).Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36:556.
23.Myers J,Buchanan N,Smith D,Neutel J,Bowes E,Walsh D,et al.Individualized ramp treadmill.Observations on a new protocol.Chest1992;101(Suppl.5):S236-41.
24.Robergs RA,Dwyer D,Astorino T.Recommendations for improved data processing from expired gas analysis indirect calorimetry.Sports Med2010;40:95-111.
25.Smith TB,Stonell C,Purkayastha S,Paraskevas P.Cardiopulmonary exercise testing as a risk assessment method in non cardio-pulmonary surgery:a systematic review.Anaesthesia 2009;64:883-93.
26.Azevedo LF,Perlingeiro PS,Brum PC,Braga AM,Negrao CE,de Matos LD.Exercise intensity optimization for men with high cardiorespiratory fitness.J Sports Sci 2011;29:555-61.
27.Engel PC,Jones JB.Causes and elimination of erratic blanks in enzymatic metabolite assays involving the use of NAD+in alkaline hydrazine buffers:improved conditions for the assay of L-glutamate,L-lactate,and other metabolites.Anal Biochem 1978;88:475-84.
28.Bland JM,Altman DG.Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement.The Lancet 1986;1:307-10.
29.Hopkins WG,Schabort EJ,Hawley JA.Reliability of power in physical performance tests.Sports Med 2001;31:211-34.
30.Hauser T,Bartsch D,Baumgartel L,Schulz H.Reliability of maximal lactate-steady-state.Int J Sports Med 2013;34:196-9.
31.Jeukendrup A,Van Diemen A.Heart rate monitoring during training and competition in cyclists.J Sports Sci 1998;16(Suppl.1):S91-9.
32.Plews DJ,Laursen PB,Le Meur Y,Hausswirth C,Kilding AE,Buchheit M.Monitoring training with heart rate-variability:how much compliance is needed for valid assessment?.Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014;9:783-90.
33.Kilding AE,Jones AM.Validity of a single-visit protocol to estimate the maximum lactate steady state.Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005;37:1734-40.
34.Gobatto CA,de Mello MA,Sibuya CY,de Azevedo JR,dos Santos LA,Kokubun E.Maximal lactate steady state in rats submitted to swimming exercise.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2001;130:21-7.
2.Rabadan M,Diaz V,Calderon FJ,Benito PJ,Peinado AB,Maffulli N.Physiological determinants of speciality of elite middle-and long-distance runners.J Sports Sci 2011;29:975-82.
3.Pedro RE,Milanez VF,Boullosa DA,Nakamura FY.Running speeds at ventilatory threshold and maximal oxygen consumption discriminate futsal competitive level.J Strength Cond Res 2013;27:514-8.
4.Mourot L,Tordi N,Bouhaddi M,Teffaha D,Monpere C,Regnard J.Heart rate variability to assess ventilatory thresholds:reliable in cardiac disease?.Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012;19:1272-80.
5.Castro EA,Peinado AB,Benito PJ,Galindo M,Gonzalez-Gross M,Cupeiro R;the PRONAF Study Group.What is the most effective exercise protocol to improve cardiovascular fitness in overweight and obese subjects?J Sport Health Sci 2017;6:454-61.
6.Neves CD,Lacerda AC,Lage VK,Lima LP,Fonseca SF,de Avelar NC,et al.Cardiorespiratory responses and prediction of peak oxygen uptake during the shuttle walking test in healthy sedentary adult men.PLo S One2015;10:e0117563.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117563
7.Novais LD,Silva E,Simoes RP,Sakabe DI,Martins LE,Oliveira L,et al.Anaerobic threshold by mathematical model in healthy and post-myocardial infarction men.Int J Sports Med 2016;37:112-8.
8.Wasserman K,Whipp BJ,Koyl SN,Beaver WL.Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise.J Appl Physiol 1973;35:236-43.
9.Kindermann W,Simon G,Keul J.The significance of the aerobic-anaerobic transition for the determination of work load intensities during endurance training.Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1979;42:25-34.
10.Dekerle J,Baron B,Dupont L,Vanvelcenaher J,Pelayo P.Maximal lactate steady state,respiratory compensation threshold and critical power.Eur J Appl Physiol 2003;89:281-8.
11.Beneke R,Hutler M,Von Duvillard SP,Sellens M,Leithauser RM.Effect of test interruptions on blood lactate during constant workload testing.Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35:1626-30.
12.Ramos-Campo DJ,Rubio-Arias JA,Avila-Gana V,Marn-Pagan C,Luque A,Alcarez PE.Heart rate variability to assess ventilatory thresholds in professional basketball players.J Sport Health Sci 2017;6:468-73.
13.Llodio I,Gorostiaga EM,Garcia-Tabar I,Granados C,Sanchez-Medina L.Estimation of the maximal lactate steady state in endurance runners.Int JSports Med 2016;37:539-46.
14.Mankowski RT,Michael S,Rozenberg R,Stokla S,Stam HJ,Praet SF.Heart-rate variability threshold as an alternative for spiro-ergometry testing:a validation study.J Strength Cond Res 2017;31:474-9.
15.Rossi FE,Kalva-Filho CA,Araujo RG,Neto JG,Campos EZ,Pastre CM,et al.Critical velocity determined by a non-exhaustive method in menopausal women.Sci Sports 2015;30:17-22.
16.Chassain AP.A method for objective evaluation of body tolerance to effort applied to measurement of critical peaks in heart rate and lactatemia.Sci Sports 1986;1:41-8.
17.Sid-Ali B,Vandewalle H,Chair K,Moreaux A,Monod H.Lactate steady state velocity and distance-exhaustion time relationship in running.Arch Int Physiol Biochim Biophys 1991;99:297-301.
18.Billat V,Dalmay F,Antonini MT,Chassain AP.A method for determining the maximal steady state of blood lactate concentration from two levels of submaximal exercise.Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1994;69:196-202.
19.Manchado FB,Gobatto CA,Voltarelli FA,de Mello MAR.Non-exhaustive test for aerobic capacity determination in swimming rats.Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2006;31:731-6.
20.Manchado-Gobatto FB,Gobatto CA,Contarteze RV,Mello MA.Nonexhaustive test for aerobic capacity determination in running rats.Indian JExp Biol 2011;49:781-5.
21.Gobatto CA,De Araujo GG,Santiago V,Papoti M,Manchado-Gobatto FB.Validation of non-exhaustive test to determine the aerobic capacity in swimming.J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018;58:407-13.
22.Hallal PC,Victora CG.Reliability and validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire(IPAQ).Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36:556.
23.Myers J,Buchanan N,Smith D,Neutel J,Bowes E,Walsh D,et al.Individualized ramp treadmill.Observations on a new protocol.Chest1992;101(Suppl.5):S236-41.
24.Robergs RA,Dwyer D,Astorino T.Recommendations for improved data processing from expired gas analysis indirect calorimetry.Sports Med2010;40:95-111.
25.Smith TB,Stonell C,Purkayastha S,Paraskevas P.Cardiopulmonary exercise testing as a risk assessment method in non cardio-pulmonary surgery:a systematic review.Anaesthesia 2009;64:883-93.
26.Azevedo LF,Perlingeiro PS,Brum PC,Braga AM,Negrao CE,de Matos LD.Exercise intensity optimization for men with high cardiorespiratory fitness.J Sports Sci 2011;29:555-61.
27.Engel PC,Jones JB.Causes and elimination of erratic blanks in enzymatic metabolite assays involving the use of NAD+in alkaline hydrazine buffers:improved conditions for the assay of L-glutamate,L-lactate,and other metabolites.Anal Biochem 1978;88:475-84.
28.Bland JM,Altman DG.Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement.The Lancet 1986;1:307-10.
29.Hopkins WG,Schabort EJ,Hawley JA.Reliability of power in physical performance tests.Sports Med 2001;31:211-34.
30.Hauser T,Bartsch D,Baumgartel L,Schulz H.Reliability of maximal lactate-steady-state.Int J Sports Med 2013;34:196-9.
31.Jeukendrup A,Van Diemen A.Heart rate monitoring during training and competition in cyclists.J Sports Sci 1998;16(Suppl.1):S91-9.
32.Plews DJ,Laursen PB,Le Meur Y,Hausswirth C,Kilding AE,Buchheit M.Monitoring training with heart rate-variability:how much compliance is needed for valid assessment?.Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014;9:783-90.
33.Kilding AE,Jones AM.Validity of a single-visit protocol to estimate the maximum lactate steady state.Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005;37:1734-40.
34.Gobatto CA,de Mello MA,Sibuya CY,de Azevedo JR,dos Santos LA,Kokubun E.Maximal lactate steady state in rats submitted to swimming exercise.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2001;130:21-7.