古埃及王权成因探析
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摘要
学界关于古埃及王权成因的探讨很少,关于其形成背景的探讨也仅仅集中于前王朝末期。将叙述起点上溯到旧石器时代,探寻古埃及王权形成和发展的根本原因和各种条件。从长时段来看,几十万年的物质和文化积淀为公元前4000年之后古埃及社会的较快发展和王权的逐渐出现奠定了基础。涅迦达文化Ⅰ和Ⅱ时期,社会复杂化推动了王权的形成和发展。涅迦达文化Ⅲ时期,以征服战争和献祭仪式为主的诸多社会因素的相互影响使王权更加巩固。可以说,古埃及王权的形成时间或许可以提前400多年,而其形成则是古埃及史前历史长期发展的结果,是一种复杂历史情境当中诸多因素相互作用且长期积累的产物。
The reasons for the formation of ancient Egyptian kingship have not been discussed by most scholars,and the exploration on its conditions focuses on the Late Pre-dynasty. However,the beginning point of the kingship should be dated to the Paleolithic period,because the material and cultural accumulation during hundreds of thousands of years laid foundation for the development of society and the appearance of kingship.The complication of society motivated the emergence and development of kingship during the reign of Naqada Ⅰand Ⅱ. The interaction between war and ritual and even other social factors consolidated the kingship. In sum,the date of the formation of kingship in ancient Egypt perhaps was earlier by about 400 years than that we usually supposed as a result of long-time development of human history,and a product of long-time accumulation and interaction between many elements in a complicated context.
The reasons for the formation of ancient Egyptian kingship have not been discussed by most scholars,and the exploration on its conditions focuses on the Late Pre-dynasty. However,the beginning point of the kingship should be dated to the Paleolithic period,because the material and cultural accumulation during hundreds of thousands of years laid foundation for the development of society and the appearance of kingship.The complication of society motivated the emergence and development of kingship during the reign of Naqada Ⅰand Ⅱ. The interaction between war and ritual and even other social factors consolidated the kingship. In sum,the date of the formation of kingship in ancient Egypt perhaps was earlier by about 400 years than that we usually supposed as a result of long-time development of human history,and a product of long-time accumulation and interaction between many elements in a complicated context.
引文
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[2]郭子林.古埃及托勒密王朝专制王权研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2015.
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[10]金寿福.古代埃及神权与王权之间的互动和联系[J].北京大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2010(6).
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[28]P E MAGOWERN. Wine for Eternity[J]. Archaeology,1998,51(4).
[29]L MITCHELL. Earliest Egyptian Glyphs[J]. Archaeology,1999,52(2).
[30]D WENGROW. The Invention of Writing in Egypt[M]∥EMILY TEETER. Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization. Chicago:The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,2011.
[31]B ANDELKOVI. The Relations Between Early bronze Age Canaanites and Upper Egyptians[M]. Belgrade:Centre for Archaeological Research,1995.
[32]JOCHEM KAHL. Inscriptional Evidence for the Relative Chronology of Dyns. 0—2[M]∥E HORNUNG,et al.Ancient Egyptian Chronology,Leiden:Brill,2006.
[33]EMILY TEETER. Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization[M]. Chicago:The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,2011.
[34]B B WILLIAMS. Relations between Egypt and Nubia in the Naqada Period[M]∥EMILY TEETER. Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization. Chicago:The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,2011.
[35]BUCE WILLIAMS,THOMAS J LOGAN. The Metropolitan Museum Knife Handle and Aspects of Pharaonic Imagery before Narmer[J]. Journal of Near East Studies,1987,46.
[36] E BRAUN. Early Interaction between Peoples of the Nile Valley and the Southern Levant[M]∥EMILY TEETER. Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization. Chicago:The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,2011.
[37]J FINEGAN. Archaeological History of the Ancient Middle East[M]. Colorado:Westive Press,1979.
[38]A GARDINER. Ancient Egyptian Onomastica:vol.2[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1947.
[39]C ALDRED. The Egyptians[M]. London:Thames&Hudson,1961.
[40] I E S EDWARDS. The Cambridge Ancient History:vol. 1(pt. 2)[M]. 3rd. edition. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1971.
[41]A J ARKELL. Was King Scorpion Menes?[J]. Antiquity,1963,37.
[42]苏联社会科学院.世界通史:第1卷[M].北京:生活·读书·知识三联书店,1959.
[43]NICOLAS GRIMAL. A History of Ancient Egypt[M].Ian Shaw,trans. Oxford:Blackwell,1996.
[44]DONALD B REDFORD. Pharaonic King-Lists,Annals and Day-Books[M]. Mississauga:Benben Publications,1986.
[45]DAVID O'CONNOR. The Narmer Palette:A New Interpretation[M]∥EMILY TEETER. Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization. Chicago:The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,2011.
[46]郭子林.“继承神秘剧”的展演:古埃及王位继承仪式探析[J].历史研究,2015(2).
[47]郭子林.古埃及塞德节与王权[J].世界历史,2013(1).
[48]郭子林.古埃及国王的献祭仪式及其社会功能[J].世界历史,2015(3).
[49]郭子林.古埃及国王的丧葬仪式[J].世界宗教研究,2014(1).
(1)本文的年代以《牛津古代埃及史》一书为准,参见Ian Shaw,ed.,The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt,Oxford University Press,2000,pp.481-489。
(1)贝恩斯也认为“没有军事征服,上下埃及的统一性不可能出现”,参见John Baines,“Origins of Egyptian Kingship”,see in David O’Connor,David Silverman,Ancient Egyptian Kingship,E.J.Brill,1995,p.102.
(1)关于前王朝调色板上的主题具有表达国王维持宇宙和社会秩序的功能,参见Barry J.Kemp,Ancient Egypt:Anatony of A Civilization,Routledge,1989,pp.50-52.
[2]郭子林.古埃及托勒密王朝专制王权研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2015.
[3]JOHN BAINES. Origins of Egyptian Kingship[M]∥DAVID O’CONNOR,DAVID SILVERMAN. Ancient Egyptian Kingship. Leiden and New York:E. J. Brill,1995.
[4]W M FLINDERS PETRIE. A History of Egypt[M]. London:Histories&Mysteries of Man Ltd.,1894.
[5]J H BREASTED. A History of Egypt:From the Earliest Times to Persian Conquest[M]. New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1905.
[6]IAN SHAW. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000.
[7]BRANISLAV ANDELKOVI. Political Organization of Egypt in the Predynastic Period[M]∥EMILY TEETER.Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization. Chicago:The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,2011.
[8]刘文鹏.古代埃及史[M].北京:商务印书馆,2000.
[9]金寿福.内生与杂糅视野下的古埃及文明起源[J].中国社会科学,2012(6).
[10]金寿福.古代埃及神权与王权之间的互动和联系[J].北京大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2010(6).
[11]M A HOFFMAN. Egypt before the Pharaohs:The Prehistoric Foundations of Egyptian Civilization[M]. London and Henly:Marboro Books,1979.
[12] B MIDANT-REYNES. The Prehistory of Egypt[M].Oxford:Blackwell,2000.
[13]KATHRYN A BARD. Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt[M]. London and New York:Routledge,1999.
[14]R SCHULZ,M SEIDEL. Egypt:The World of the Pharoahs[M]. Potsdam:Tandem Verlag Gmb H,2010.
[15]Y TRISTANT,B MIDANT-REYNES. The Predynastic Cultures of the Nile Delta[M]∥EMILY TEETER. Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization.Chicago:The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,2011.
[16]I E S EDWARDS. The Cambridge Ancient History:vol.1(pt. 1)[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1970.
[17]J D FAGE,ROLAND OLIVER. The Cambridge History of Africa:vol. 1[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1982.
[18]C ALDRED. Egypt to the End of the Old Kingdom[M]. London:Thames and Hudson,1965.
[19]S HENDRICKS. Crafts and Craft Specialization[M]∥EMILY TEETER. Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization. Chicago:The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,2011.
[20]E J BAUMGARTEL. The Cultures of Prehistoric Egypt:vol. 2[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1960.
[21] STAN HENDRICKX. Iconography of the Predynastic and Early Dynastic Periods[M]∥EMILY TEETER.Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization. Chicago:The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,2011.
[22]K CLALOWICZ. The Predynastic/Early Dynastic Period at Tell El-Farkha[M]∥EMILY TEETER. Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization. Chicago:The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,2011.
[23]J E QUIBELL, F W GREEN. Hierakonpolis:pt.2[M]. London:William Clowes and Sons Ltd.,1902.
[24] J E QUIBELL,F W GREEN. Hierakonpolis:pt. 1[M]. London:William Clowes and Sons Ltd.,1900.
[25]H CASE,J C PAYNE. Tomb 100:The Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis[J]. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology,1962,48.
[26]B J KEMP. Photographs of the Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis[J]. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology,1973,59.
[27]REN E FRIEDMAN. Hierakonpolis[M]∥EMILY TEETER. Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization. Chicago:The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,2011.
[28]P E MAGOWERN. Wine for Eternity[J]. Archaeology,1998,51(4).
[29]L MITCHELL. Earliest Egyptian Glyphs[J]. Archaeology,1999,52(2).
[30]D WENGROW. The Invention of Writing in Egypt[M]∥EMILY TEETER. Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization. Chicago:The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,2011.
[31]B ANDELKOVI. The Relations Between Early bronze Age Canaanites and Upper Egyptians[M]. Belgrade:Centre for Archaeological Research,1995.
[32]JOCHEM KAHL. Inscriptional Evidence for the Relative Chronology of Dyns. 0—2[M]∥E HORNUNG,et al.Ancient Egyptian Chronology,Leiden:Brill,2006.
[33]EMILY TEETER. Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization[M]. Chicago:The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,2011.
[34]B B WILLIAMS. Relations between Egypt and Nubia in the Naqada Period[M]∥EMILY TEETER. Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization. Chicago:The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,2011.
[35]BUCE WILLIAMS,THOMAS J LOGAN. The Metropolitan Museum Knife Handle and Aspects of Pharaonic Imagery before Narmer[J]. Journal of Near East Studies,1987,46.
[36] E BRAUN. Early Interaction between Peoples of the Nile Valley and the Southern Levant[M]∥EMILY TEETER. Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization. Chicago:The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,2011.
[37]J FINEGAN. Archaeological History of the Ancient Middle East[M]. Colorado:Westive Press,1979.
[38]A GARDINER. Ancient Egyptian Onomastica:vol.2[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1947.
[39]C ALDRED. The Egyptians[M]. London:Thames&Hudson,1961.
[40] I E S EDWARDS. The Cambridge Ancient History:vol. 1(pt. 2)[M]. 3rd. edition. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1971.
[41]A J ARKELL. Was King Scorpion Menes?[J]. Antiquity,1963,37.
[42]苏联社会科学院.世界通史:第1卷[M].北京:生活·读书·知识三联书店,1959.
[43]NICOLAS GRIMAL. A History of Ancient Egypt[M].Ian Shaw,trans. Oxford:Blackwell,1996.
[44]DONALD B REDFORD. Pharaonic King-Lists,Annals and Day-Books[M]. Mississauga:Benben Publications,1986.
[45]DAVID O'CONNOR. The Narmer Palette:A New Interpretation[M]∥EMILY TEETER. Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization. Chicago:The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,2011.
[46]郭子林.“继承神秘剧”的展演:古埃及王位继承仪式探析[J].历史研究,2015(2).
[47]郭子林.古埃及塞德节与王权[J].世界历史,2013(1).
[48]郭子林.古埃及国王的献祭仪式及其社会功能[J].世界历史,2015(3).
[49]郭子林.古埃及国王的丧葬仪式[J].世界宗教研究,2014(1).
(1)本文的年代以《牛津古代埃及史》一书为准,参见Ian Shaw,ed.,The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt,Oxford University Press,2000,pp.481-489。
(1)贝恩斯也认为“没有军事征服,上下埃及的统一性不可能出现”,参见John Baines,“Origins of Egyptian Kingship”,see in David O’Connor,David Silverman,Ancient Egyptian Kingship,E.J.Brill,1995,p.102.
(1)关于前王朝调色板上的主题具有表达国王维持宇宙和社会秩序的功能,参见Barry J.Kemp,Ancient Egypt:Anatony of A Civilization,Routledge,1989,pp.50-52.