基于小农户生产的扶贫实践与理论探索——以“巢状市场小农扶贫试验”为例
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摘要
以市场为导向的产业扶贫方式在我国的精准扶贫工作中发挥了重要作用,但它很难全面覆盖深度贫困的小农户,也面临很多挑战。因此,需要探索和创新适合贫困小农户的多种生产扶贫方式。一项在河北省太行山区村庄开展8年的扶贫行动表明,"巢状市场小农扶贫"以"贫困小农户现在有什么"的生计资源为出发点,以健康农产品和地方特色食物产品的小农式生产为"产业",以城市普通消费者对健康食物的需求为对接出口,以"巢状市场"为交易和互动的组织形式,通过农村贫困人口和城市人口的相互信任和共同参与,成功地将生计资源和社会资本转化为贫困人口的收入,实现精准、稳定和可持续的脱贫结果,彰显了创新、协调、绿色和共享的发展理念。
The market-led alleviation of poverty through industry plays an important role in China's precise targeting of poverty alleviation,but it faces many challenges covering smallholders in extreme poverty.We therefore have to seek new methods of industry poverty alleviation for poor smallholders. The project "Smallholder poverty alleviation trial with nested markets"conducted in villages in the Taihang Mountain area of Hebei over eight years started from "What means of livelihood do poor smallholders currently have?"and then took smallholder production of healthy farm products and local food specialties as an"industry,"ordinary urban consumers'demand for healthy food as a "docking point" and "nested markets" as the organizational form of transactions and interaction.Through the trusting joint participation between poor rural dwellers and urbanities,this project successfully converted the means of livelihood and the resources of society into an income for the poor,achieving targeted,stable,and sustainable poverty elimination and highlighting the developmental concepts of innovation,coordination,going green and share of the fruits of development.
The market-led alleviation of poverty through industry plays an important role in China's precise targeting of poverty alleviation,but it faces many challenges covering smallholders in extreme poverty.We therefore have to seek new methods of industry poverty alleviation for poor smallholders. The project "Smallholder poverty alleviation trial with nested markets"conducted in villages in the Taihang Mountain area of Hebei over eight years started from "What means of livelihood do poor smallholders currently have?"and then took smallholder production of healthy farm products and local food specialties as an"industry,"ordinary urban consumers'demand for healthy food as a "docking point" and "nested markets" as the organizational form of transactions and interaction.Through the trusting joint participation between poor rural dwellers and urbanities,this project successfully converted the means of livelihood and the resources of society into an income for the poor,achieving targeted,stable,and sustainable poverty elimination and highlighting the developmental concepts of innovation,coordination,going green and share of the fruits of development.
引文
(1)国家统计局官网:《2017年全国农村贫困人口明显减少贫困地区农村居民收入加快增长》,2018年2月1日,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201802/t20180201_1579703.html,2018年2月1日。
(2)林晖:《产业扶贫助力3000万贫困人口“摘帽”》,2016年10月16日,http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2016-10/16/content_5119954.htm,2017年10月16日。
(3)郑风田、程郁:《从农业产业化到农业产业区:竞争型农业产业化发展的可行性分析》,《管理世界》2005年第7期;孙兆霞:《脱嵌的产业扶贫:以贵州为案例》,《中共福建省委党校学报》2015年第3期。
(4)黄宗智:《小农户与大商业资本的不平等交易:中国现代农业的特色》,《开放时代》2012年第3期;艾云、周雪光:《资本缺失条件下中国农产品市场的兴起——以一个乡镇农业市场为例》,《中国社会科学》2013年第8期。
(5)姚洋:《小农生产过时了吗?》,《北京日报》2017年3月6日,第18版。
(6)Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, Jingzhong Ye and Sergio Schneider, “Rural Development Reconsidered: Building on Comparative Perspectives from China, Brazil and the European Union,” Revista di Economia Agraria, vol.65, no.2, 2010, pp.163-190; Elizabeth Francis, Making a Living: Changing Livelihoods in Rural Africa, London and New York: Routledge, 2000.
(7)参见Paul Hebinck, Jan Douwe van der Ploeg and Sergio Schneider, “The Construction of New, Nested Markets and the Role of Rural Development Policies: Some Introductory Notes,” in P. Hebinck, J.D. van der Ploeg and S. Schneider, eds., Rural Development and the Construction of New Markets, Abingdon: Routledge, 2015, p. 1.
(8)Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, Jingzhong Ye and Sergio Schneider, “Rural Development Reconsidered: Building on Comparative Perspectives from China, Brazil and the European Union,” pp.163-190; Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, Jingzhong Ye and Sergio Schneider, “Rural Development through the Construction of New, Nested, Markets: Comparative Perspectives from China, Brazil and the European Union,” The Journal of Peasant Studies, vol.39, no.1, 2012, pp.133-173.
(9)本文中的乡镇和村庄均为化名。
(10)Ian Scoones, “Livelihoods Perspectives and Rural Development,” The Journal of Peasant Studies, vol.36, no.1, 2009, pp.171-196.
(11)A. Bebbington, “Capitals and Capabilities: A Framework for Analysing Peasant Viability, Rural Livelihoods and Poverty,” World Development, vol.27, no.12, 1999, pp.2021-2044.
(12)Diana Carney, Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contributions Can We Make? London: Department for International Development, 1998, pp.3-25; John Field, Social Capital, London: Routledge, 2003, pp.13-14.
(13)黄旦、郭丽华:《媒体先锋:风险社会视野中的中国食品安全报道——以2006年“多宝鱼”事件为例》,《新闻大学》2008年第4期。
(14)Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, Jingzhong Ye and Sergio Schneider, “Rural Development Reconsidered: Building on Comparative Perspectives from China, Brazil and the European Union,” pp.163-190; Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, Jingzhong Ye and Sergio Schneider, “Rural Development through the Construction of New, Nested, Markets: Comparative Perspectives from China, Brazil and the European Union,” pp.133-173.
(15)此次调查主要借助“问卷星”展开,调查人员将问卷的网络链接推送到柳村的各个消费者微信群中,邀请消费者自愿参与、网上作答,共收回81份有效问卷。
(16)参见莫洛·F.纪廉等:《新经济社会学:一门新兴学科的发展》,姚伟译,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006年,第63页;马克·格兰诺维特、理查德·斯威德伯格:《经济生活中的社会学》,瞿铁鹏、姜志辉译,上海:上海人民出版社,2014年,第58页。
(17)Teodor Shanin, “The Nature and Logic of the Peasant Economy 1: A Generalization,” The Journal of Peasant Studies, vol.1, no.1, 1973, pp.63-80.
(18)Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, “Newly Emerging, Nested Markets: A Theoretical Introduction,” in P. Hebinck, J.D. van der Ploeg and S. Schneider, eds., Rural Development and the Construction of New Markets, p. 24.
(19)P. Milone and F. Ventura, “The Visible Hand in Building New Markets for Rural Economies,” in P. Hebinck, J.D. van der Ploeg and S. Schneider, eds., Rural Development and the Construction of New Markets, p. 41.
(20)Paul Hebinck, Jan Douwe van der Ploeg and Sergio Schneider, “The Construction of New, Nested Markets and the Role of Rural Development Policies: Some Introductory Notes,” p. 4.
(21)“食物帝国”最典型的例子莫过于四大跨国粮商,即美国阿丹米、美国邦吉、美国嘉吉和法国路易达孚。参见周立:《粮食主权、粮食政治与人类可持续发展》,《世界环境》2008年第4期。
(22)拉吉·帕特尔:《粮食战争:市场、权力和世界食物体系的隐形战争》,郭国玺、程剑峰译,北京:东方出版社,2008年,第9页。
(23)Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, The New Peasantries: Struggles for Autonomy and Sustainability in an Era of Empire and Globalization, London: Earthscan, 2008, p. 239.
(24)Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, The New Peasantries: Struggles for Autonomy and Sustainability in an Era of Empire and Globalization, pp. 117, 269.
(25)Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, The New Peasantries: Struggles for Autonomy and Sustainability in an Era of Empire and Globalization, p. 4.
(26)Philip McMichael, Food Regimes and Agrarian Questions, Halifax and Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing, 2013, p. 18.
(27)参见Norman Long, “Resistance, Agency and Counter-Work: A Theoretical Positioning,” in W. Wright and G. Middendorf, eds., The Fight over Food: Producers, Consumers, and Activists Challenge the Gobal Food System, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007, pp. 69-70.
(28)Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, “Newly Emerging, Nested Markets: A Theoretical Introduction,” p. 33.
(29)Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, Jingzhong Ye and Sergio Schneider, “Rural Development through the Construction of New, Nested, Markets: Comparative Perspectives from China, Brazil and the European Union,” pp.133-173.
(30)Philip McMichael, Food Regimes and Agrarian Questions, p. 18.
(31)参考范德普勒格教授在中国农业大学讲授农业社会学课程时展示的“食物帝国”示意图,以及拉吉·帕特尔在《粮食战争:市场、权力和世界食物体系的隐形战争》(郭国玺、程剑峰译,北京:东方出版社,2008年,第9页)中关于主流食物体系的示意图。
(32)L. North and J. Cameron, “Grassroots-Based Rural Development Strategies: Ecuador in Comparative Perspective,” World Development, vol.28, no.10, 2000, pp.1751-1766; M. Woolcock, “Social Capital and Economic Development: Towards a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework,” Theory and Society, vol.27, no.2, 1998, pp.151-208.
(33)参见Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, The New Peasantries: Struggles for Autonomy and Sustainability in an Era of Empire and Globalization, p. 117.
(34)Flaminia Ventura and Pierluigi Milone, “Theory and Practice of Multi-Product Farms: Farm Butcheries in Umbria,” Sociologia Ruralis, vol.40, no.4, 2000, pp.452-465.
(35)叶敬忠:《没有小农的世界会好吗?——兼序〈新小农阶级〉中译本》,《中国农业大学学报》2013年第3期。
(36)叶敬忠:《没有小农的世界会好吗?——兼序〈新小农阶级〉中译本》,《中国农业大学学报》2013年第3期。
(37)Henry Bernstein, Class Dynamics of Agrarian Change, Halifax and Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing, 2010, p. 22.
(38)Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, Jingzhong Ye and Sergio Schneider, “Rural Development Reconsidered: Building on Comparative Perspectives from China, Brazil and the European Union,” pp.163-190.
(2)林晖:《产业扶贫助力3000万贫困人口“摘帽”》,2016年10月16日,http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2016-10/16/content_5119954.htm,2017年10月16日。
(3)郑风田、程郁:《从农业产业化到农业产业区:竞争型农业产业化发展的可行性分析》,《管理世界》2005年第7期;孙兆霞:《脱嵌的产业扶贫:以贵州为案例》,《中共福建省委党校学报》2015年第3期。
(4)黄宗智:《小农户与大商业资本的不平等交易:中国现代农业的特色》,《开放时代》2012年第3期;艾云、周雪光:《资本缺失条件下中国农产品市场的兴起——以一个乡镇农业市场为例》,《中国社会科学》2013年第8期。
(5)姚洋:《小农生产过时了吗?》,《北京日报》2017年3月6日,第18版。
(6)Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, Jingzhong Ye and Sergio Schneider, “Rural Development Reconsidered: Building on Comparative Perspectives from China, Brazil and the European Union,” Revista di Economia Agraria, vol.65, no.2, 2010, pp.163-190; Elizabeth Francis, Making a Living: Changing Livelihoods in Rural Africa, London and New York: Routledge, 2000.
(7)参见Paul Hebinck, Jan Douwe van der Ploeg and Sergio Schneider, “The Construction of New, Nested Markets and the Role of Rural Development Policies: Some Introductory Notes,” in P. Hebinck, J.D. van der Ploeg and S. Schneider, eds., Rural Development and the Construction of New Markets, Abingdon: Routledge, 2015, p. 1.
(8)Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, Jingzhong Ye and Sergio Schneider, “Rural Development Reconsidered: Building on Comparative Perspectives from China, Brazil and the European Union,” pp.163-190; Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, Jingzhong Ye and Sergio Schneider, “Rural Development through the Construction of New, Nested, Markets: Comparative Perspectives from China, Brazil and the European Union,” The Journal of Peasant Studies, vol.39, no.1, 2012, pp.133-173.
(9)本文中的乡镇和村庄均为化名。
(10)Ian Scoones, “Livelihoods Perspectives and Rural Development,” The Journal of Peasant Studies, vol.36, no.1, 2009, pp.171-196.
(11)A. Bebbington, “Capitals and Capabilities: A Framework for Analysing Peasant Viability, Rural Livelihoods and Poverty,” World Development, vol.27, no.12, 1999, pp.2021-2044.
(12)Diana Carney, Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contributions Can We Make? London: Department for International Development, 1998, pp.3-25; John Field, Social Capital, London: Routledge, 2003, pp.13-14.
(13)黄旦、郭丽华:《媒体先锋:风险社会视野中的中国食品安全报道——以2006年“多宝鱼”事件为例》,《新闻大学》2008年第4期。
(14)Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, Jingzhong Ye and Sergio Schneider, “Rural Development Reconsidered: Building on Comparative Perspectives from China, Brazil and the European Union,” pp.163-190; Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, Jingzhong Ye and Sergio Schneider, “Rural Development through the Construction of New, Nested, Markets: Comparative Perspectives from China, Brazil and the European Union,” pp.133-173.
(15)此次调查主要借助“问卷星”展开,调查人员将问卷的网络链接推送到柳村的各个消费者微信群中,邀请消费者自愿参与、网上作答,共收回81份有效问卷。
(16)参见莫洛·F.纪廉等:《新经济社会学:一门新兴学科的发展》,姚伟译,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006年,第63页;马克·格兰诺维特、理查德·斯威德伯格:《经济生活中的社会学》,瞿铁鹏、姜志辉译,上海:上海人民出版社,2014年,第58页。
(17)Teodor Shanin, “The Nature and Logic of the Peasant Economy 1: A Generalization,” The Journal of Peasant Studies, vol.1, no.1, 1973, pp.63-80.
(18)Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, “Newly Emerging, Nested Markets: A Theoretical Introduction,” in P. Hebinck, J.D. van der Ploeg and S. Schneider, eds., Rural Development and the Construction of New Markets, p. 24.
(19)P. Milone and F. Ventura, “The Visible Hand in Building New Markets for Rural Economies,” in P. Hebinck, J.D. van der Ploeg and S. Schneider, eds., Rural Development and the Construction of New Markets, p. 41.
(20)Paul Hebinck, Jan Douwe van der Ploeg and Sergio Schneider, “The Construction of New, Nested Markets and the Role of Rural Development Policies: Some Introductory Notes,” p. 4.
(21)“食物帝国”最典型的例子莫过于四大跨国粮商,即美国阿丹米、美国邦吉、美国嘉吉和法国路易达孚。参见周立:《粮食主权、粮食政治与人类可持续发展》,《世界环境》2008年第4期。
(22)拉吉·帕特尔:《粮食战争:市场、权力和世界食物体系的隐形战争》,郭国玺、程剑峰译,北京:东方出版社,2008年,第9页。
(23)Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, The New Peasantries: Struggles for Autonomy and Sustainability in an Era of Empire and Globalization, London: Earthscan, 2008, p. 239.
(24)Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, The New Peasantries: Struggles for Autonomy and Sustainability in an Era of Empire and Globalization, pp. 117, 269.
(25)Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, The New Peasantries: Struggles for Autonomy and Sustainability in an Era of Empire and Globalization, p. 4.
(26)Philip McMichael, Food Regimes and Agrarian Questions, Halifax and Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing, 2013, p. 18.
(27)参见Norman Long, “Resistance, Agency and Counter-Work: A Theoretical Positioning,” in W. Wright and G. Middendorf, eds., The Fight over Food: Producers, Consumers, and Activists Challenge the Gobal Food System, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007, pp. 69-70.
(28)Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, “Newly Emerging, Nested Markets: A Theoretical Introduction,” p. 33.
(29)Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, Jingzhong Ye and Sergio Schneider, “Rural Development through the Construction of New, Nested, Markets: Comparative Perspectives from China, Brazil and the European Union,” pp.133-173.
(30)Philip McMichael, Food Regimes and Agrarian Questions, p. 18.
(31)参考范德普勒格教授在中国农业大学讲授农业社会学课程时展示的“食物帝国”示意图,以及拉吉·帕特尔在《粮食战争:市场、权力和世界食物体系的隐形战争》(郭国玺、程剑峰译,北京:东方出版社,2008年,第9页)中关于主流食物体系的示意图。
(32)L. North and J. Cameron, “Grassroots-Based Rural Development Strategies: Ecuador in Comparative Perspective,” World Development, vol.28, no.10, 2000, pp.1751-1766; M. Woolcock, “Social Capital and Economic Development: Towards a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework,” Theory and Society, vol.27, no.2, 1998, pp.151-208.
(33)参见Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, The New Peasantries: Struggles for Autonomy and Sustainability in an Era of Empire and Globalization, p. 117.
(34)Flaminia Ventura and Pierluigi Milone, “Theory and Practice of Multi-Product Farms: Farm Butcheries in Umbria,” Sociologia Ruralis, vol.40, no.4, 2000, pp.452-465.
(35)叶敬忠:《没有小农的世界会好吗?——兼序〈新小农阶级〉中译本》,《中国农业大学学报》2013年第3期。
(36)叶敬忠:《没有小农的世界会好吗?——兼序〈新小农阶级〉中译本》,《中国农业大学学报》2013年第3期。
(37)Henry Bernstein, Class Dynamics of Agrarian Change, Halifax and Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing, 2010, p. 22.
(38)Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, Jingzhong Ye and Sergio Schneider, “Rural Development Reconsidered: Building on Comparative Perspectives from China, Brazil and the European Union,” pp.163-190.