脉络膜新生血管诊断方法的研究进展
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摘要
脉络膜新生血管是眼底疾病中一种常见的病理改变,可见于年龄相关性黄斑变性、病理性近视、特发性脉络膜新生血管和中心性渗出性脉络膜视网膜病变等多种眼科疾病。临床中常结合荧光素眼底血管造影、吲哚菁绿血管造影、光学相干断层扫描及光学相干断层扫描血管造影等方法辅助诊断。随着诊断技术的发展,脉络膜新生血管诊断的特异性和灵敏性均有所提高,为治疗方式的选择和治疗效果的评估提供依据,使患者可以获得更好的视力并且延长维持时间。本文将近年来临床常用脉络膜新生血管的诊断方法进行综述。
Choroidal neovascularization is a common pathological change in fundus diseases.It can be seen in various eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration,pathologic myopia,idiopathic choroidal neovascularization,and central exudative chorioretinopathy.In clinical practice,fluorescein fundus angiography,idocyanine green angiography,optical coherence tomography,and optical coherence tomography angiography are often used to assist diagnosis.With the development of diagnostic techniques,the specificity and sensitivity of diagnosis for choroidal neovascularization have been improved,providing a basis for the choice of treatment modalities and evaluation of therapeutic effects,enabling patients to obtain better vision and prolong their maintenance time.Now,this article summarizes the common clinical diagnostic methods of choroidal neovascularization.
Choroidal neovascularization is a common pathological change in fundus diseases.It can be seen in various eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration,pathologic myopia,idiopathic choroidal neovascularization,and central exudative chorioretinopathy.In clinical practice,fluorescein fundus angiography,idocyanine green angiography,optical coherence tomography,and optical coherence tomography angiography are often used to assist diagnosis.With the development of diagnostic techniques,the specificity and sensitivity of diagnosis for choroidal neovascularization have been improved,providing a basis for the choice of treatment modalities and evaluation of therapeutic effects,enabling patients to obtain better vision and prolong their maintenance time.Now,this article summarizes the common clinical diagnostic methods of choroidal neovascularization.
引文
[1] WEBER M L,HEIER J S.Choroidal neovascularization secondary to myopia,infection and inflammation[J].Dev Ophthalmol,2016,55(2):167-175.
[2] GUTHRIE M J,OSSWALD C R,VALIO N L,MIELER W F,KANG-MIELER J J.Objective area measurement technique for choroidal neovascularization from fluorescein angiography[J].Microvasc Res,2014,91(1):1-7.
[3] COHEN S Y,LAROCHE A,LEGUEN Y,SOUBRANE G,COSCAS G J.Etiology of choroidal neovascularization in young patients[J].Ophthalmology,1996,103(8):1241-1244.
[4] KVANTA A.Neovascular age-related macular degeneration:too many theories,too little knowledge[J].Acta Ophthalmol,2008,86(5):468-469.
[5] STUART A,FORD J A,DUCKWORTH S,JONES C,PEREIRA A.Anti-VEGF therapies in the treatment of choroidal neovascularisation secondary to non-age- related macular degeneration:a systematic review[J].BMJ Open,2015,5(4):e007746.
[6] WONG T Y,FERREIRA A,HUGHES R,CARTER G,MITCHELL P.Epidemiology and disease burden of pathologic myopia and myopic choroidal neovascularization:an evidence-based systematic review[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2014,157(1):9-25.
[7] YONEKAWA Y,MILLER J W,KIM I K.Age-related macular degeneration:advances in management and diagnosis[J].J Clin Med,2015,4(2):343-359.
[8] TSAI C T,YANG Y L,CHEN S J,LIN K S,CHAN C H,LIN W Y.Automatic characterization of classic choroidal neovascularization by using AdaBoost for supervised learning[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2011,52(5):2767-2774.
[9] MATHEW R,PEFKIANAI M,KOPSACHILIS N,BRAR M,RICHARDSON M,SIVAPRASAD S.Correlation of fundus fluorescein angiography and spectral-domain optica l coherence tomography in identification of membrane subtypes in neovascular age-related macular degeneration[J].Ophthalmologica,2014,231(3):153-159.
[10] HUANG S R,ZHANG X F.Diagnosis and treatment of the disease of ocular funds[M].Beijing:People’s Medical Publishing House,2008:1-100.黄叔仁,张晓峰.眼底病诊断与治疗[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2008:1-100.
[11] WILDE C,PATEL M,LAKSHMANAN A,AMANKWAH R,DHAR-MUNSHI S,AMOAKU W,et al.The diagnostic accuracy of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography for neovascular age-related macular degeneration:a comparison with fundus fluorescein angiography[J].Eye(Lond),2015,29(5):602-609.
[12] DO D V.Detection of new-onset choroidal neovascularization[J].Curr Opin Ophthalmol,2013,24(3):244-247.
[13] DO D V,GOWER E W,CASSARD S D,BOVER D,BRESSLER N M,BRESSLER S B,et al.Detection of new-onset choroidal neovascularization using optical coherence tomography:the AMD DOC Study[J].Ophthalmology,2012,119(4):771-718.
[14] CHEN Y X,ZHANG C F.Retina vascular angiography equipment and technology overview[J].Cont Med Edu,2006,(21):70-84.陈有信,张承芬.眼底血管造影设备及技术概论[J].继续医学教育,2006,(21):70-84.
[15] BRANCATO R,TRABUCCHI G,INTROINI U,AVANZA P,PECE A.Indocyanine green angiography(ICGA) in pathological myopia[J].Eur J Ophthalmol,1996,6(1):39-43.
[16] LEE J E,KIM H W,LEE S J,LEE J E.Changes of choroidal neovascularization in indocyanine green angiography after intravitreal ranibizumab injection[J].Retina,2015,35(5):999-1006.
[17] RUSH R B,RUSH S W.Evaluation of idiopathic choroidal neovascularization with indocyanine green angiography in patients undergoing bevacizumab therapy[J].J Ophthalmol,2015,2015:642624.
[18] HUANG D,SWANSON E A,LIN C P,SCHUMAN J S,STINSON W G,CHANG W,et al.Optical coherence tomography[J].Science,1991,254(5035):1178-1181.
[19] SWANSON E A,IZATT J A,HEE M R,HUANG D,LIN C P,SCHUMAN J S,et al.In vivo retinal imaging by optical coherence tomography[J].Opt Lett,1993,18(21):1864-1866.
[20] ZENG Y,LIU Y,FAN Y C.New development of the applications of optical coherence tomography in chorioretinopathy[J].Prac J Clin Med,2016,13(3):125-127.曾永,刘洋,樊映川.光学相干断层扫描技术在脉络膜视网膜病变中的应用新进展[J].实用医院临床杂志,2016,13(3):125-127.
[21] TRICHONAS G,KAISER P K.Optical coherence tomography imaging of macular oedema[J].Br J Ophthalmol,2014,98 (Suppl 2):24-29.
[22] SANDHU S S,TALKS S J.Correlation of optical coherence tomography,with or without additional colour fundus photography,with stereo fundus fluorescein angiography in diagnosing choroidal neovascular membranes[J].Br J Ophthalmol,2005,89(8):967-970.
[23] SULAIMAN R S,QUIGLEY J,QI X,O’HARE M N,GRANT M B,BOULTON M E,et al.A simple optical coherence tomography quantification method for choroidal neovascularization[J].J Ocul Pharmacol Ther,2015,31(8):447-454.
[24] KAISER P K,BLODI B A,SHAPIRO H,ACHARYA N R,MARINA Study Group.Angiographic and optical coherence tomographic results of the MARINA study of ranibizumab in neovascular age- related macular degeneration[J].Ophthalmology,2007,114(10):1868-1875.
[25] FUNG A E,LALWANI G A,ROSENFELD P J,DUBOW S R,MICHELS S,FEUER W J,et al.An optical coherence tomography-guided,variable dosing regimen with intravitreal ranibizumab(Lucentis) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2007,143(4):5665-5683.
[26] CHHABLANI J,DEEPA M J,TYAQI M,NARAYANAN R,KOZAK I.Fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography in myopic choroidal neovascularization[J].Eye(Lond),2015,29(4):519-524.
[27] IACONO P,BATTAGLIA PARODI M,PAPAYANNIS A,KONTADAKIS S,DA POZZO S,CASCAVILLA M L,et al.Fluorescein angiography and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography for monitoring anti-VEGF therapy in myopic choroidal neovascularization[J].Ophthalmic Res,2014,52(1):25-31.
[28] MICHALEWSKI J,NAWROCKI J,TREBINSKA M,MICHALEWSKA Z.Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography features preceding new-onset neovascular membrane formation[J].Can J Ophthalmol,2014,49(4):339-344.
[29] FERRARA D,WAHEED N K,DUKER J S.Investigating the choriocapillaris and choroidal vasculature with new optical coherence tomography technologies[J].Prog Retin Eye Res,2016,52(10):130-155.
[30] PULIAFITO C A.OCT angiography:the next era of OCT technology emerges[J].Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina,2014,45(5):360.
[31] COSCAS G,LUPIDI M,COSCAS F.Heidelberg spectralis optical coherence tomography angiography:technical aspects[J].Dev Ophthalmol,2016,56(1):1-5.
[32] JIA Y,TAN O,TOKAYER J,POTSAID B,WANG Y,LIU J J,et al.Split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography[J].Opt Express,2012,20(4):4710-4725.
[33] YU S,LU J,CAO D,LIU R,LIU B,LI T,et al.The role of optical coherence tomography angiography in fundus vascular abnormalities[J].BMC Ophthalmol,2016,16:107.
[34] JIA Y,WEI E,WANG X,ZHANG X,MORRISON J C,PARIKH M,et al.Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma[J].Ophthalmology,2014,121(7):1322-1332.
[35] LIU C H,KAO L Y,SUN M H,WU W C,CHEN H S.Retinal vessel density in optical coherence tomography angiography in optic atrophy after nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy[J].J Ophthalmol,2017,2017(9):632-647.
[36] GONG J,YU S,GONG Y,WANG F,SUN X.The diagnostic accuracy of optical coherence tomography angiography for neovascular age-related macular degeneration:a comparison with fundus fluorescein angiography[J].J Ophthalmol,2016,2016:7521478.
[37] DE CARLO T E,ROMANO A,WAHEED N K,DUKER J S.A review of optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)[J].Int J Retina Vitreous,2015,1:5.
[38] DUTHEIL C,KOROBELNIK J F,DELYFER M N,ROUQIER M B.Optical coherence tomography angiography and choroidal neovascularization in multifocal choroiditis:A descriptive study[J].Eur J Ophthalmol,2018,28(5):614-621.
[39] SCHECHET S,HARIPRASAD S M,MOVAHEDAN A,SKONDRA D.Use of optical coherence tomography angiography in masqueraders of wet age-related macular degeneration and choroidal neovascularization[J].Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina,2018,49(2):80-85.
[40] MUSA F,MUEN W J,HANCOCK R,CLARK D.Adverse effects of fluorescein angiography in hypertensive and elderly patients[J].Acta Ophthalmol Scand,2006,84(6):740-742.
[41] DE CARLO T E,BONINI FILHO M A,CHIN A T,ADHI M,FERRARA D,BAUMAL C R,et al.Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization[J].Ophthalmology,2015,122(6):1228-1238.
[42] COSTANZO E,MIERE A,QUERQUES G,CAPUANO V,JUNQ C,SOULED E H.Type 1 choroidal neovascularization lesion size:indocyanine green angiography versus optical coherence tomography angiography[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2016,57(9):307-313.
[43] EI AMEEN A,COHEN S Y,SEMOUN O,MIERE A,SROUR M,QUARANTA-EI MAFTOUHI M,et al.Type 2 neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration imaged by optiacl coherence tomography angiography[J].Retina,2015,35(11):2212-2218.
[44] SOUIED E H,EI AMEEN A,SEMOUN O,MIERE A,QUERQUES G,COHEN S Y.Optical coherence tomography angiography of type 2 neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration[J].Dev Ophthalmol,2016,56:52,56.
[45] JIA Y,BAILEY S T,WILSON D J,TAN O,KLEIN M L,FLAXEL C J,et al.Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration[J].Ophthalmology,2014,121(7):1435-1444.
[46] GAO S S,LIU L,BAILEY S T,FLAXEL C J,HUANG D,LI D,et al.Quantification of choroidal neovascularization vessel length using optical coherence tomography angiography[J].J Biomed Opt,2016,21(7):76010.
[47] HUANG D,JIA Y,RISPOLI M,TAN O.Optical coherence tomography angiography of time course of choroidal neovascularization in response to anti-angiogenic treatment[J].Retina,2015,35(11):2260-2264.
[48] LUMBROSO B,RISPOLI M,SAVASTANO M C.Longitudinal optical coherence tomography-angiography study of type 2 naive choroidal neovascularization early response after treatment[J].Retina,2015,35(11):2242-2251.
[49] MUAKKASSA N W,CHIN A T,DE CARLO T,KLEIN K A,BAUMAL C R,WITKIN A J,et al.Characterizing the effect of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy on treatment-naive choroidal neovascularization using optical coherence tomography angiography[J].Retina,2015,35(11):2252-2259.
[50] YANG A P,WANG H.Application of OCT angiography in ophthalmology[J].Int Eye Sci,2017,17(11):2073-2076.杨爱萍,汪浩.OCT 血管成像在眼科的应用[J].国际眼科杂志2017,17(11):2073-2076.
[2] GUTHRIE M J,OSSWALD C R,VALIO N L,MIELER W F,KANG-MIELER J J.Objective area measurement technique for choroidal neovascularization from fluorescein angiography[J].Microvasc Res,2014,91(1):1-7.
[3] COHEN S Y,LAROCHE A,LEGUEN Y,SOUBRANE G,COSCAS G J.Etiology of choroidal neovascularization in young patients[J].Ophthalmology,1996,103(8):1241-1244.
[4] KVANTA A.Neovascular age-related macular degeneration:too many theories,too little knowledge[J].Acta Ophthalmol,2008,86(5):468-469.
[5] STUART A,FORD J A,DUCKWORTH S,JONES C,PEREIRA A.Anti-VEGF therapies in the treatment of choroidal neovascularisation secondary to non-age- related macular degeneration:a systematic review[J].BMJ Open,2015,5(4):e007746.
[6] WONG T Y,FERREIRA A,HUGHES R,CARTER G,MITCHELL P.Epidemiology and disease burden of pathologic myopia and myopic choroidal neovascularization:an evidence-based systematic review[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2014,157(1):9-25.
[7] YONEKAWA Y,MILLER J W,KIM I K.Age-related macular degeneration:advances in management and diagnosis[J].J Clin Med,2015,4(2):343-359.
[8] TSAI C T,YANG Y L,CHEN S J,LIN K S,CHAN C H,LIN W Y.Automatic characterization of classic choroidal neovascularization by using AdaBoost for supervised learning[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2011,52(5):2767-2774.
[9] MATHEW R,PEFKIANAI M,KOPSACHILIS N,BRAR M,RICHARDSON M,SIVAPRASAD S.Correlation of fundus fluorescein angiography and spectral-domain optica l coherence tomography in identification of membrane subtypes in neovascular age-related macular degeneration[J].Ophthalmologica,2014,231(3):153-159.
[10] HUANG S R,ZHANG X F.Diagnosis and treatment of the disease of ocular funds[M].Beijing:People’s Medical Publishing House,2008:1-100.黄叔仁,张晓峰.眼底病诊断与治疗[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2008:1-100.
[11] WILDE C,PATEL M,LAKSHMANAN A,AMANKWAH R,DHAR-MUNSHI S,AMOAKU W,et al.The diagnostic accuracy of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography for neovascular age-related macular degeneration:a comparison with fundus fluorescein angiography[J].Eye(Lond),2015,29(5):602-609.
[12] DO D V.Detection of new-onset choroidal neovascularization[J].Curr Opin Ophthalmol,2013,24(3):244-247.
[13] DO D V,GOWER E W,CASSARD S D,BOVER D,BRESSLER N M,BRESSLER S B,et al.Detection of new-onset choroidal neovascularization using optical coherence tomography:the AMD DOC Study[J].Ophthalmology,2012,119(4):771-718.
[14] CHEN Y X,ZHANG C F.Retina vascular angiography equipment and technology overview[J].Cont Med Edu,2006,(21):70-84.陈有信,张承芬.眼底血管造影设备及技术概论[J].继续医学教育,2006,(21):70-84.
[15] BRANCATO R,TRABUCCHI G,INTROINI U,AVANZA P,PECE A.Indocyanine green angiography(ICGA) in pathological myopia[J].Eur J Ophthalmol,1996,6(1):39-43.
[16] LEE J E,KIM H W,LEE S J,LEE J E.Changes of choroidal neovascularization in indocyanine green angiography after intravitreal ranibizumab injection[J].Retina,2015,35(5):999-1006.
[17] RUSH R B,RUSH S W.Evaluation of idiopathic choroidal neovascularization with indocyanine green angiography in patients undergoing bevacizumab therapy[J].J Ophthalmol,2015,2015:642624.
[18] HUANG D,SWANSON E A,LIN C P,SCHUMAN J S,STINSON W G,CHANG W,et al.Optical coherence tomography[J].Science,1991,254(5035):1178-1181.
[19] SWANSON E A,IZATT J A,HEE M R,HUANG D,LIN C P,SCHUMAN J S,et al.In vivo retinal imaging by optical coherence tomography[J].Opt Lett,1993,18(21):1864-1866.
[20] ZENG Y,LIU Y,FAN Y C.New development of the applications of optical coherence tomography in chorioretinopathy[J].Prac J Clin Med,2016,13(3):125-127.曾永,刘洋,樊映川.光学相干断层扫描技术在脉络膜视网膜病变中的应用新进展[J].实用医院临床杂志,2016,13(3):125-127.
[21] TRICHONAS G,KAISER P K.Optical coherence tomography imaging of macular oedema[J].Br J Ophthalmol,2014,98 (Suppl 2):24-29.
[22] SANDHU S S,TALKS S J.Correlation of optical coherence tomography,with or without additional colour fundus photography,with stereo fundus fluorescein angiography in diagnosing choroidal neovascular membranes[J].Br J Ophthalmol,2005,89(8):967-970.
[23] SULAIMAN R S,QUIGLEY J,QI X,O’HARE M N,GRANT M B,BOULTON M E,et al.A simple optical coherence tomography quantification method for choroidal neovascularization[J].J Ocul Pharmacol Ther,2015,31(8):447-454.
[24] KAISER P K,BLODI B A,SHAPIRO H,ACHARYA N R,MARINA Study Group.Angiographic and optical coherence tomographic results of the MARINA study of ranibizumab in neovascular age- related macular degeneration[J].Ophthalmology,2007,114(10):1868-1875.
[25] FUNG A E,LALWANI G A,ROSENFELD P J,DUBOW S R,MICHELS S,FEUER W J,et al.An optical coherence tomography-guided,variable dosing regimen with intravitreal ranibizumab(Lucentis) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2007,143(4):5665-5683.
[26] CHHABLANI J,DEEPA M J,TYAQI M,NARAYANAN R,KOZAK I.Fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography in myopic choroidal neovascularization[J].Eye(Lond),2015,29(4):519-524.
[27] IACONO P,BATTAGLIA PARODI M,PAPAYANNIS A,KONTADAKIS S,DA POZZO S,CASCAVILLA M L,et al.Fluorescein angiography and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography for monitoring anti-VEGF therapy in myopic choroidal neovascularization[J].Ophthalmic Res,2014,52(1):25-31.
[28] MICHALEWSKI J,NAWROCKI J,TREBINSKA M,MICHALEWSKA Z.Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography features preceding new-onset neovascular membrane formation[J].Can J Ophthalmol,2014,49(4):339-344.
[29] FERRARA D,WAHEED N K,DUKER J S.Investigating the choriocapillaris and choroidal vasculature with new optical coherence tomography technologies[J].Prog Retin Eye Res,2016,52(10):130-155.
[30] PULIAFITO C A.OCT angiography:the next era of OCT technology emerges[J].Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina,2014,45(5):360.
[31] COSCAS G,LUPIDI M,COSCAS F.Heidelberg spectralis optical coherence tomography angiography:technical aspects[J].Dev Ophthalmol,2016,56(1):1-5.
[32] JIA Y,TAN O,TOKAYER J,POTSAID B,WANG Y,LIU J J,et al.Split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography[J].Opt Express,2012,20(4):4710-4725.
[33] YU S,LU J,CAO D,LIU R,LIU B,LI T,et al.The role of optical coherence tomography angiography in fundus vascular abnormalities[J].BMC Ophthalmol,2016,16:107.
[34] JIA Y,WEI E,WANG X,ZHANG X,MORRISON J C,PARIKH M,et al.Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma[J].Ophthalmology,2014,121(7):1322-1332.
[35] LIU C H,KAO L Y,SUN M H,WU W C,CHEN H S.Retinal vessel density in optical coherence tomography angiography in optic atrophy after nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy[J].J Ophthalmol,2017,2017(9):632-647.
[36] GONG J,YU S,GONG Y,WANG F,SUN X.The diagnostic accuracy of optical coherence tomography angiography for neovascular age-related macular degeneration:a comparison with fundus fluorescein angiography[J].J Ophthalmol,2016,2016:7521478.
[37] DE CARLO T E,ROMANO A,WAHEED N K,DUKER J S.A review of optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)[J].Int J Retina Vitreous,2015,1:5.
[38] DUTHEIL C,KOROBELNIK J F,DELYFER M N,ROUQIER M B.Optical coherence tomography angiography and choroidal neovascularization in multifocal choroiditis:A descriptive study[J].Eur J Ophthalmol,2018,28(5):614-621.
[39] SCHECHET S,HARIPRASAD S M,MOVAHEDAN A,SKONDRA D.Use of optical coherence tomography angiography in masqueraders of wet age-related macular degeneration and choroidal neovascularization[J].Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina,2018,49(2):80-85.
[40] MUSA F,MUEN W J,HANCOCK R,CLARK D.Adverse effects of fluorescein angiography in hypertensive and elderly patients[J].Acta Ophthalmol Scand,2006,84(6):740-742.
[41] DE CARLO T E,BONINI FILHO M A,CHIN A T,ADHI M,FERRARA D,BAUMAL C R,et al.Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization[J].Ophthalmology,2015,122(6):1228-1238.
[42] COSTANZO E,MIERE A,QUERQUES G,CAPUANO V,JUNQ C,SOULED E H.Type 1 choroidal neovascularization lesion size:indocyanine green angiography versus optical coherence tomography angiography[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2016,57(9):307-313.
[43] EI AMEEN A,COHEN S Y,SEMOUN O,MIERE A,SROUR M,QUARANTA-EI MAFTOUHI M,et al.Type 2 neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration imaged by optiacl coherence tomography angiography[J].Retina,2015,35(11):2212-2218.
[44] SOUIED E H,EI AMEEN A,SEMOUN O,MIERE A,QUERQUES G,COHEN S Y.Optical coherence tomography angiography of type 2 neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration[J].Dev Ophthalmol,2016,56:52,56.
[45] JIA Y,BAILEY S T,WILSON D J,TAN O,KLEIN M L,FLAXEL C J,et al.Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration[J].Ophthalmology,2014,121(7):1435-1444.
[46] GAO S S,LIU L,BAILEY S T,FLAXEL C J,HUANG D,LI D,et al.Quantification of choroidal neovascularization vessel length using optical coherence tomography angiography[J].J Biomed Opt,2016,21(7):76010.
[47] HUANG D,JIA Y,RISPOLI M,TAN O.Optical coherence tomography angiography of time course of choroidal neovascularization in response to anti-angiogenic treatment[J].Retina,2015,35(11):2260-2264.
[48] LUMBROSO B,RISPOLI M,SAVASTANO M C.Longitudinal optical coherence tomography-angiography study of type 2 naive choroidal neovascularization early response after treatment[J].Retina,2015,35(11):2242-2251.
[49] MUAKKASSA N W,CHIN A T,DE CARLO T,KLEIN K A,BAUMAL C R,WITKIN A J,et al.Characterizing the effect of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy on treatment-naive choroidal neovascularization using optical coherence tomography angiography[J].Retina,2015,35(11):2252-2259.
[50] YANG A P,WANG H.Application of OCT angiography in ophthalmology[J].Int Eye Sci,2017,17(11):2073-2076.杨爱萍,汪浩.OCT 血管成像在眼科的应用[J].国际眼科杂志2017,17(11):2073-2076.