固体推进剂高能氧化剂的合成研究进展
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摘要
从提高固体推进剂比冲的技术途径出发,将高能氧化剂按元素组成、结构及性能特征分为四大类,对每类氧化剂的合成进展进行了简要综述。指出了适应固体推进剂的高能氧化剂设计时需要综合考量氧含量、质量生成焓、燃气平均分子量及密度,且晶体质量、稳定性、感度、相容性等需要满足推进剂配方的要求。固体推进剂AP替代物的研制需要开发具有高密度含氧(原子)源且质量生成焓远大于AP的氧化剂;有机高能氧化剂作为固体推进剂的辅助氧化剂,追求零氧平衡基础上的高质量生成焓、高氢含量基础上的高质量生成焓。组成和结构与部分性质(如热稳定性、相容性、感度等)要求是矛盾的,设计和筛选中应作一定的权衡。加快氧化剂的研发效率,建立高能氧化剂数据库及高通量的筛选程序、提高性能(生成焓、感度)预测的准确性等迫在眉睫。
In order to improve the specific impulse of solid propellants,high energetic oxidizers have to be used,and they could be classified into four categories depending on their compositions,structures and performances.The progress on synthesis of oxidizers is reviewed in this paper.It is pointed out that the oxygen balance,heat of formation,density and the average molecular weight of exhausted gas should be considered in the molecular design of energetic oxidizers for solid propellant applications.Crystal quality,thermal stability,sensitivity and compatibility of an oxidizer should meet the requirement of propellant formulations. The substitutes of solid oxidizer AP should have a high density oxygen source group and its mass enthalpy of formation should be greater than that of AP.The organic high energy oxidizers as auxiliary oxidant for solid propellants are characterized by high heat of formation,high oxygen and high hydrogen content.The molecular design and screening of oxidizers are the compromise between high performance and other properties such as thermal stability,sensitivity and compatibility. In order to speed up the efficiency of oxidizer creation,it is necessary to establish high energy oxidizer database and high throughput screening procedure,and improve the accuracy of performance predictions.
In order to improve the specific impulse of solid propellants,high energetic oxidizers have to be used,and they could be classified into four categories depending on their compositions,structures and performances.The progress on synthesis of oxidizers is reviewed in this paper.It is pointed out that the oxygen balance,heat of formation,density and the average molecular weight of exhausted gas should be considered in the molecular design of energetic oxidizers for solid propellant applications.Crystal quality,thermal stability,sensitivity and compatibility of an oxidizer should meet the requirement of propellant formulations. The substitutes of solid oxidizer AP should have a high density oxygen source group and its mass enthalpy of formation should be greater than that of AP.The organic high energy oxidizers as auxiliary oxidant for solid propellants are characterized by high heat of formation,high oxygen and high hydrogen content.The molecular design and screening of oxidizers are the compromise between high performance and other properties such as thermal stability,sensitivity and compatibility. In order to speed up the efficiency of oxidizer creation,it is necessary to establish high energy oxidizer database and high throughput screening procedure,and improve the accuracy of performance predictions.
引文
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[38]LIU Hao,ZHANG Yong,LI Ruying,et al.Uniform and highyield carbon nanotubes with modulated nitrogen concentration for promising nanoscale energetic materials[J].International Journal of Energetic Material and Chemical Propulsion,2010,9(1):55-69.
[39]Mcmahan A K,Lesar R.Pressure dissociation of solid nitrogen under 1 Mbar[J].Physical Review Letters,1985,54(17):1929-1932.
[40]Mailhiot C,Yang L H,Mcmahan A K,et al.Polymeric nitrogen[J].Physical Review B,1994,46(22):14419-14435.
[41]Gagliardi L,Evangelisti S,Widmark P O,et al.A theoretical study of the N8 cubane to N8 pentalene isomerization reaction[J].Theoretica Chimica Acta,1997,97(1):136-142.
[42]Eremets M I,Alexander G,Gavriliuk I,et al.Single-bonded cubic form of nitrogen[J].Nature Materials,2004,3(8):558-563.
[43]Lipp M J,Klepeis J P,Baer B J,et al.Transformation of molecular nitrogen to nonmolecular phases at megabar pressures by direct laser heating[J].Physical Review B,2007,76(1):014113/1-5.
[44]Gregoryanz E,Goncharov A F,Sanloup C,et al.High P-Ttransformations of nitrogen to 170GPa[J].Journal of Chemical Physics,2007,126(18):184505/1-5.
[45]Tomasino D,Kim M,Smith J,et al.Pressure-induced symmetry-lowering transition in dense nitrogen to layered polymeric nitrogen(LP-N)with colossal Raman intensity[J].Physical Review Letters,2014,113(20):205502/1-4.
[46]雷力,蒲梅芳,冯雷豪,等.立方聚合氮(cg-N)的高温高压合成[J].高压物理学报,2018,32(2):020102/1-5.LEI Li,PU Meifang,FENG Leihao,et al.Synthesis of cubic gauche niturogen(cg-N)under high pressure and high temperature[J].Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics,2018,32(2):020102/1-5.
[47]Livermore scientists achieve metallic hydrogen[R].APSNews,the American PhysicalSociety,1996.
[48]Rademacher N,Bayarjargal L,Morgenroth W,et al.Preparation and characterization of solid carbon monoxide at high pressure in the diamond anvil cell[R].DESY Photon Science Annual Report,2011.
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[50]Winger E,Huntington B.On the possibility of a metallic modification of hydrogen[J].J.Chem.Phys.,1935,3(12):764-770.
[51]Ranga P D,Silvera F I.Observation of the Wigner-Huntington transition to solid metallic hydrogen[J].Science,2017,335(6326):715-718.
[52]Silvera F I,Ranga P D.Response to comment on“Observation of the Wigner-Huntington transition to metallic hydrogen”[J].Science,2017,357(6353):eaan1215/1-2.
[2]Vorde Carin,S.Henrik,Method of producing dinitramidic acid[P].WO 2005/070823.
[3]Ek S,Skarstind M,Latypov N,et al.Synthesis of amonnium dintramide[P].WO 2015/115962.
[4]Martin R,Sergey V D,István Furó,et al.Experimental detection of trinitramide N(NO2)3[J].Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.,2011,50(5):1145-1148.
[5]Christe K O,Wilson W W,Belanger C G,et al.Synthesis and characterization of fluorodinitroamine FN(NO2)2[J].Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.,2015,46(15):1316-1320.
[6]Guillaume Blanger Chabot,Martin Rahm,Ralf Haiges,et al.Ammonia-(Dinitramido)boranes:High-energy-density materials[J].Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.,2015,127(40):11896-11900.
[7]ZHU L,WANG Ziwei,WANG Yanchao,et al.Spiral chain O4form of dense oxygen[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2011,109(3):751-753.
[8]Tang Y,Zhang J,Mitchell L A,et al.Taming of 3,4-di(nitramino)furazan[J].J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2015,137(51):15984-15987.
[9]Jun Y,Haifeng H.Preparation and characterization of nitraminofurazan featured composite energetic salts[C]//New Trends in Research of Energetic Materials,Czech Republic,2018:1160-1165.
[10]Suponitsky K Yu,Lyssenko K A,Antipin M Yu,et al.4,4'-bis(nitramino)azofurazan and its salts-study of molecular and crystal structure based on X-ray and quantum chemical data[J].Russian Chemical Bulletin International Edition,2009,58(10):2129-2136.
[11]Wensheng Tao,Haifeng Huang,Jun Yang.Energetic salts based on 1,2,4,5-dioxadiazinefunctionalized nitraminofurazan[C]//New Trends in Research of Energetic Materials.Czech Republic,2018:1103-1111.
[12]Semenov V V,Kanischev M I,Shevelev S A.Thermal ring-opening reaction of N-polynitromethyl tetrazoles:facile generation of nitrilimines and their reactivity[J].Tetrahedron,2009,65(17):3441-3445.
[13]Semenov V V,Shevelev S A.Reactivity of the low-nucleophilic N-dinitromethyl carbanion center in polynitromethylazoles[J].Mendeleev Communications,2010,20(6):332-334.
[14]张敏,毕福强,许诚,等.2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑羟胺盐的合成与性能[J].含能材料,2015,23(7):653-656.ZHANG Min,BI Fuqiang,XU Cheng,et al.Synthesis and properties of hydroxylammonium 2-dinitromethyl-5-nitrotetrazolate[J].Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials,2015,23(7):653-656.
[15]Klap9ke T M,Mayr N,Stierstorfe R J,et al.Maximum compaction of ionic organic explosives:Bis(hydroxylammonium)5,5'-dinitromethyl-3,3'-bis(1,2,4-oxadiazolate)and its derivatives[J].Chem.Eur.J.,2014,20(5):1410-1417.
[16]Tobias S H,Konstantin K,Thomas M Klap9ke.Synthesis and characterization of 2,2'-dinitramino-5,5'-bi(1-oxa-3,4-diazole)and derivatives as economic and highly dense energetic materials[J].Chem.Eur.J.,2017,23(50):12087-12091.
[17]Steve Nicolich,Philip Samuels,Dr Reddy Damavarapu,et al.5,5'-bis-tetrazole-1,1'-diolate(TKX-50)synthesis and lab scale characterization[R].
[18]Sinditskiia V P,Filatov S A,Kolesov V I,et al.Combustion behavior and physico-chemical properties of dihydroxylammonium 5,5'-bistetrazole-1,1'-diolate(TKX-50)[J].Thermochimica Acta,2015,614(1):85-92.
[19]Igor L Dalinger,Kyrill Yu Suponitsky,Tatyana K Shkineva,et al.Bipyrazole bearing ten nitro group-A novel highly dense oxidizer for forward-looking rocket propulsions[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2018,6(30):14780-14786.
[20]TANG Yongxing,HE Chunlin,Gregory H Imler,et al.Energetic derivatives of 4,4'.5.5'-tetranitro-2H,2'H-3,3'-bipyrazole(TNBP):Synthesis,characterization and promising properties[J].J.Mater.Chem.A,2018,6(12):5136-5142.
[21]Semenov V V,Shevelev S A,Bruskin A B,et al.Synthesis of5,5'-dinitro-2,2'-bis(polynitromethyl)-bi(1,2,3(4)-triazoles),hydrogen-free oxidizers[J].Chem.Heterocycl.Compd.,2017,53(6/7):728-732.
[22]LI Yanan,WANG Bin,CHANG Pei,et al.Novel catenated N6energetic compounds based on substituted 1,2,4-triazoles:synthesis,structures and properties[J].RSC Adv.,2018,8(25):13755-13763.
[23]Mohammad H K,Yasin H A,Karim E,et al.Introducing novel tetrazole derivatives as high performance energetic compounds for confined explosion and as oxidizer in solid propellants[J].Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics,2017,42(5):492-498.
[24]Mohammad H K.,Yasin H A,Karim E,et al.A novel class of nitrogen-rich explosives containing high oxygen balance to use as high performance oxidizers in solid propellants[J].Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics,2017,42(10):1155-1160.
[25]Fischer D,Klapo9tke T M,Stierstorfer J.1,5-Di(nir-ramino)tetrazole:high sensitivity and superior explosive performance[J].Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2015,54(35):10299-10302.
[26]Sikder A K,Sikder N.A review of advanced high performance,insensitive and thermally stable energetic materials emerging for military and space applications[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2004,112(1):1-15.
[27]何金选,卢艳华,雷晴,等.3,3'-二硝基-4,4'-偶氮氧化呋咱的合成及性能[J].火炸药学报,2011,34(5):26-30.HE Jinxuan,LU Yanhua,LEI Qing,et al.Synthesis and properties of high energetic compound 3,3'-dinitro-4,4'-azofuroxan[J].Chinese Journal of Explosives&Propellants,2011,34(5):26-30.
[28]Michael S K,Alexey A G,Oleg V A,et al.Synthesis of tetrazino-tetrazine 1,3,6,8-tetraoxide(TTTO)[J].Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.,2016,55(38):11472-11475.
[29]Voronin A A,Churakov A M,Klenov M S,et al.Synthesis of1,2,3,4-tetrazine 1,3-dioxides annulated with 1(2)-aryl-1,2,3-triazoles[J].European Journal of Organic Chemistry,2017,33:4963-4971.
[30]Lempert D,Nechiporenko G,Soglasnova S.Energetic potential of compositions based on high-enthalpy polynitrogen compounds[J].Combustion,Explosion,and Shock Waves,2009,45(2):160-168.
[31]卢艳华,何金选,雷晴,等.全氮化合物研究进展[J].化学推进剂与高分子材料,2013,11(3):23-29.LU Yanhua,HE Jinxuan,LEI Qing,et al.Research progress in all-nitrogen compounds[J].Chemical Propellants&Polymeric Materials,2013,11(3):23-29.
[32]Christe K O,Wilson W W,Sheehy J A,et al.N5+:A novel homoleptic polynitrogen ion as a highenergy density material[J].Angewandte Chemie International Edition,1999,38(13/14):2004-2009.
[33]Vij A,Wilson W W,Vij V,et al.Polynitrogen chemistry:Synthesis,characterization,and crystal structure of surprisingly stable fluoroantimonate salts of N5+[J〗.Journal of the American Chemical Society,2001,123(26):6308-6313.
[34]Christe K O.Recent advances in the chemistry of N5+,N5-and high-oxygen compounds[J].Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics,2007,32(3):194-204.
[35]Vij A.Polynitrogen chemistry:Recent development in pentazole and poly azide chemistry[R].ADA422509,2004.
[36]Wilson W W,Vij A,Vij V,et al.Poly nitrogen chemistry:Preparation and characterization of(N5)2Sn F6,N5Sn F5,and N5B(CF3)4[J].Chemistry-A European Journal,2003,9(12):2840-2844.
[37]ZHANG Chong,SUN Chengguo,HU Bingcheng,et al.Synthesis and characterization of the pentazolate anion cycloN5-in(N5)6(H3O)3(NH4)4Cl[J].Science,2017,355(6323):374-376.
[38]LIU Hao,ZHANG Yong,LI Ruying,et al.Uniform and highyield carbon nanotubes with modulated nitrogen concentration for promising nanoscale energetic materials[J].International Journal of Energetic Material and Chemical Propulsion,2010,9(1):55-69.
[39]Mcmahan A K,Lesar R.Pressure dissociation of solid nitrogen under 1 Mbar[J].Physical Review Letters,1985,54(17):1929-1932.
[40]Mailhiot C,Yang L H,Mcmahan A K,et al.Polymeric nitrogen[J].Physical Review B,1994,46(22):14419-14435.
[41]Gagliardi L,Evangelisti S,Widmark P O,et al.A theoretical study of the N8 cubane to N8 pentalene isomerization reaction[J].Theoretica Chimica Acta,1997,97(1):136-142.
[42]Eremets M I,Alexander G,Gavriliuk I,et al.Single-bonded cubic form of nitrogen[J].Nature Materials,2004,3(8):558-563.
[43]Lipp M J,Klepeis J P,Baer B J,et al.Transformation of molecular nitrogen to nonmolecular phases at megabar pressures by direct laser heating[J].Physical Review B,2007,76(1):014113/1-5.
[44]Gregoryanz E,Goncharov A F,Sanloup C,et al.High P-Ttransformations of nitrogen to 170GPa[J].Journal of Chemical Physics,2007,126(18):184505/1-5.
[45]Tomasino D,Kim M,Smith J,et al.Pressure-induced symmetry-lowering transition in dense nitrogen to layered polymeric nitrogen(LP-N)with colossal Raman intensity[J].Physical Review Letters,2014,113(20):205502/1-4.
[46]雷力,蒲梅芳,冯雷豪,等.立方聚合氮(cg-N)的高温高压合成[J].高压物理学报,2018,32(2):020102/1-5.LEI Li,PU Meifang,FENG Leihao,et al.Synthesis of cubic gauche niturogen(cg-N)under high pressure and high temperature[J].Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics,2018,32(2):020102/1-5.
[47]Livermore scientists achieve metallic hydrogen[R].APSNews,the American PhysicalSociety,1996.
[48]Rademacher N,Bayarjargal L,Morgenroth W,et al.Preparation and characterization of solid carbon monoxide at high pressure in the diamond anvil cell[R].DESY Photon Science Annual Report,2011.
[49]Steven C Shark,Travis R Sippel,Steven F Son,et al.Theoretical performance analysis of metal hydride fuel additives for rocket propellant applications[C]//47th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference&Exhibit 31 July-03 August 2011,San Diego,California.
[50]Winger E,Huntington B.On the possibility of a metallic modification of hydrogen[J].J.Chem.Phys.,1935,3(12):764-770.
[51]Ranga P D,Silvera F I.Observation of the Wigner-Huntington transition to solid metallic hydrogen[J].Science,2017,335(6326):715-718.
[52]Silvera F I,Ranga P D.Response to comment on“Observation of the Wigner-Huntington transition to metallic hydrogen”[J].Science,2017,357(6353):eaan1215/1-2.