新闻=真相?区块链技术与新闻业的未来
摘要
目前美国新闻业面临着两个困境:由于政治、资本和技术的操纵,假新闻猖獗和标题党众多,导致受众对其信心下降;其广告商业模式已经失效,收入来源枯竭,新闻报道难以为继。区块链技术能自动、忠实、完整和非中心化地记录网络时代所发生的一切"交易",而且其加密货币也可能成为内容产业微支付的手段,从而为其与读者建立直接联系、摆脱广告商业模式提供了条件。本文从媒介的偏向、传播史研究和新闻生产的政治经济学角度分析了区块链技术对新闻业的价值,并介绍了目前该技术在美国内容产业中的具体应用。作者借用李普曼的理论指出,在区块链的支持下,新闻有可能抵达真相。区块链与新闻业的结合还需要更多的试错,我们固然不可对它过于乐观,但也不可断然忽视,因为很多迹象表明,它很可能已成为颠覆当今社会所有常规的革命性技术,其潜力不容小觑。
引文
(1)例如2017年,Uber服务器遭黑客攻击其570万用户信息被泄露;美国婚外情网站Ashely Madison的370万用户信息被盗并遭网络公开,导致两名用户自杀;美国信用评估公司Equifax的1.43亿用户信息,包括社保号、驾驶证号和信用卡信息遭泄露等,我国社交媒体,网购网站等也频频出现用户数据遭泄露的事件。
(2)https://medium.com/s/welcome-to-blockchain/everything-youneed-to-know-about-blockchain-but-were-too-embarrassedto-ask-b3cee3e918f8
(3)https://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-network-out-muscles-top-500-supercomputers/
(4)https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/13/jamie-dimon-says-peoplewho-buy-bitcoin-are-stupid.html
(5)派卡·海曼、李伦、魏静等:《黑客伦理与信息时代精神》第39页,中信出版社2002年版
(6)https://medium.com/s/welcome-to-blockchain/everything-youneed-to-know-about-blockchain-but-were-too-embarrassedto-ask-b3cee3e918f8
(7)Innis,H.A.,&Watson,A.J.(1991).The Bias of Communication.Toronto,Canada:University of Toronto Press.p.33.
(8)Peters,J.D.(2008).History as a communication problem.In Zelizer,B.(2008).Explorations in communication and history.Routledge.19–34.
(9)哈罗德·伊尼斯:《传播的偏向》第37页,何道宽译,中国传媒大学出版社2013年版
(10)Schudson,M.(1991).in Jankowski,N.W.,&Jensen,K.B.(ed.).(2002).A Handbook of Qualitative Methodologies for Mass Communication Research.London:Routledge.Historical approaches to communication studies.
(11)邓建国、迈克尔·舒德森:《我对新闻业未来谨慎乐观——迈克尔·舒德森学术访谈》,《新闻记者》2015年第2期
(12)沃尔特?李普曼:《公众舆论》第179页,上海人民出版社2006年版
(13)哈贝马斯、曹卫东:《公共领域的结构转型》,学林出版社1999年版
(14)[美]迈克尔·舒德森:《发掘新闻美国报业的社会史》第175页,北京大学出版社2009年版
(15)Brown,J.D.,Bybee,C.R.,Wearden,S.T.,&Straughan,D.M.(1987).Invisible Power:Newspaper News Sources and the Limits of Diversity.Journalism Quarterly,64(1),45–54.https://doi.org/10.1177/107769908706400106
(16)Lewis,J.,Williams,A.,&Franklin,B.(2008).A Compromised Fourth Estate?Journalism Studies,9(1),1–20.https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700701767974
(17)引自:https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jun/10/bankrupt-gawker-over-grudge-not-justice-censorship
(18)引自:http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/americans-media-poll-trust-trump-fake-newsattacks-a8091991.html
(19)引自:https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/02/nyregion/dnainfogothamist-shutting-down.html
(20)Curran,J.(1977)“Capitalism and control of the press 1800–1975,”in J.Curran,M.Gurevitch,and J.Woollacott(ed.)Mass Communication and Society,Beverly Hills,CA:Sage.
(21)[美]贝戈蒂克安:《新媒体垄断》第20页,邓建国译,清华大学出版社2013年版
(22)参见Facebook广告部门的招商广告:https://politics.fb.com/adcampaigns/
(23)Thaler,Richard H.,and Cass R.Sunstein.Nudge:Improving Decisions About Health,Wealth,and Happiness.Yale University Press,2008.
(24)Kramer,A.D.I.,Guillory,J.E.,&Hancock,J.T.(2014).Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111(24),8788–8790.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320040111
(25)Bell,Emily,and Bill Owen.“The Platform Press:How Silicon Valley Reengineered Journalism.”CJR.29 March 2017.https://www.cjr.org/tow_center_reports/platform-press-how-siliconvalley-reengineered-journalism.php#executive-summary.
(26)引自:http://www.bitcoininsider.org/article/17467/what-couldblockchain-do-journalism
(27)2018年3月15日笔者在谷歌里使用blockchain+journalism检索,得到120万条结果。
(28)引自:https://hackernoon.com/is-blockchain-the-future-ofjournalism-and-storytelling-6b462be3a060
(29)引自:http://adage.com/article/global-news/major-publishersback-micropayments-u-s-launch/303242/
(30)引自:https://blog.joincivil.com/why-does-journalism-needblockchain-technology-6db1b4ff84ba
(31)IPFS(Inter-Planetary File System)是一个面向全球的、点对点的分布式超媒体分发协议。它整合了过去几年最好的分布式系统思路,为所有人提供全球统一的可寻址空间,被认为是最有可能取代HTTP的新一代互联网协议。IPFS会从根本上改变Web内容的分发机制,使其变得完全去中心化。
(32)引自:https://www.poynter.org/news/mining-cryptocurrenciesand-blockchain-tech-save-journalism
(33)(34)(35)(36)沃尔特?李普曼著:《公众舆论》第283、284、271、295页,闫克文译,上海人民出版社2006年版
(2)https://medium.com/s/welcome-to-blockchain/everything-youneed-to-know-about-blockchain-but-were-too-embarrassedto-ask-b3cee3e918f8
(3)https://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-network-out-muscles-top-500-supercomputers/
(4)https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/13/jamie-dimon-says-peoplewho-buy-bitcoin-are-stupid.html
(5)派卡·海曼、李伦、魏静等:《黑客伦理与信息时代精神》第39页,中信出版社2002年版
(6)https://medium.com/s/welcome-to-blockchain/everything-youneed-to-know-about-blockchain-but-were-too-embarrassedto-ask-b3cee3e918f8
(7)Innis,H.A.,&Watson,A.J.(1991).The Bias of Communication.Toronto,Canada:University of Toronto Press.p.33.
(8)Peters,J.D.(2008).History as a communication problem.In Zelizer,B.(2008).Explorations in communication and history.Routledge.19–34.
(9)哈罗德·伊尼斯:《传播的偏向》第37页,何道宽译,中国传媒大学出版社2013年版
(10)Schudson,M.(1991).in Jankowski,N.W.,&Jensen,K.B.(ed.).(2002).A Handbook of Qualitative Methodologies for Mass Communication Research.London:Routledge.Historical approaches to communication studies.
(11)邓建国、迈克尔·舒德森:《我对新闻业未来谨慎乐观——迈克尔·舒德森学术访谈》,《新闻记者》2015年第2期
(12)沃尔特?李普曼:《公众舆论》第179页,上海人民出版社2006年版
(13)哈贝马斯、曹卫东:《公共领域的结构转型》,学林出版社1999年版
(14)[美]迈克尔·舒德森:《发掘新闻美国报业的社会史》第175页,北京大学出版社2009年版
(15)Brown,J.D.,Bybee,C.R.,Wearden,S.T.,&Straughan,D.M.(1987).Invisible Power:Newspaper News Sources and the Limits of Diversity.Journalism Quarterly,64(1),45–54.https://doi.org/10.1177/107769908706400106
(16)Lewis,J.,Williams,A.,&Franklin,B.(2008).A Compromised Fourth Estate?Journalism Studies,9(1),1–20.https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700701767974
(17)引自:https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jun/10/bankrupt-gawker-over-grudge-not-justice-censorship
(18)引自:http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/americans-media-poll-trust-trump-fake-newsattacks-a8091991.html
(19)引自:https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/02/nyregion/dnainfogothamist-shutting-down.html
(20)Curran,J.(1977)“Capitalism and control of the press 1800–1975,”in J.Curran,M.Gurevitch,and J.Woollacott(ed.)Mass Communication and Society,Beverly Hills,CA:Sage.
(21)[美]贝戈蒂克安:《新媒体垄断》第20页,邓建国译,清华大学出版社2013年版
(22)参见Facebook广告部门的招商广告:https://politics.fb.com/adcampaigns/
(23)Thaler,Richard H.,and Cass R.Sunstein.Nudge:Improving Decisions About Health,Wealth,and Happiness.Yale University Press,2008.
(24)Kramer,A.D.I.,Guillory,J.E.,&Hancock,J.T.(2014).Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111(24),8788–8790.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320040111
(25)Bell,Emily,and Bill Owen.“The Platform Press:How Silicon Valley Reengineered Journalism.”CJR.29 March 2017.https://www.cjr.org/tow_center_reports/platform-press-how-siliconvalley-reengineered-journalism.php#executive-summary.
(26)引自:http://www.bitcoininsider.org/article/17467/what-couldblockchain-do-journalism
(27)2018年3月15日笔者在谷歌里使用blockchain+journalism检索,得到120万条结果。
(28)引自:https://hackernoon.com/is-blockchain-the-future-ofjournalism-and-storytelling-6b462be3a060
(29)引自:http://adage.com/article/global-news/major-publishersback-micropayments-u-s-launch/303242/
(30)引自:https://blog.joincivil.com/why-does-journalism-needblockchain-technology-6db1b4ff84ba
(31)IPFS(Inter-Planetary File System)是一个面向全球的、点对点的分布式超媒体分发协议。它整合了过去几年最好的分布式系统思路,为所有人提供全球统一的可寻址空间,被认为是最有可能取代HTTP的新一代互联网协议。IPFS会从根本上改变Web内容的分发机制,使其变得完全去中心化。
(32)引自:https://www.poynter.org/news/mining-cryptocurrenciesand-blockchain-tech-save-journalism
(33)(34)(35)(36)沃尔特?李普曼著:《公众舆论》第283、284、271、295页,闫克文译,上海人民出版社2006年版