论《威尼斯商人》中的宗教冲突与社会正义
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摘要
本文把莎士比亚的《威尼斯商人》置于欧洲文艺复兴时期犹太人与基督徒之间的宗教冲突的语境里,通过对犹太教和基督教教义的仔细梳理和比较,聚焦构成全剧基本冲突的两大宗教在高利贷与正义观上的分歧,探讨了莎士比亚构建犹太人夏洛克与基督徒安东尼奥的矛盾,以及塑造夏洛克这一人物形象的创作动机。
Locating William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice in the context of the long-standing conflict between Jews and Christians during the Renaissance, this paper attempts to understand the dramatic conflict between Shylock the Jew and Antonio the Christian as well as the author's intention of creating such a conflict as the major conflict in the play. Through a comparative analysis ofthe concept of usury and social justice in the religious doctrines of Judaism and Christianity, this paper argues that the great differences between the Hebrew understanding of usury and justice and the Christian understanding of them lead to the mutual hatred between Shylock and Antonio, and by creating such a conflict, Shakespeare intended to prompt a rethinking of social justice.
Locating William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice in the context of the long-standing conflict between Jews and Christians during the Renaissance, this paper attempts to understand the dramatic conflict between Shylock the Jew and Antonio the Christian as well as the author's intention of creating such a conflict as the major conflict in the play. Through a comparative analysis ofthe concept of usury and social justice in the religious doctrines of Judaism and Christianity, this paper argues that the great differences between the Hebrew understanding of usury and justice and the Christian understanding of them lead to the mutual hatred between Shylock and Antonio, and by creating such a conflict, Shakespeare intended to prompt a rethinking of social justice.
引文
The Bible. China Christian Council, 1998[.《圣经》。南京:中国基督教协会,1998。]
Draper, John W.“Usury in‘The Merchant of Venice’.” Modern Philology, vol. 33, no. 1, 1935, pp. 37-47.
Fu, Youde.“Justice in the Hebrew Bible:Ideas, Political System and Characteristics.” Journal of Literature, History and Philosophy, no. 1, 2014, pp. 139-50.[傅有德:《希伯来〈圣经〉正义:观念、制度与特征》,载《文史哲》2014年第1期,第139-50页。]
George, Charles H.“English Calvinist Opinion on Usury, 1600-1640.” Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 18, no. 4, 1957,pp. 455-74.
Hales, John W.“Shakespeare and the Jews.” The English Historical Review, vol. 9, no. 36, 1894, pp. 652-61.
The Hebrew Bible:A Translation with Commentary. Translated by Robert Alter. W. W. Norton, 2018.
Li, Weimin.“Towards Multiple Critical Perspectives:Studies of Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice and Shylock in China.” Foreign Languages Research, no. 5, 2006, pp. 91-96.[李伟民:《从单一走向多元——莎士比亚的〈威尼斯商人〉及其夏洛克研究在中国》,载《外语研究》2009年第5期,第91-96页。]
Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare, vol. 2, translated by Shenghao Zhu, People’s Literature, 2014, pp. 233-324.[莎士比亚:《威尼斯商人》,载朱生豪译《莎士比亚全集》第2卷(北京:人民文学出版社,2014),第233-324页。]
Shapiro, James. Shakespeare and the Jews, Columbia UP, 1997.
Taeusch, Carl F“. The Concept of‘Usury’:The History of an Idea.” Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 3, no. 3, 1942, pp. 291-318.
Zhang, Shiying.“Martin Luther on the ‘Iustitia Dei’.” Religious Studies, no. 2, 2013, pp. 191-97.[张仕颖:《论马丁·路德的基督教正义观》,载《宗教学研究》2013年第2期,第191-97页。]
Zhu, Weizhi“. On The Merchant of Venice.” Foreign Literature Studies, no. 1, 1978, pp. 19-21[.朱维之《:论〈威尼斯商人〉》,载《外国文学研究》1978年第1期,第19-21页。]
[1]参见Lukas Erne.“Shakespeare and the Publication of His Plays.”Shakespeare Quarterly,vol.53,no.1,2002,pp.1-20;Helen Smith.“‘To London All’?Mapping Shakespeare in Print,1593-1598.”Shakespeare and Textual Studies,edited by Margaret Jane Kidnie and Sonia Massai,Cambridge UP,2015,pp.69-86.
[2]“十诫”在希伯来《圣经》摩西五书中集中两次出现于《出埃及记》20.1-17和《申命记》5.6-21。
Draper, John W.“Usury in‘The Merchant of Venice’.” Modern Philology, vol. 33, no. 1, 1935, pp. 37-47.
Fu, Youde.“Justice in the Hebrew Bible:Ideas, Political System and Characteristics.” Journal of Literature, History and Philosophy, no. 1, 2014, pp. 139-50.[傅有德:《希伯来〈圣经〉正义:观念、制度与特征》,载《文史哲》2014年第1期,第139-50页。]
George, Charles H.“English Calvinist Opinion on Usury, 1600-1640.” Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 18, no. 4, 1957,pp. 455-74.
Hales, John W.“Shakespeare and the Jews.” The English Historical Review, vol. 9, no. 36, 1894, pp. 652-61.
The Hebrew Bible:A Translation with Commentary. Translated by Robert Alter. W. W. Norton, 2018.
Li, Weimin.“Towards Multiple Critical Perspectives:Studies of Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice and Shylock in China.” Foreign Languages Research, no. 5, 2006, pp. 91-96.[李伟民:《从单一走向多元——莎士比亚的〈威尼斯商人〉及其夏洛克研究在中国》,载《外语研究》2009年第5期,第91-96页。]
Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare, vol. 2, translated by Shenghao Zhu, People’s Literature, 2014, pp. 233-324.[莎士比亚:《威尼斯商人》,载朱生豪译《莎士比亚全集》第2卷(北京:人民文学出版社,2014),第233-324页。]
Shapiro, James. Shakespeare and the Jews, Columbia UP, 1997.
Taeusch, Carl F“. The Concept of‘Usury’:The History of an Idea.” Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 3, no. 3, 1942, pp. 291-318.
Zhang, Shiying.“Martin Luther on the ‘Iustitia Dei’.” Religious Studies, no. 2, 2013, pp. 191-97.[张仕颖:《论马丁·路德的基督教正义观》,载《宗教学研究》2013年第2期,第191-97页。]
Zhu, Weizhi“. On The Merchant of Venice.” Foreign Literature Studies, no. 1, 1978, pp. 19-21[.朱维之《:论〈威尼斯商人〉》,载《外国文学研究》1978年第1期,第19-21页。]
[1]参见Lukas Erne.“Shakespeare and the Publication of His Plays.”Shakespeare Quarterly,vol.53,no.1,2002,pp.1-20;Helen Smith.“‘To London All’?Mapping Shakespeare in Print,1593-1598.”Shakespeare and Textual Studies,edited by Margaret Jane Kidnie and Sonia Massai,Cambridge UP,2015,pp.69-86.
[2]“十诫”在希伯来《圣经》摩西五书中集中两次出现于《出埃及记》20.1-17和《申命记》5.6-21。