Spatial variability of soil bulk density and its controlling factors in an agricultural intensive area of Chengdu Plain,Southwest China
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摘要
Soil bulk density is a basic but important physic soil property related to soil porosity,soil moisture and hydraulic conductivity,which is crucial to soil quality assessment and land use management.In this study,we evaluated the spatial variability of soil bulk density in the 0–20,20–40,40–60 and 60–100 cm layers as well as its affecting factors in Southwest China’s agricultural intensive area.Results indicated the mean value of surface soil bulk density(0–20 cm)was 1.26 g cm~(–3),significantly lower than that of subsoil(20–100 cm).No statistical difference existed among the subsoil with a mean soil bulk density of 1.54 g cm~(–3).Spatially,soil bulk density played a similar spatial pattern in soil profile,whereas obvious differences were found in details.The nugget effects for soil bulk density in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers were 27.22 and27.02%while 12.06 and 3.46%in the 40–60 and 60–100 cm layers,respectively,gradually decreasing in the soil profile,indicating that the spatial variability of soil bulk density above 40 cm was affected by structural and random factors while dominated by structural factors under 40 cm.Soil organic matter was the controlling factor on the spatial variability of soil bulk density in each layer.Land use and elevation were another two dominated factor controlling the spatial variability of soil bulk density in the 0–20 and 40–60 cm layers,respectively.Soil genus was one of the dominated factors controlling the spatial variability of soil bulk below 40 cm.
Soil bulk density is a basic but important physic soil property related to soil porosity,soil moisture and hydraulic conductivity,which is crucial to soil quality assessment and land use management.In this study,we evaluated the spatial variability of soil bulk density in the 0–20,20–40,40–60 and 60–100 cm layers as well as its affecting factors in Southwest China’s agricultural intensive area.Results indicated the mean value of surface soil bulk density(0–20 cm)was 1.26 g cm~(–3),significantly lower than that of subsoil(20–100 cm).No statistical difference existed among the subsoil with a mean soil bulk density of 1.54 g cm~(–3).Spatially,soil bulk density played a similar spatial pattern in soil profile,whereas obvious differences were found in details.The nugget effects for soil bulk density in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers were 27.22 and27.02%while 12.06 and 3.46%in the 40–60 and 60–100 cm layers,respectively,gradually decreasing in the soil profile,indicating that the spatial variability of soil bulk density above 40 cm was affected by structural and random factors while dominated by structural factors under 40 cm.Soil organic matter was the controlling factor on the spatial variability of soil bulk density in each layer.Land use and elevation were another two dominated factor controlling the spatial variability of soil bulk density in the 0–20 and 40–60 cm layers,respectively.Soil genus was one of the dominated factors controlling the spatial variability of soil bulk below 40 cm.
Soil bulk density is a basic but important physic soil property related to soil porosity,soil moisture and hydraulic conductivity,which is crucial to soil quality assessment and land use management.In this study,we evaluated the spatial variability of soil bulk density in the 0–20,20–40,40–60 and 60–100 cm layers as well as its affecting factors in Southwest China’s agricultural intensive area.Results indicated the mean value of surface soil bulk density(0–20 cm)was 1.26 g cm~(–3),significantly lower than that of subsoil(20–100 cm).No statistical difference existed among the subsoil with a mean soil bulk density of 1.54 g cm~(–3).Spatially,soil bulk density played a similar spatial pattern in soil profile,whereas obvious differences were found in details.The nugget effects for soil bulk density in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers were 27.22 and27.02%while 12.06 and 3.46%in the 40–60 and 60–100 cm layers,respectively,gradually decreasing in the soil profile,indicating that the spatial variability of soil bulk density above 40 cm was affected by structural and random factors while dominated by structural factors under 40 cm.Soil organic matter was the controlling factor on the spatial variability of soil bulk density in each layer.Land use and elevation were another two dominated factor controlling the spatial variability of soil bulk density in the 0–20 and 40–60 cm layers,respectively.Soil genus was one of the dominated factors controlling the spatial variability of soil bulk below 40 cm.
引文
Abegaz A,Winowiecki L A,V?gen T,Langan S,Smith J U.2016.Spatial and temporal dynamics of soil organic carbon in landscapes of the upper Blue Nile Basin of the Ethiopian Highlands.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,218,190-208.
Alletto L,Coquet Y.2009.Temporal and spatial variability of soil bulk density and near-saturated hydraulic conductivity under two contrasted tillage management systems.Geoderma,152,85-94.
Benites V M,Machado P L O A,Fidalgo E C C,Coelho M R,Madari B E.2007.Pedotransfer functions for estimating soil bulk density from existing soil survey reports in Brazil.Geoderma,139,90-97.
Celik I,Gunal H,Budak M,Akpinar C.2010.Effects of longterm organic and mineral fertilizers on bulk density and penetration resistance in semi-arid Mediterranean soil conditions.Geoderma,160,236-243.
Deng Y S,Ding S W,Cai C F,Lv G A,Xia D,Zhu Y.2014.Spatial distribution of the collapsing alluvial soil physical properties in southeastern Hubei.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,47,4850-4857.(in Chinese)
Gao Y,Zhu B,Wang T,Wang Y F.2012.Seasonal change of non-point source pollution-induced bioavailable phosphorus loss:A case study of Southwestern China.Journal of Hydrology,420-421,373-379.
Han G Z,Wang D C,Xie X J.2016.Pedotransfer functions for prediction of soil bulk density for major types of soils in China.Acta Pedologica Sinica,53,93-102.(in Chinese)
Ilek A,Kucza J,Szostek M.2017.The effect of the bulk density and the decomposition index of organic matter on the water storage capacity of the surface layers of forest soils.Geoderma,285,27-34.
Keller T,H?kansson I.2010.Estimation of reference bulk density from soil particle size distribution and soil organic matter content.Geoderma,154,398-406.
Larka R M,Rawlinsa B G,Robinsonb D A,Lebronb I,Tye A M.2014.Implications of short-range spatial variation of soil bulk density for adequate field-sampling protocols:Methodology and results from two contrasting soils.European Journal of Soil Science,65,803-814.
Lestariningsih I D,Hairiah W K.2013.Assessing soil compaction with two different methods of soil bulk density measurement in oil palm plantation soil.Procedia Environmental Sciences,17,172-178.
Li D F,Gao G Y,Shao M A,Fu B J.2016.Predicting available water of soil from particle-size distribution and bulk density in an oasis-desert transect in northwestern China.Journal of Hydrology,538,539-550.
Li H H,Chen L J,Yu L,Guo Z B,Shan C Q,Lin J Q,Gu Y G,Yang Z B,Yang Y X,Shao J R,Zhu X M,Cheng Z.2017.Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of human exposure to oral bioaccessibility of heavy metals via urban street dusts from different functional areas in Chengdu,China.Science of the Total Environment,586,1076-1084.
Li Q Q,Luo Y L,Wang C Q,Li B,Zhang X,Yuan D G,Gao XS,Zhang H.2016.Spatiotemporal variations and factors affecting soil nitrogen in the purple hilly area of Southwest China during the 1980s and the 2010s.Science of the Total Environment,547,173-181.
Liu G,Niu J J,Guo W J,An X S,Zhao L.2016.Ecological and health risk-based characterization of agricultural soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the vicinity of a chemical plant in China.Chemosphere,163,461-470.
Lu R K.2000.Methods for Agricultural Chemical Analysis of Soil.China Agriculture Scientech Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)
Marchant B P,Saby N P A,Lark R M,Bellamy P H,Jolivet C C,Arrouays D.2010.Robust analysis of soil properties at the national scale:Cadmium content of French soils.European Journal of Soil Science,61,144-152.
Negasa T,Ketema H,Legesse A,Sisay M,Temesgen H.2017.Variation in soil properties under different land use types managed by smallholder farmers along the toposequence in southern Ethiopia.Geoderma,290,40-50.
Quraishi M Z,Mouazen A M.2013.Development of a methodology for in situ assessment of topsoil dry bulk density.Soil&Tillage Research,126,229-237.
Sequeira C H,Wills S A,Seybold C A,West LT.2014.Predicting soil bulk density for incomplete databases.Geoderma,213,64-73.
Shete M,Rutten M,Schoneveld G C,Zewud E.2016.Landuse changes by large-scale plantations and their effects on soil organic carbon,micronutrients and bulk density:Empirical evidence from Ethiopia.Agriculture and Human Values,33,689-704.
Sun F D,Long R J,Jiang W L,Guo Z G,Nie X M.2008.Alpine meadow plant community biomass and soil bulk density characteristics in different burrowing rodent density plots in the“Three-River Headwaters”region.Acta Prataculture Sinica,17,111-116.(in Chinese)
Sun G J,Li W H,Zhu C G,Yan Y H,Wang F.2016.Spatial variation analysis of topsoil bulk density in the Yili Valley,Xinjiang.Resources Science,38,1222-1228.(in Chinese)
Throopa H L,Archerb S R,Mongerc H C,Waltmand S.2012.When bulk density methods matter:Implications for estimating soil organic carbon pools in rocky soils.Journal of Arid Environments,77,66-71.
Vasu D,Singh S K,Sahu N,Tiwary P,Chandran P,Duraisami V P,Ramamurthy V,Lalitha M,Kalaiselvi B.2017.Assessment of spatial variability of soil properties using geospatial techniques for farm level nutrient management.Soil&Tillage Research,169,25-34.
Vos B D,Meirvenn M V,Quataert P,Deckers J,Muys B.2005.Predictive quality of pedotransfer functions for estimating bulk density of forest soils.Soil Science Society of America Journal,69,500-510.
Walter K,Don A,Tiemeyer B,Freibauer A.2016.Determining soil bulk density for carbon stock calculations:A systematic method comparison.Soil Science Society of America Journal,80,579-591.
Wang Y Q,Shao M A,Liu Z P,Zhang C C.2014.Prediction of bulk density of soils in the Loess Plateau region of China.Surveys in Geophysics,35,395-413.
Xu L,He N P,Yu G R.2016.Methods of evaluating soil bulk density:Impact on estimating large scale soil organic carbon storage.Catena,144,94-101.
Yang Q Y,Luo W Q,Jiang Z C,Li W J,Yuan D X.2016.Improve the prediction of soil bulk density by corkiging with predicted soil water content as auxiliary.Journal of Soils and Sediments,16,77-84.
Yang Y H,Ji C J,Ma W H,Wang S F,Wang S P,Han W X,Mohammat A,Robinson D,Mith P.2012.Significant soil acidification across northern China’s grasslands during1980s-2000s.Global Change Biology,18,2292-2300.
Yao R J,Yang J S,Liu G M.2006.Spatial variability of soil bulk density in the Yellow River Delta.Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,25,11-15.(in Chinese)
Yi X S,Li G S,Yin Y Y.2016.Pedotransfer functions for estimating soil bulk density:A case study in the three-river headwater region of Qinghai Province,China.Pedosphere,26,362-373.
Zhang W,Li,Q Q,Wang C Q,Yuan D G,Luo Y L,Zhang X,Jia L.2015.Spatial variability of soil pH and its influencing factors at a county scale in hilly area of middle Sichuan Basin.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,24,1192-1198.(in Chinese)
Zinn Y L,Lal R,Resck D V S.2005.Texture and organic carbon relations described by a profile pedotransfer function for Brazilian Cerrado soils.Geoderma,127,168-173.
Alletto L,Coquet Y.2009.Temporal and spatial variability of soil bulk density and near-saturated hydraulic conductivity under two contrasted tillage management systems.Geoderma,152,85-94.
Benites V M,Machado P L O A,Fidalgo E C C,Coelho M R,Madari B E.2007.Pedotransfer functions for estimating soil bulk density from existing soil survey reports in Brazil.Geoderma,139,90-97.
Celik I,Gunal H,Budak M,Akpinar C.2010.Effects of longterm organic and mineral fertilizers on bulk density and penetration resistance in semi-arid Mediterranean soil conditions.Geoderma,160,236-243.
Deng Y S,Ding S W,Cai C F,Lv G A,Xia D,Zhu Y.2014.Spatial distribution of the collapsing alluvial soil physical properties in southeastern Hubei.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,47,4850-4857.(in Chinese)
Gao Y,Zhu B,Wang T,Wang Y F.2012.Seasonal change of non-point source pollution-induced bioavailable phosphorus loss:A case study of Southwestern China.Journal of Hydrology,420-421,373-379.
Han G Z,Wang D C,Xie X J.2016.Pedotransfer functions for prediction of soil bulk density for major types of soils in China.Acta Pedologica Sinica,53,93-102.(in Chinese)
Ilek A,Kucza J,Szostek M.2017.The effect of the bulk density and the decomposition index of organic matter on the water storage capacity of the surface layers of forest soils.Geoderma,285,27-34.
Keller T,H?kansson I.2010.Estimation of reference bulk density from soil particle size distribution and soil organic matter content.Geoderma,154,398-406.
Larka R M,Rawlinsa B G,Robinsonb D A,Lebronb I,Tye A M.2014.Implications of short-range spatial variation of soil bulk density for adequate field-sampling protocols:Methodology and results from two contrasting soils.European Journal of Soil Science,65,803-814.
Lestariningsih I D,Hairiah W K.2013.Assessing soil compaction with two different methods of soil bulk density measurement in oil palm plantation soil.Procedia Environmental Sciences,17,172-178.
Li D F,Gao G Y,Shao M A,Fu B J.2016.Predicting available water of soil from particle-size distribution and bulk density in an oasis-desert transect in northwestern China.Journal of Hydrology,538,539-550.
Li H H,Chen L J,Yu L,Guo Z B,Shan C Q,Lin J Q,Gu Y G,Yang Z B,Yang Y X,Shao J R,Zhu X M,Cheng Z.2017.Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of human exposure to oral bioaccessibility of heavy metals via urban street dusts from different functional areas in Chengdu,China.Science of the Total Environment,586,1076-1084.
Li Q Q,Luo Y L,Wang C Q,Li B,Zhang X,Yuan D G,Gao XS,Zhang H.2016.Spatiotemporal variations and factors affecting soil nitrogen in the purple hilly area of Southwest China during the 1980s and the 2010s.Science of the Total Environment,547,173-181.
Liu G,Niu J J,Guo W J,An X S,Zhao L.2016.Ecological and health risk-based characterization of agricultural soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the vicinity of a chemical plant in China.Chemosphere,163,461-470.
Lu R K.2000.Methods for Agricultural Chemical Analysis of Soil.China Agriculture Scientech Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)
Marchant B P,Saby N P A,Lark R M,Bellamy P H,Jolivet C C,Arrouays D.2010.Robust analysis of soil properties at the national scale:Cadmium content of French soils.European Journal of Soil Science,61,144-152.
Negasa T,Ketema H,Legesse A,Sisay M,Temesgen H.2017.Variation in soil properties under different land use types managed by smallholder farmers along the toposequence in southern Ethiopia.Geoderma,290,40-50.
Quraishi M Z,Mouazen A M.2013.Development of a methodology for in situ assessment of topsoil dry bulk density.Soil&Tillage Research,126,229-237.
Sequeira C H,Wills S A,Seybold C A,West LT.2014.Predicting soil bulk density for incomplete databases.Geoderma,213,64-73.
Shete M,Rutten M,Schoneveld G C,Zewud E.2016.Landuse changes by large-scale plantations and their effects on soil organic carbon,micronutrients and bulk density:Empirical evidence from Ethiopia.Agriculture and Human Values,33,689-704.
Sun F D,Long R J,Jiang W L,Guo Z G,Nie X M.2008.Alpine meadow plant community biomass and soil bulk density characteristics in different burrowing rodent density plots in the“Three-River Headwaters”region.Acta Prataculture Sinica,17,111-116.(in Chinese)
Sun G J,Li W H,Zhu C G,Yan Y H,Wang F.2016.Spatial variation analysis of topsoil bulk density in the Yili Valley,Xinjiang.Resources Science,38,1222-1228.(in Chinese)
Throopa H L,Archerb S R,Mongerc H C,Waltmand S.2012.When bulk density methods matter:Implications for estimating soil organic carbon pools in rocky soils.Journal of Arid Environments,77,66-71.
Vasu D,Singh S K,Sahu N,Tiwary P,Chandran P,Duraisami V P,Ramamurthy V,Lalitha M,Kalaiselvi B.2017.Assessment of spatial variability of soil properties using geospatial techniques for farm level nutrient management.Soil&Tillage Research,169,25-34.
Vos B D,Meirvenn M V,Quataert P,Deckers J,Muys B.2005.Predictive quality of pedotransfer functions for estimating bulk density of forest soils.Soil Science Society of America Journal,69,500-510.
Walter K,Don A,Tiemeyer B,Freibauer A.2016.Determining soil bulk density for carbon stock calculations:A systematic method comparison.Soil Science Society of America Journal,80,579-591.
Wang Y Q,Shao M A,Liu Z P,Zhang C C.2014.Prediction of bulk density of soils in the Loess Plateau region of China.Surveys in Geophysics,35,395-413.
Xu L,He N P,Yu G R.2016.Methods of evaluating soil bulk density:Impact on estimating large scale soil organic carbon storage.Catena,144,94-101.
Yang Q Y,Luo W Q,Jiang Z C,Li W J,Yuan D X.2016.Improve the prediction of soil bulk density by corkiging with predicted soil water content as auxiliary.Journal of Soils and Sediments,16,77-84.
Yang Y H,Ji C J,Ma W H,Wang S F,Wang S P,Han W X,Mohammat A,Robinson D,Mith P.2012.Significant soil acidification across northern China’s grasslands during1980s-2000s.Global Change Biology,18,2292-2300.
Yao R J,Yang J S,Liu G M.2006.Spatial variability of soil bulk density in the Yellow River Delta.Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,25,11-15.(in Chinese)
Yi X S,Li G S,Yin Y Y.2016.Pedotransfer functions for estimating soil bulk density:A case study in the three-river headwater region of Qinghai Province,China.Pedosphere,26,362-373.
Zhang W,Li,Q Q,Wang C Q,Yuan D G,Luo Y L,Zhang X,Jia L.2015.Spatial variability of soil pH and its influencing factors at a county scale in hilly area of middle Sichuan Basin.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,24,1192-1198.(in Chinese)
Zinn Y L,Lal R,Resck D V S.2005.Texture and organic carbon relations described by a profile pedotransfer function for Brazilian Cerrado soils.Geoderma,127,168-173.