宁东基地大气PAHs污染特征及呼吸暴露风险
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摘要
利用主动观测技术对宁东能源化工基地大气PM_(2.5)、PM_(1.0)和气相中的PAHs浓度水平、族谱特征、时空分布及来源进行研究,并基于该观测数据对居民呼吸暴露健康风险进行评估.结果表明,宁东基地大气PM_(2.5)、PM_(1.0)及气相中∑_(16)PAHs浓度范围分别为:17.95～325.12ng/m~3、12.66～311.96ng/m~3和26.33～97.88ng/m~3,年均浓度分别为(99.42±117.48)ng/m~3、(78.88±100.58)ng/m~3和(57.89±47.39)ng/m~3.宝丰基地冬夏季大气PM_(2.5)、PM_(1.0)和气相中∑_(16)PAHs浓度水平均明显高于英力特;宝丰和英力特基地冬季大气PM_(2.5)、PM_(1.0)中∑_(16)PAHs浓度水平均明显高于夏季浓度.宁东基地大气中∑_(16)PAHs的浓度水平要高于国内外其他城市,大气PAHs污染较为严重.源解析表明夏季宁东基地PAHs的主要排放源是工业煤燃烧和机动车尾气,冬季则主要来自工业煤燃烧和木材、薪柴等生物质燃烧排放.宁东基地人群暴露于大气PAHs可能会造成平均冬季每百万人中约有33～2628人罹患癌症,夏季每百万人中约有11～834人罹患癌症的风险.
The active sampling technique was adopted to investigate the concentration levels,profiles and spatial temporal distribution as well as the source apportionments of atmospheric PAHs in PM_(2.5),PM_(1.0) and gas phase.The inhalation exposure risk of local population to atmospheric PAHs was evaluated based on atmospheric observation data in Ningdong Base.The ranges of atmospheric concentration levels of∑_(16)PAHs for PM_(2.5),PM_(1.0) and gas phase were 17.95～325.12ng/m~3,12.66～311.96ng/m~3 and26.33～97.88ng/m~3 respectively,and the average annual concentrations were(99.42±117.48)ng/m~3,(78.88±100.58)ng/m~3 and(57.89±47.39)ng/m~3,respectively.The spatial distributions of atmospheric PAHs levels for PM_(2.5),PM_(1.0) and gas phase in Baofeng site were significantly higher than that in Yinglite site for both winter and summer.The seasonal pollution characteristics indicated that∑_(16)PAHs concentration levels were significantly higher in Baofeng site than that in Yinglite site not only in winter but in summer.Comparison of atmospheric PAHs levels in Ningdong Base with that of other cities or regions worldwide,which exhibited higher concentration levels,suggesting atmospheric PAHs pollution was more serious in Ningdong Base.Source apportionment indicated that the main emission sources of PAHs in Ningdong Base were industrial coal combustion and motor vehicle exhaust in summer,while industrial coal combustion and biomass burning in winter.The average excess inhalation cancer risks(ECR)due to human exposure to atmospheric PAHs were about 33～2628 cases per million people in Ningdong Base in winter,while 11～834 cases per million people in summer.
The active sampling technique was adopted to investigate the concentration levels,profiles and spatial temporal distribution as well as the source apportionments of atmospheric PAHs in PM_(2.5),PM_(1.0) and gas phase.The inhalation exposure risk of local population to atmospheric PAHs was evaluated based on atmospheric observation data in Ningdong Base.The ranges of atmospheric concentration levels of∑_(16)PAHs for PM_(2.5),PM_(1.0) and gas phase were 17.95～325.12ng/m~3,12.66～311.96ng/m~3 and26.33～97.88ng/m~3 respectively,and the average annual concentrations were(99.42±117.48)ng/m~3,(78.88±100.58)ng/m~3 and(57.89±47.39)ng/m~3,respectively.The spatial distributions of atmospheric PAHs levels for PM_(2.5),PM_(1.0) and gas phase in Baofeng site were significantly higher than that in Yinglite site for both winter and summer.The seasonal pollution characteristics indicated that∑_(16)PAHs concentration levels were significantly higher in Baofeng site than that in Yinglite site not only in winter but in summer.Comparison of atmospheric PAHs levels in Ningdong Base with that of other cities or regions worldwide,which exhibited higher concentration levels,suggesting atmospheric PAHs pollution was more serious in Ningdong Base.Source apportionment indicated that the main emission sources of PAHs in Ningdong Base were industrial coal combustion and motor vehicle exhaust in summer,while industrial coal combustion and biomass burning in winter.The average excess inhalation cancer risks(ECR)due to human exposure to atmospheric PAHs were about 33～2628 cases per million people in Ningdong Base in winter,while 11～834 cases per million people in summer.
引文
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[3]Wang J,Chen S,Tian M,et al.Inhalation cancer risk associated with exposure to complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mix-tures in an electronic waste and urban area in south China[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2012,46(17):9745-9752.
[4]Mao X,Yu Z,Ding Z,et al.Sources and potential health risk of gas phase PAHs in Hexi Corridor,northwest China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(3):2603-2612.
[5]Li X,Kong S,Yin Y,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in atmospheric PM2.5 around 2013 Asian Youth Games period in Nanjing[J].Atmospheric Research,2016,174-175:85-96.
[6]倪进治,陈卫锋,杨红玉,等.福州市不同功能区土壤中多环芳烃的含量及其源解析[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(5):921-926.Ni J Z,Chen W F,Yang H Y,et al.Concentrations and sources of soil PAHs in various functional zones of Fuzhou City[J].China Environmental Science,2012,32(5):921-926.
[7]Bandowe B A,Meusel H,Huang R J,et al.PM2.5-bound oxygenated PAHs,nitro-PAHs and parent-PAHs from the atmosphere of a Chinese megacity:seasonal variation,sources and cancer risk assessment.[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,473-474(3):77-87.
[8]Ding Y S,Zhang L,Jain R B,et al.Levels of tobacco specific nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream smoke from different tobacco varieties[J].Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention,2008,17(12):3366-3371.
[9]Purcaro G,Moret S,Conte L S.Overview on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:occurrence,legislation and innovative determi-nation in foods[J].Talanta,2013,105(4):292-305.
[10]Yu H.Environmental carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:photochemistry and phototoxicity[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part C Environmental Carcinogenesis Reviews,2002,20(2):149-183.
[11]王金相.西北地区典型能源工业基地排放对局地环境空气质量的影响[D].兰州:兰州大学,2018.Wang J X.Impact of emission from typical energy industry base on local air quality in northwest China[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2018.
[12]智静,傅泽强,陈燕,等.宁东能源(煤)化工基地物质流分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2012,26(9):137-142.Zhi J,Fu Z Q,Chen Y,et al.Analysis of material metabolism for coal chemical industry base-A case of Ningdong[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2012,26(9):137-142.
[13]宁夏环境保护网[EB/OL].http://www.nxep.gov.cn/info/2124/48136.htm.2018-11-27.Ningxia Environmental Protection Network[EB/OL].http://www.nxep.gov.cn/info/2124/48136.htm.2018-11-27.
[14]GB 3095-2012环境空气质量标准[S].GB 3095-2012 Environmental air quatity standard[S].
[15]Zhang Y,Tao S.Global atmospheric emission inventory of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)for 2004[J].Atmosp-heric Environment,2009,43(4):812-819.
[16]宁东能源化工基地[EB/OL].http://www.ningdong.gov.cn/.Ningdong Energy and Chemical Industry Base[EB/OL].http://www.ningdong.gov.cn/.
[17]Liu J,Li J,Lin T,et al.Diurnal and nocturnal variations of PAHs in the Lhasa atmosphere,Tibetan Plateau:Implication for local sources and the impact of atmospheric degradation processing[J].Atmospheric Research,2013,124(5):34-43.
[18]Pio C A,Alves C A,Duarte A C.Identification,abundance and origin of atmospheric organic particulate matter in a Portuguese rural area[J].Atmospheric Environment,2001,35(8):1365-1375.
[19]Yunker M B,Macdonald R W,Vingarzan R,et al.PAHs in the Fraser River basin:a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAHsource and composition[J].Organic Geochemistry,2002,33(4):489-515.
[20]Nisbet I C,Lagoy P K.Toxic equivalency factors(TEFs)for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)[J].Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,1992,16(3):290.
[21]WHO.Air quality guidelines for Europe[M].Copenhagen,Denmark:WHO Regional Office for Europe,2000.
[22]Collins J F,Brown J P,Alexeeff G V,et al.Potency equivalency factors for some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives[J].Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology Rtp,1998,28(1):45.
[23]Wang L,Zhao Y,Yi X,et al.Spatial distribution of atmospheric PAHs and their genotoxicity in petrochemical industrialized Lanzhou valley,northwest China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(14):12820-12834.
[24]李瑞金,耿红,蔡宗苇,等.太原市冬季PM2.5中多环芳烃、硝基多环芳烃、SO42-和NO3-的污染特征[J].建材技术与应用,2014,(1):12-15.Li R J,Geng H,Cai Z W,et al.Pollution characteristics of PM2.5PAHs,NPAHs,SO42-and NO3-in wintertime in Taiyuan city[J].Research and Application of Building Materials,2014,(1):12-15.
[25]Zhang Y,Chen J,Yang H,et al.Seasonal variation and potential source regions of PM2.5-bound PAHs in the megacity Beijing,China:Impact of regional transport[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,231:329-338.
[26]陈敏.重庆市主城区大气PM10、PM2.5中PAHs分布规律解析[D].重庆:西南大学,2013.Chen M.Analysis on the distribution of PAHs in PM10 andPM2.5 in Chongqing[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2013.
[27]吴文.合肥市大气颗粒物污染特征研究[D].合肥:合肥工业大学,2014.Wu W.Pollution Characteristics of atmospheric particulates in Hefei city[D].Hefei:Hefei University of Technology,2014.
[28]李志刚,周志华,李少艾,等.深圳市大气中多环芳烃的污染特征与来源识别[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(9):1409-1415.Li Z G,Zhou Z H,Li S A,et al.Pollutant characterization and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Shenzhen atmosphere[J].China Environmental Science,2011,31(9):1409-1415.
[29]Liu J,Man R,Ma S,et al.Atmospheric levels and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)bound to PM2.5in Guangzhou,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2015,100(1):134-143.
[30]徐宏辉,徐婧莎,何俊,等.浙北地区PM2.5中多环芳烃特征[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(9):49-55.Xu H H,Xu J S,He J,et al.Characteristics analyses of PAHs in PM2.5in the northern Zhejiang province[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(9):49-55.
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