重塑贞妇——《尤里乌斯惩奸法》述评
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摘要
共和末期,罗马战乱频仍,道德崩溃,淫乱日盛,为了重塑贞妇,荡涤暇秽,增强统治合法性,维护国家利益,奥古斯都于公元前18年颁布了《尤里乌斯惩奸法》。该法主要惩治已婚妇女的通奸行为,同时也将淫媒列为打击对象。对于犯奸之妇女,奥古斯都采用赋予家父以杀奸权、要求丈夫强制离异、公众告发、流放羞辱、禁止再婚等手段,以求达到自此之后无人犯奸的效果。但是,双重标准的采用、姘合制度的消融、规定之不合人性、法律自身的漏洞,都让这部法律最终成为虚器,这些教训对于我们今日依旧不无裨益。
In the late republican period, Rome underwent frequent wars and the collapse of traditional morality while lascivious conduct became more and more. In order to regain the chastity, cleanse the obscenity, enhance the legitimacy of his ruling and safeguard the national interests, Augustus promulgated the lex Iulia de adulteriis coercendis in 18 BC. This law mainly punished the adultery committed by married women, meanwhile it also made pimping its target. To make sure that there would be no adultery, Augustus took many measures, such as giving the right to kill the adulterer to the pater familias, requiring the husband to divorce, encouraging the public to prosecute, imposing banishment on the fornicated women and forbidding them to remarry. However, there were numerous factors including the adoption of double standards, the weakening impact of concubinage, the regulations' contrary to human nature and the loopholes in the law itself that made this law eventually become null and void. These historical lessons are still of no help to us today.
In the late republican period, Rome underwent frequent wars and the collapse of traditional morality while lascivious conduct became more and more. In order to regain the chastity, cleanse the obscenity, enhance the legitimacy of his ruling and safeguard the national interests, Augustus promulgated the lex Iulia de adulteriis coercendis in 18 BC. This law mainly punished the adultery committed by married women, meanwhile it also made pimping its target. To make sure that there would be no adultery, Augustus took many measures, such as giving the right to kill the adulterer to the pater familias, requiring the husband to divorce, encouraging the public to prosecute, imposing banishment on the fornicated women and forbidding them to remarry. However, there were numerous factors including the adoption of double standards, the weakening impact of concubinage, the regulations' contrary to human nature and the loopholes in the law itself that made this law eventually become null and void. These historical lessons are still of no help to us today.
引文
[1]在这些问题上,主要的研究成果有:徐国栋:《罗马公法要论》,北京大学出版社2014年版,第267-321页;Wolfgng Kunkel,Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung des romischen Kriminalverfahrens in vorsullanischer Zeit,Vorgetragen am 3.Mars 1961;Treggiari,Roman marriage:Iusti coniuges from the time of Cicero to the time of Ulpian,Oxford University Press,1989;Catarella,E.(1972),“Adulterio,Omocidio legittimo e Causa d’onore in Diritto romano”,in Studi in Onore di Gaetano Scherillo;Angelika MetteDittmann,Die Ehegesetze des Augustus,Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart,1991;Mcgrinn,Prostitution,Sexuality and the law in ancient Rome;Edwards,Catharine.The politics of immorality in ancient Rome,Cambridge University Press 1993;Thomas A.J.Mc Ginn,Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery,Transactions of the American Philological Association,Vol.121(1991),pp.335-375.Biondi,B.(1965),“La Poena Adulterii da Augusto a giustiniano”,in Scritti Giuridici II;Raditsa,L.F.(1980),“Augustus’Legislation concerning Marriage,Procreation,Love Affairs and Adultery”,in Aufstieg und Niedergang der Romischen Welt II.13,pp.278-339;金炅贤:《アウグストゥスの姦通法における殺害権の性格とその法の立法目的》,《地中海研究所纪要》2003年第1期。
[2]马克思、恩格斯:《马克思恩格斯选集》(第四卷),人民出版社1972年版,第52页。
[3]Sarah B.Pomeroy,Goddesses,Whores,Wives,and Slaves,Women in classical antiquity,Schocken Books,New York,1995,p.149.
[4]The Cambridge ancient history,second edition,Volume X The Augustan Empire,43 B.C-A.D.69,Edited by Alan K.Bowman,Edward Champlin,Andrew Lintott,Cambridge University Press,1996,p.884.
[5]同上注,第883页。
[6][法]波伏娃:《第二性--I》,郑克鲁译,上海译文出版社2011年版,第215-216页。
[7]Rebecca Langlands,Sexual morality in ancient Rome,Cambridge University Press,2006,p.50.
[8]同注[1],Edwards书,第43-45页。
[9]Ashmore,Molly,“Rape Culture in Ancient Rome”(2015).Classics Honors Papers.Paper 3.p.19.
[10]Theodor Mommsen,R?misches Strafrecht,Leipzig:Verlag von Duncker&Humblot,1898,S.691.
[11]同注[1],Kunkel文,第122页。
[12]同注[1],金炅贤文,第26页。
[13]Richard A.Bauman,Women and politics in ancient Rome,Routledge,1994,p.106.
[14]为了论述方便,下文有些地方将以惩奸法来指代《尤里乌斯惩奸法》,还请审之。
[15]Res Gestae divi Augusti.8.
[16]D.25.7.3.1
[17]D.48.5.12.12
[18]D.48.5.13
[19]D.48.5.30pr
[20]D.48.5.30.2
[21]D.48.5.15pr
[22]D.48.5.30.3
[23]D.48.5.30.4
[24]D.48.5.30.4
[25]D.48.5.9.pr
[26]同注[1],Treggiar书,第289页。
[27]D.48.5.21
[28]D.48.5.23pr
[29]D.48.5.24pr
[30]D.48.5.33pr
[31]D.48.5.25.3
[32]D.48.5.24.4
[33]同注[1],Treggiar书,第293页。
[34]D.48.5.25pr
[35]同注[1],Catarella文,第252页。
[36]Coll.5.12.5
[37]同注[1],Catarella文,第253页。
[38]同注[1],徐国栋书,,第286页。
[39]D.48.5.23.4(这一节被证明是优士丁尼时期的添注,故而有此议论。具体可参见J.A.C.J.VAN DE Wouw,Papinians libri duo de adulteriis:Versuch einer kritischen Palingenesie,41 Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 311 1973,p.7.)
[40]同注[1],Catarella文,第253页。
[41]同注[1],Treggiar书,第284页。
[42]Elizabeth Clare Tilson,Augustus and law-making,University of Edinburgh,1986,p.184.
[43]徐国栋:《罗马公法要论》,北京大学出版社2014年版,第289页。
[44]同注[1],Mette-Dittmann书,第62页。
[45]D.48.5.26pr
[46]D.48.5.26.1
[47]D.48.5.26.4
[48]D.48.5.26.3
[49]D.48.5.4.2
[50]D.48.5.6.2
[51]D.48.5.16.1
[52]D.48.5.2.1
[53]D.48.5.14.6
[54]D.48.5.14.8
[55]D.48.5.14.4
[56]D.48.5.16.9
[57]D.48.5.16.5
[58]D.48.5.31.1
[59]Sarah T.Cohen,Augustus,Julia and the Development of Exile“Ad Insulam”,The Classical Quarterly,New Series,Vol.58,No.1(May,2008),p.214.
[60]Ibid,p.215.
[61]D.24.37
[62]Ulp.tit.VI.12
[63]D.23.2.43.12
[64]同注[1],Mette-Dittmann书,第60页。
[65]Robinson,The Criminal Law of Ancient Rome,The Johns Hopkins University Press,1995,p.66.
[66]D.22.5.18
[67]D.22.5.14
[68]D.28.2.3pr
[69]D.3.2.2.3
[70]D.28.5.49.2
[71]C.9.9.22
[72]C.9.9.28
[73]C.9.9.28
[74]同注[1],Mette-Dittmann书,第77页。
[75]同注[1],Mcgrinn书,第168页。
[76]同注[1],Raditsa文,第310页。
[77]同注[10],Mommsen书,第698页。
[78]同注[42],Tilson书,第202页。
[79]Coll.4.11.1
[80]D.40.9.12.6
[81]D.40.9.12.6
[82]D.48.5.28pr
[83]D.48.5.28.6
[84]D.48.5.28.11
[85]同注[1],徐国栋书,第287页。
[86]Kaser,Das R?mische Privatrecht,C.H.Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung,München,1971,S.327-328.
[87]Kristina Milnor,Gender,Domesticity,and the Age of Augustus,Oxford University Press,2005,p.152.
[88]Sabine Grebe,Why Did Ovid Associate His Exile with a Living Death?The Classical World,Vol.103,No.4(Summer 2010),p.503.
[89]IIias Arnaoutoglou,Pollution in the Athenian Homicide law,Revue internationale des droits de l’antiquité,No40,1993,p.126.
[90]同注[9],Ashmore文,第29页。
[91]Erin Justine Parish-Meyer,The role of the Augustan family legislation in establishing the Princeps,Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University2008,p.62.
[92]D.48.5.13
[93]同注[1],Edwards书,第42页。
[94]Robinson,The role of the senate in Roman criminal law,The Journal of Legal History Vol.17,1996,p.138.
[95]Suet.De vitis Caesarum,3.35.2
[96]York,Katrina E.(2006)“Feminine Resistance to Moral Legislation in the Early Empire,”Studies in Mediterranean Antiquity and Classics:Vol.1:Iss.1,Article 2.pp.6-10.
[97]我国台湾刑法第239条规定:“有配偶而与人通奸者,处一年以下有期徒刑,其相奸者亦同。”
[98]同注[1],Raditsa文,第278-339页。
[99]Val.Max.Factorum et dictorum memorabilium,VI.1.3.
[100]同上注。
[101]同注[1],金炅贤文,第28页。
[102]同注[1],Mcgrinn书,第147页。
[103]Pliny Maior,Epistularum Libri Decem,VI.31.5.
[104]D.48.5.2.6
[105]参见张维迎、邓峰:《信息、激励与连带责任--对中国古代连坐、保甲制度的法和经济学解释》,《中国社会科学》2003年第3期。
[106]同注[1],Mcgrinn书,第234页。
[107]Juvenal,Saturae,XIV.40-45.
[108]Juvenal,Saturae,XIV.30-35.
[109]参见注105,张维迎等文。
[110]同注[1],Treggiar书,第278页。
[111]Seneca Maior,Controversiae,II.7.1.
[112]同注[1],Treggiar书,第289页。
[113]D.48.5.35pr
[114]D.25.7.3.1;D.48.5.35pr
[115]Martia,Epigrammaton Libri,VI.22.
[116]同注[1],Mc Ginn文,第335-375页。
[117]Horace,Carmen.3.24.35.
[2]马克思、恩格斯:《马克思恩格斯选集》(第四卷),人民出版社1972年版,第52页。
[3]Sarah B.Pomeroy,Goddesses,Whores,Wives,and Slaves,Women in classical antiquity,Schocken Books,New York,1995,p.149.
[4]The Cambridge ancient history,second edition,Volume X The Augustan Empire,43 B.C-A.D.69,Edited by Alan K.Bowman,Edward Champlin,Andrew Lintott,Cambridge University Press,1996,p.884.
[5]同上注,第883页。
[6][法]波伏娃:《第二性--I》,郑克鲁译,上海译文出版社2011年版,第215-216页。
[7]Rebecca Langlands,Sexual morality in ancient Rome,Cambridge University Press,2006,p.50.
[8]同注[1],Edwards书,第43-45页。
[9]Ashmore,Molly,“Rape Culture in Ancient Rome”(2015).Classics Honors Papers.Paper 3.p.19.
[10]Theodor Mommsen,R?misches Strafrecht,Leipzig:Verlag von Duncker&Humblot,1898,S.691.
[11]同注[1],Kunkel文,第122页。
[12]同注[1],金炅贤文,第26页。
[13]Richard A.Bauman,Women and politics in ancient Rome,Routledge,1994,p.106.
[14]为了论述方便,下文有些地方将以惩奸法来指代《尤里乌斯惩奸法》,还请审之。
[15]Res Gestae divi Augusti.8.
[16]D.25.7.3.1
[17]D.48.5.12.12
[18]D.48.5.13
[19]D.48.5.30pr
[20]D.48.5.30.2
[21]D.48.5.15pr
[22]D.48.5.30.3
[23]D.48.5.30.4
[24]D.48.5.30.4
[25]D.48.5.9.pr
[26]同注[1],Treggiar书,第289页。
[27]D.48.5.21
[28]D.48.5.23pr
[29]D.48.5.24pr
[30]D.48.5.33pr
[31]D.48.5.25.3
[32]D.48.5.24.4
[33]同注[1],Treggiar书,第293页。
[34]D.48.5.25pr
[35]同注[1],Catarella文,第252页。
[36]Coll.5.12.5
[37]同注[1],Catarella文,第253页。
[38]同注[1],徐国栋书,,第286页。
[39]D.48.5.23.4(这一节被证明是优士丁尼时期的添注,故而有此议论。具体可参见J.A.C.J.VAN DE Wouw,Papinians libri duo de adulteriis:Versuch einer kritischen Palingenesie,41 Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 311 1973,p.7.)
[40]同注[1],Catarella文,第253页。
[41]同注[1],Treggiar书,第284页。
[42]Elizabeth Clare Tilson,Augustus and law-making,University of Edinburgh,1986,p.184.
[43]徐国栋:《罗马公法要论》,北京大学出版社2014年版,第289页。
[44]同注[1],Mette-Dittmann书,第62页。
[45]D.48.5.26pr
[46]D.48.5.26.1
[47]D.48.5.26.4
[48]D.48.5.26.3
[49]D.48.5.4.2
[50]D.48.5.6.2
[51]D.48.5.16.1
[52]D.48.5.2.1
[53]D.48.5.14.6
[54]D.48.5.14.8
[55]D.48.5.14.4
[56]D.48.5.16.9
[57]D.48.5.16.5
[58]D.48.5.31.1
[59]Sarah T.Cohen,Augustus,Julia and the Development of Exile“Ad Insulam”,The Classical Quarterly,New Series,Vol.58,No.1(May,2008),p.214.
[60]Ibid,p.215.
[61]D.24.37
[62]Ulp.tit.VI.12
[63]D.23.2.43.12
[64]同注[1],Mette-Dittmann书,第60页。
[65]Robinson,The Criminal Law of Ancient Rome,The Johns Hopkins University Press,1995,p.66.
[66]D.22.5.18
[67]D.22.5.14
[68]D.28.2.3pr
[69]D.3.2.2.3
[70]D.28.5.49.2
[71]C.9.9.22
[72]C.9.9.28
[73]C.9.9.28
[74]同注[1],Mette-Dittmann书,第77页。
[75]同注[1],Mcgrinn书,第168页。
[76]同注[1],Raditsa文,第310页。
[77]同注[10],Mommsen书,第698页。
[78]同注[42],Tilson书,第202页。
[79]Coll.4.11.1
[80]D.40.9.12.6
[81]D.40.9.12.6
[82]D.48.5.28pr
[83]D.48.5.28.6
[84]D.48.5.28.11
[85]同注[1],徐国栋书,第287页。
[86]Kaser,Das R?mische Privatrecht,C.H.Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung,München,1971,S.327-328.
[87]Kristina Milnor,Gender,Domesticity,and the Age of Augustus,Oxford University Press,2005,p.152.
[88]Sabine Grebe,Why Did Ovid Associate His Exile with a Living Death?The Classical World,Vol.103,No.4(Summer 2010),p.503.
[89]IIias Arnaoutoglou,Pollution in the Athenian Homicide law,Revue internationale des droits de l’antiquité,No40,1993,p.126.
[90]同注[9],Ashmore文,第29页。
[91]Erin Justine Parish-Meyer,The role of the Augustan family legislation in establishing the Princeps,Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University2008,p.62.
[92]D.48.5.13
[93]同注[1],Edwards书,第42页。
[94]Robinson,The role of the senate in Roman criminal law,The Journal of Legal History Vol.17,1996,p.138.
[95]Suet.De vitis Caesarum,3.35.2
[96]York,Katrina E.(2006)“Feminine Resistance to Moral Legislation in the Early Empire,”Studies in Mediterranean Antiquity and Classics:Vol.1:Iss.1,Article 2.pp.6-10.
[97]我国台湾刑法第239条规定:“有配偶而与人通奸者,处一年以下有期徒刑,其相奸者亦同。”
[98]同注[1],Raditsa文,第278-339页。
[99]Val.Max.Factorum et dictorum memorabilium,VI.1.3.
[100]同上注。
[101]同注[1],金炅贤文,第28页。
[102]同注[1],Mcgrinn书,第147页。
[103]Pliny Maior,Epistularum Libri Decem,VI.31.5.
[104]D.48.5.2.6
[105]参见张维迎、邓峰:《信息、激励与连带责任--对中国古代连坐、保甲制度的法和经济学解释》,《中国社会科学》2003年第3期。
[106]同注[1],Mcgrinn书,第234页。
[107]Juvenal,Saturae,XIV.40-45.
[108]Juvenal,Saturae,XIV.30-35.
[109]参见注105,张维迎等文。
[110]同注[1],Treggiar书,第278页。
[111]Seneca Maior,Controversiae,II.7.1.
[112]同注[1],Treggiar书,第289页。
[113]D.48.5.35pr
[114]D.25.7.3.1;D.48.5.35pr
[115]Martia,Epigrammaton Libri,VI.22.
[116]同注[1],Mc Ginn文,第335-375页。
[117]Horace,Carmen.3.24.35.