蓝趾综合征的研究进展
摘要
<正>1961年,有报道患者服用抗凝剂后脚趾发紫,伴疼痛,给予压力能完全变白,当时通过活检也未能揭开谜底。直到1976年,KARMODY等首次将脚趾突然出现疼痛和发紫的情况定义为蓝趾综合征(BTS),其确切的定义是在没有外伤、低温或者是没有低氧血症及高铁血红蛋白血症情况下脚趾出现蓝色或紫色的变化~([1-2])。一旦缺血,将会发生溃疡,组织损伤,感染,甚至截肢。该病可发生于任何年龄,但是好发于老年人,且伴有高血压、高脂血症、吸烟、糖尿病及家
引文
[1]KARMODY AM,POWERS SR,MONACO VJ,et al."Blue toe"syndrome.An indication for limb salvage surgery[J].Archives of Surgery(Chicago,Ⅲ:1960),1976,111(11):1263-1268.
[2]ARAKAWA K,KONOSHITA T,MAKINO Y,et al.Blue toe in a male with cholesterol embolisation syndrome[J].Clinical medicine(London,England),2014,14(6):688-689.
[3]MALECKI R,KLUZ J,PRZEDZIECKA-DO YK J,et al.The pathogenesis and diagnosis of thromboangiitis obliterans:is it still a mystery?[J].Adv Clin Exp Med,2015,24(6):1085-1097.
[4]NEUMAN R,WABBIJN M,GUILLEN S,et al.Blue toe syndrome as a first sign of systemic sclerosis[J].BMJ Case Rep,2018-01-05[2018-10-01].https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=NEUMAN+R%2C+WABBIJN+M%2C+GUILLEN+S%2C+et+al.+Blue+toe+syndrome+as+a+first+sign+of+systemic+sclerosis.
[5]CARAVAGLIO J,WHEATLEY R,ORBAN M,et al.A case of leukemia cutis presenting as blue toes in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia[J].JAAD Case Rep,2016,2(2):186-188.
[6]AHMADI F,ZABIHIYEGANEH M,ABDOLLAHI M.Coil embolization of persistent sciatic artery pseudoaneurysm presenting as blue toe syndrome,a rare case[J].Indian J Surg,2013,75(Suppl 1):316-318.
[7]GRIFFIN KJ,RANKINE J,KESSEL D,et al.Compression of the dorsalis pedis artery:a novel cause of blue toe syndrome[J].Vascular,2012,20(6):325-328.
[8]DECKER P,GALLAND J,RISSE J,et al.A POEMS syndrome revealed by a blue toe syndrome[J].Rev Med Interne,2018,39(2):127-129.
[9]DIZMAN N,AYDIN BAHAT K,OZKANLI S,et al.Cholesterol embolization syndrome:a report of two cases[J].Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars,2016,44(3):251-255.
[10]MAEKAWA M,SUGINO N,WATANABE K,et al.Multiple brain infarction associated with cholesterol embolization syndrome[J].Intern Med,2017,56(18):2531-2533.
[11]PAWLACZYK K,GABRIEL M,STRZELECKA-WEKLAR DA,et al.The usefulness of Duplex Doppler ultrasound in the angiological and dermatological diagnosis of patients with blue toe syndrome[J].Postepy Dermatol Alergol,2017,34(5):478-484.
[12]IMAI N,ZAMAMI R,KIMURA K.Cutaneous cholesterol embolization syndrome[J].Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol,2015,81(4):388.
[13]ISSA AA,NEWMAN M,SIMMAN R.Toe necrosis,etiologies and management,a case series[J].J Am Coll Clin Wound Spec,2013,5(2):26-35.
[14]RIZZO R,MANCINI E,SANTORO A.Skin and chronic kidney disease[J].G Ital Nefrol,2014,31(5):gin/31.5.3.
[15]TRAN BA,EGBERS R,LOWE L,et al.Cholesterol embolization syndrome with an atypical proximal presentation simulating calciphylaxis[J].JAMA Dermatol,2014,150(8):903-905.
[16]KOBAYASHI H,ABE M,MURATA Y,et al.Low-density lipoprotein apheresis for corticosteroid-resistant skin lesions caused by cholesterol crystal embolism:a case report and review of the literature[J].J Artif Organs,2015,18(3):285-289.
[17]GRANATA A,INSALACO M,DI PIETRO F,et al.Atheroembolism renal disease:diagnosis and etiologic factors[J].Clin Ter,2012,163(4):313-322.
[18]HASE H.Chronic kidney disease caused by cholesterol embolization syndrome[J].Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi,2016,105(5):850-856.
[19]MORIYA M,NABA I,NAKANO M,et al.A case of cholesterol embolization syndrome with cognitive impairment and pulmonary hemorrhage[J].Rinsho Shinkeigaku,2015,55(11):823-827.
[20]SARIC M,KRONZON I.Cholesterol embolization syndrome[J].Curr Opin Cardiol,2011,26(6):472-479.
[21]SEKHAR CC,JINDAL P,KARNA VG,et al.Cholestrol emboli syndrome:acute renal insufficiency after a procedure or a thrombolytic therapy or anticoagulant therapy[J].Indian J Surg,2013,75(Suppl 1):S432-435.
[22]MEHTA RL,KELLUM JA,SHAH SV,et al.Acute Kidney Injury Network:report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury[J].Crit Care,2007,11(2):R31.
[23]GIBBS MB,ENGLISH JC,3RD,ZIRWAS MJ.Livedo reticularis:an update[J].J Am Acad Dermatol,2005,52(6):1009-1019.
[24]JUCGLA A,MORESO F,MUNIESA C,et al.Cholesterol embolism:still an unrecognized entity with a high mortality rate[J].JAm Acad Dermatol,2006,55(5):786-793.
[25]TONNEIJCK L,FUIJKSCHOT WW,SCHOUTEN M,et al.A76-year-old male with a blue toe and livedo reticularis[J].Neth JMed,2013,71(5):257-261.
[26]LYAKER MR,TULMAN DB,DIMITROVA GT,et al.Arterial embolism[J].Int J Crit In Inj Sci,2013,3(1):77-87.
[27]QUINONES A,SARIC M.The cholesterol emboli syndrome in atherosclerosis[J].Curr Atheroscler Rep,2013,15(4):315.
[28]XI HL,LI R,TIAN ZL,et al.A controlled study of alprostadil liposomal preparation in the treatment of blue toe syndrome[J].Cell Biochem Biophys,2015,72(1):265-268.
[29]KIM MG,KIM SJ,OH J,et al.Blue toe syndrome treated with sympathectomy in a patient with acute renal failure caused by cholesterol embolization[J].Kidney Res Clin Pract,2013,32(4):186-189.
[2]ARAKAWA K,KONOSHITA T,MAKINO Y,et al.Blue toe in a male with cholesterol embolisation syndrome[J].Clinical medicine(London,England),2014,14(6):688-689.
[3]MALECKI R,KLUZ J,PRZEDZIECKA-DO YK J,et al.The pathogenesis and diagnosis of thromboangiitis obliterans:is it still a mystery?[J].Adv Clin Exp Med,2015,24(6):1085-1097.
[4]NEUMAN R,WABBIJN M,GUILLEN S,et al.Blue toe syndrome as a first sign of systemic sclerosis[J].BMJ Case Rep,2018-01-05[2018-10-01].https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=NEUMAN+R%2C+WABBIJN+M%2C+GUILLEN+S%2C+et+al.+Blue+toe+syndrome+as+a+first+sign+of+systemic+sclerosis.
[5]CARAVAGLIO J,WHEATLEY R,ORBAN M,et al.A case of leukemia cutis presenting as blue toes in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia[J].JAAD Case Rep,2016,2(2):186-188.
[6]AHMADI F,ZABIHIYEGANEH M,ABDOLLAHI M.Coil embolization of persistent sciatic artery pseudoaneurysm presenting as blue toe syndrome,a rare case[J].Indian J Surg,2013,75(Suppl 1):316-318.
[7]GRIFFIN KJ,RANKINE J,KESSEL D,et al.Compression of the dorsalis pedis artery:a novel cause of blue toe syndrome[J].Vascular,2012,20(6):325-328.
[8]DECKER P,GALLAND J,RISSE J,et al.A POEMS syndrome revealed by a blue toe syndrome[J].Rev Med Interne,2018,39(2):127-129.
[9]DIZMAN N,AYDIN BAHAT K,OZKANLI S,et al.Cholesterol embolization syndrome:a report of two cases[J].Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars,2016,44(3):251-255.
[10]MAEKAWA M,SUGINO N,WATANABE K,et al.Multiple brain infarction associated with cholesterol embolization syndrome[J].Intern Med,2017,56(18):2531-2533.
[11]PAWLACZYK K,GABRIEL M,STRZELECKA-WEKLAR DA,et al.The usefulness of Duplex Doppler ultrasound in the angiological and dermatological diagnosis of patients with blue toe syndrome[J].Postepy Dermatol Alergol,2017,34(5):478-484.
[12]IMAI N,ZAMAMI R,KIMURA K.Cutaneous cholesterol embolization syndrome[J].Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol,2015,81(4):388.
[13]ISSA AA,NEWMAN M,SIMMAN R.Toe necrosis,etiologies and management,a case series[J].J Am Coll Clin Wound Spec,2013,5(2):26-35.
[14]RIZZO R,MANCINI E,SANTORO A.Skin and chronic kidney disease[J].G Ital Nefrol,2014,31(5):gin/31.5.3.
[15]TRAN BA,EGBERS R,LOWE L,et al.Cholesterol embolization syndrome with an atypical proximal presentation simulating calciphylaxis[J].JAMA Dermatol,2014,150(8):903-905.
[16]KOBAYASHI H,ABE M,MURATA Y,et al.Low-density lipoprotein apheresis for corticosteroid-resistant skin lesions caused by cholesterol crystal embolism:a case report and review of the literature[J].J Artif Organs,2015,18(3):285-289.
[17]GRANATA A,INSALACO M,DI PIETRO F,et al.Atheroembolism renal disease:diagnosis and etiologic factors[J].Clin Ter,2012,163(4):313-322.
[18]HASE H.Chronic kidney disease caused by cholesterol embolization syndrome[J].Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi,2016,105(5):850-856.
[19]MORIYA M,NABA I,NAKANO M,et al.A case of cholesterol embolization syndrome with cognitive impairment and pulmonary hemorrhage[J].Rinsho Shinkeigaku,2015,55(11):823-827.
[20]SARIC M,KRONZON I.Cholesterol embolization syndrome[J].Curr Opin Cardiol,2011,26(6):472-479.
[21]SEKHAR CC,JINDAL P,KARNA VG,et al.Cholestrol emboli syndrome:acute renal insufficiency after a procedure or a thrombolytic therapy or anticoagulant therapy[J].Indian J Surg,2013,75(Suppl 1):S432-435.
[22]MEHTA RL,KELLUM JA,SHAH SV,et al.Acute Kidney Injury Network:report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury[J].Crit Care,2007,11(2):R31.
[23]GIBBS MB,ENGLISH JC,3RD,ZIRWAS MJ.Livedo reticularis:an update[J].J Am Acad Dermatol,2005,52(6):1009-1019.
[24]JUCGLA A,MORESO F,MUNIESA C,et al.Cholesterol embolism:still an unrecognized entity with a high mortality rate[J].JAm Acad Dermatol,2006,55(5):786-793.
[25]TONNEIJCK L,FUIJKSCHOT WW,SCHOUTEN M,et al.A76-year-old male with a blue toe and livedo reticularis[J].Neth JMed,2013,71(5):257-261.
[26]LYAKER MR,TULMAN DB,DIMITROVA GT,et al.Arterial embolism[J].Int J Crit In Inj Sci,2013,3(1):77-87.
[27]QUINONES A,SARIC M.The cholesterol emboli syndrome in atherosclerosis[J].Curr Atheroscler Rep,2013,15(4):315.
[28]XI HL,LI R,TIAN ZL,et al.A controlled study of alprostadil liposomal preparation in the treatment of blue toe syndrome[J].Cell Biochem Biophys,2015,72(1):265-268.
[29]KIM MG,KIM SJ,OH J,et al.Blue toe syndrome treated with sympathectomy in a patient with acute renal failure caused by cholesterol embolization[J].Kidney Res Clin Pract,2013,32(4):186-189.