基于CALIOP数据的海雾检测方法研究
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摘要
提出了一种基于星载激光雷达CALIOP数据检测海雾的方法。通过对比分析不同条件下低云和低空气溶胶的衰减后向散射特性,以及研究CALIOP海表误判区的衰减后向散射特性,发现了海表误判区其实是一种与海表相接的云,即海雾。继而,通过反演海表误判区的消光系数和能见度,发现98%以上海表误判区的消光系数低于1km,对该方法进行了检验验证。本文所提出的海雾检测方法丰富了海雾案例选取途径,拓展了海雾样本点来源,对研究海雾特性具有积极意义。
A method for sea fog detection using the measurement data acquired by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization(CALIOP)aboard the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation(CALIPSO)satellite is proposed in this paper.The characteristics of the backscattersoflow clouds and low aerosols under two different conditions were analyzed.The statistics of 3 bins below cloud top expresse the real characteristics of backscatters preferably.However,there is no difference for aerosol under the two conditions.Then the characteristic of backscatter for misjudgedsea surface is analyzed and compared with cloud and aerosol.It makes out that the misjudged sea surface is a kind of cloud whose base is attached with sea surface.Summarily the misjudged sea surface is sea fog.In order to verify this conclusion,extinction coefficient and visibility of sea surface which is misjudged were retrieved.It turned out that only 1.95 percent of visibility is greater than 1 kilometer and most of visibility is less than0.3 kilometer.So it reachesa conclusion that the misjudged sea surface is sea fog.The method of sea fog detection proposed in this paper has enriched the way to detect sea fog and made a difference on researching characteristics of sea fog.
A method for sea fog detection using the measurement data acquired by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization(CALIOP)aboard the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation(CALIPSO)satellite is proposed in this paper.The characteristics of the backscattersoflow clouds and low aerosols under two different conditions were analyzed.The statistics of 3 bins below cloud top expresse the real characteristics of backscatters preferably.However,there is no difference for aerosol under the two conditions.Then the characteristic of backscatter for misjudgedsea surface is analyzed and compared with cloud and aerosol.It makes out that the misjudged sea surface is a kind of cloud whose base is attached with sea surface.Summarily the misjudged sea surface is sea fog.In order to verify this conclusion,extinction coefficient and visibility of sea surface which is misjudged were retrieved.It turned out that only 1.95 percent of visibility is greater than 1 kilometer and most of visibility is less than0.3 kilometer.So it reachesa conclusion that the misjudged sea surface is sea fog.The method of sea fog detection proposed in this paper has enriched the way to detect sea fog and made a difference on researching characteristics of sea fog.
引文
[1]Koschmeider H.Therie der horizontalensichtweite[J].Beitr Phys Freien Atm,1924(12):53-56.
[2]Hunt G E.Radiative properties of terrestrial clouds at visible and infra-red thermal window wavelengths[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1973,99(420):346-369.
[3]Eyre J R,Brownscombe J L,Allam R J.Detection of fog at night using Adavance Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR)imagery[J].Meteorological Magazine,1984,113(1346):266-271.
[4]Turner J,Allam R J,Maine D R.A case-study of the detection of fog at night using channels 3and 4on the Advanced Very HighResolution Radiometer(AVHRR)[J].Meteorological Magazine,1986,115(1370):285-290.
[5]d'Entremont R P.Low-and midlevel cloud analysis using nighttime multispectral imagery[J].Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology,1986,25(12):1853-1869.
[6]Bendix J.Determination of Fog Horizontal Visibility by Means of NOAA-AVHRR[C].[s.l]:Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,1995,3:1847-1849.
[7]Bendix J,Thies B,Cermak J,et al.Ground fog detection from space based on MODIS daytime data—A feasibility study[J].Weather&Forecasting,2005,20(6):989-1005.
[8]吴晓京,陈云浩,李三妹.应用MODIS数据对新疆北部大雾地面能见度和微物理参数的反演[J].遥感学报,2005,9(6):688-696.Wu X J,Chen Y H,Li S M.Utilizing MODIS data to retrieve the visibility and microphysical properties of fog happens in the Northwest China[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2005,9(6):688-696.
[9]张纪伟,张苏平,吴晓京,等.基于MODIS的黄海海雾研究——海雾特征量反演[J].中国海洋大学学报:自然科学版,2009(S1):311-318.Zhang J W,Zhang S P,Wu X J,et al.The research on Yellow Sea seafog based on MODIS data:sea fog properties retrieval and spatial-temporal distribution[J].Periodical of Ocean University of China,2009(S1):311-318.
[10]Klett J D.Stable analytical inversion solution for processing lidar returns.[J].Applied Optics,1981,20(2):211-20.
[11]Fernald F G.Analysis of atmospheric lidar observations:some comments[J].Applied Optics,1984,23(5):652-653.
[12]Young S A.Analysis of lidar backscatter profiles in optically thin clouds[J].Applied Optics,1995,34(30):7019-7031.
[13]Stoelinga M T,Warner T T.Nonhydrostatic,mesobeta-scale model simulations of cloud ceiling and visibility for an east coast winter precipitation event[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1999,38(38):385-404.
[14]Winker D M,Pelon J,Coakley J A J,et al.The CALIPSO mission:A global 3Dview of aerosols and clouds[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2010,91(9):1211-1229.
[15]Hu Y,Vaughan M,Mcclain C,et al.Global statistics of liquid water content and effective number density of water clouds over ocean derived from combined CALIPSO and MODIS measurements[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2007,7(12):3353-3359.
[16]Li J,Hu Y,Huang J,et al.A new method for retrieval of the extinction coefficient of water clouds by using the tail of the CALIOP signal[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2010,11(6):2903-2916.
[17]Dong W,Hu Y,McCormick M P,et al.Global cloud-layer distribution statistics from 1year CALIPSO lidar observations[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2011,32(5):1269-1288.
[18]Cermak J.Low clouds and fog along the South-Western African coast—Satellite-based retrieval and spatial patterns[J].Atmospheric Research,2012,116(8):15-21.
[19]魏书晓.星载激光雷达在基于MODIS海雾检测中的应用[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2013.Wei S X.Application of CALIOP in MODIS-Based Sea Fog Detection[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2013.
[20]卢博.CALIOP海雾检测及其在MODIS日间海雾遥感中的应用[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2015.Lu B.CALIOP Sea Fog Detection and Its Application to the Daytime MODIS Remote Sensing of Sea Fog[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2015.
[21]Wu D,Lu B,Zhang T,et al.A method of detecting sea fogs using CALIOP data and its application to improve MODIS-based sea fog detection[J].Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy&Radiative Transfer,2015,153:88-94.
[22]Oliver,Lewellen,Williamson.The interaction between turbulent and radiative transport in the development of fog and low-level stratus[J].Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,1978,35(2):301-316.
[23]王彬华.海雾[M].北京:海洋出版社,1983.Wang B H.Sea Fog[M].Beijing:Ocean Press,1983.
[24]徐杰,过霁冰,黄宁立.2012年3月28日海雾过程分析及数值预报释用[C].上海:长三角气象科技论坛,2012.Xu J,Guo J B,Huang N L.The Sea Fog Process Analysis and Mathematical Forecast on March 28,2012[C].Shanghai:Yangtze River Delta Meteorological Science and Technology Forum,2012.
[25]Hu Y,Vaughan M,Liu Z,et al.Retrieving optical depths and lidarratios for transparent layers above opaque water clouds from CALIPSO lidarmeasurements[J].IEEE Geoscience&Remote Sensing Letters,2007,4(4):523-526.
[26]Hu Y,Powell K,Vaughan M,et al.Elevation information in tail(EIT)technique for lidar altimetry[J].Optics Express,2007,15(22):14504-14515.
[27]Mcgill M J,Vaughan M A,Trepte C R,et al.Airborne validation of spatial properties measured by the CALIPSO lidar[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2007,112(D20):365-371.
[28]Hunt W H,Winker D M,Vaughan M A,et al.CALIPSO lidar description and performance assessment[J].Journal of Atmospheric&Oceanic Technology,2009,26(7):1214-1228.
[2]Hunt G E.Radiative properties of terrestrial clouds at visible and infra-red thermal window wavelengths[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1973,99(420):346-369.
[3]Eyre J R,Brownscombe J L,Allam R J.Detection of fog at night using Adavance Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR)imagery[J].Meteorological Magazine,1984,113(1346):266-271.
[4]Turner J,Allam R J,Maine D R.A case-study of the detection of fog at night using channels 3and 4on the Advanced Very HighResolution Radiometer(AVHRR)[J].Meteorological Magazine,1986,115(1370):285-290.
[5]d'Entremont R P.Low-and midlevel cloud analysis using nighttime multispectral imagery[J].Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology,1986,25(12):1853-1869.
[6]Bendix J.Determination of Fog Horizontal Visibility by Means of NOAA-AVHRR[C].[s.l]:Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,1995,3:1847-1849.
[7]Bendix J,Thies B,Cermak J,et al.Ground fog detection from space based on MODIS daytime data—A feasibility study[J].Weather&Forecasting,2005,20(6):989-1005.
[8]吴晓京,陈云浩,李三妹.应用MODIS数据对新疆北部大雾地面能见度和微物理参数的反演[J].遥感学报,2005,9(6):688-696.Wu X J,Chen Y H,Li S M.Utilizing MODIS data to retrieve the visibility and microphysical properties of fog happens in the Northwest China[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2005,9(6):688-696.
[9]张纪伟,张苏平,吴晓京,等.基于MODIS的黄海海雾研究——海雾特征量反演[J].中国海洋大学学报:自然科学版,2009(S1):311-318.Zhang J W,Zhang S P,Wu X J,et al.The research on Yellow Sea seafog based on MODIS data:sea fog properties retrieval and spatial-temporal distribution[J].Periodical of Ocean University of China,2009(S1):311-318.
[10]Klett J D.Stable analytical inversion solution for processing lidar returns.[J].Applied Optics,1981,20(2):211-20.
[11]Fernald F G.Analysis of atmospheric lidar observations:some comments[J].Applied Optics,1984,23(5):652-653.
[12]Young S A.Analysis of lidar backscatter profiles in optically thin clouds[J].Applied Optics,1995,34(30):7019-7031.
[13]Stoelinga M T,Warner T T.Nonhydrostatic,mesobeta-scale model simulations of cloud ceiling and visibility for an east coast winter precipitation event[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1999,38(38):385-404.
[14]Winker D M,Pelon J,Coakley J A J,et al.The CALIPSO mission:A global 3Dview of aerosols and clouds[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2010,91(9):1211-1229.
[15]Hu Y,Vaughan M,Mcclain C,et al.Global statistics of liquid water content and effective number density of water clouds over ocean derived from combined CALIPSO and MODIS measurements[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2007,7(12):3353-3359.
[16]Li J,Hu Y,Huang J,et al.A new method for retrieval of the extinction coefficient of water clouds by using the tail of the CALIOP signal[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2010,11(6):2903-2916.
[17]Dong W,Hu Y,McCormick M P,et al.Global cloud-layer distribution statistics from 1year CALIPSO lidar observations[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2011,32(5):1269-1288.
[18]Cermak J.Low clouds and fog along the South-Western African coast—Satellite-based retrieval and spatial patterns[J].Atmospheric Research,2012,116(8):15-21.
[19]魏书晓.星载激光雷达在基于MODIS海雾检测中的应用[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2013.Wei S X.Application of CALIOP in MODIS-Based Sea Fog Detection[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2013.
[20]卢博.CALIOP海雾检测及其在MODIS日间海雾遥感中的应用[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2015.Lu B.CALIOP Sea Fog Detection and Its Application to the Daytime MODIS Remote Sensing of Sea Fog[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2015.
[21]Wu D,Lu B,Zhang T,et al.A method of detecting sea fogs using CALIOP data and its application to improve MODIS-based sea fog detection[J].Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy&Radiative Transfer,2015,153:88-94.
[22]Oliver,Lewellen,Williamson.The interaction between turbulent and radiative transport in the development of fog and low-level stratus[J].Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,1978,35(2):301-316.
[23]王彬华.海雾[M].北京:海洋出版社,1983.Wang B H.Sea Fog[M].Beijing:Ocean Press,1983.
[24]徐杰,过霁冰,黄宁立.2012年3月28日海雾过程分析及数值预报释用[C].上海:长三角气象科技论坛,2012.Xu J,Guo J B,Huang N L.The Sea Fog Process Analysis and Mathematical Forecast on March 28,2012[C].Shanghai:Yangtze River Delta Meteorological Science and Technology Forum,2012.
[25]Hu Y,Vaughan M,Liu Z,et al.Retrieving optical depths and lidarratios for transparent layers above opaque water clouds from CALIPSO lidarmeasurements[J].IEEE Geoscience&Remote Sensing Letters,2007,4(4):523-526.
[26]Hu Y,Powell K,Vaughan M,et al.Elevation information in tail(EIT)technique for lidar altimetry[J].Optics Express,2007,15(22):14504-14515.
[27]Mcgill M J,Vaughan M A,Trepte C R,et al.Airborne validation of spatial properties measured by the CALIPSO lidar[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2007,112(D20):365-371.
[28]Hunt W H,Winker D M,Vaughan M A,et al.CALIPSO lidar description and performance assessment[J].Journal of Atmospheric&Oceanic Technology,2009,26(7):1214-1228.