力量训练在提高运动表现中的作用
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摘要
肌肉力量与力-时间特征(如力量增加的速率和外部机械功率)、一般运动技能性能(如跳、冲刺和变向)以及特定运动技能表现有关,更大的肌肉力量支撑着许多身体和性能特性,极大地影响个体整体性能的提高。本文对相关文献进行整理,讨论了与肌肉力量相关的各种因素对运动表现的影响,以及增强肌肉力量的益处。更大的肌肉力量可以提高综合运动能力和特定的运动技能,同时减少受伤的风险。同时总结了力量的监测方法和训练阶段,应实施长期的力量训练策略,促进最大的肌肉力量,以满足运动所需。
Muscular strength is associated with enhanced force-time characteristics( e. g. rate of force development and external mechanical power),general sport skill performance( e. g. jumping,sprinting,and change of direction),and specific sport skill performance. Greater muscular strength underpins many physical and performance attributes and can be vastly influential in improving an individual's overall performance. This review discusses previous literature that has examined the influence of muscular strength on various factors associated with athletic performance and the benefits of achieving greater muscular strength. Much research supports the notion that greater muscular strength can enhance the ability to perform general sport skills and sport specific skills while simultaneously reducing their risk of injury when performing these skills. At the same time,it summarizes the monitoring method and training stage of the strength,which should implement long-term training strategies that promote the greatest muscular strength within the required context of each sport.
Muscular strength is associated with enhanced force-time characteristics( e. g. rate of force development and external mechanical power),general sport skill performance( e. g. jumping,sprinting,and change of direction),and specific sport skill performance. Greater muscular strength underpins many physical and performance attributes and can be vastly influential in improving an individual's overall performance. This review discusses previous literature that has examined the influence of muscular strength on various factors associated with athletic performance and the benefits of achieving greater muscular strength. Much research supports the notion that greater muscular strength can enhance the ability to perform general sport skills and sport specific skills while simultaneously reducing their risk of injury when performing these skills. At the same time,it summarizes the monitoring method and training stage of the strength,which should implement long-term training strategies that promote the greatest muscular strength within the required context of each sport.
引文
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[3]Young W B,Newton R U,Doyle T L,et al.Physiological and anthropometric characteristics of starters and non-starters and playing positions in elite Australian Rules Football:a case study[J].J Sci Med Sport.2005,8(3):333-45.
[4]Aagaard P,Simonsen EB,Andersen JL,etal.Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training[J].J Appl Physiol.2002,93(4):1318-26.
[5]Kraska J M,Ramsey M W,Haff G G,et al.Relationship Between Strength Characteristics and Unweighted and Weighted Vertical Jump Height[J].IInt J Sports Physiol Perform.2009,4(4):461-73.
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[7]Bevan H R,Bunce P J,Owen N J,et al.Optimal loading for the development of peak power output in professional rugby players[J].J Strength Cond Res.2010,24(1):43-7
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[15]Cometti G,Maffiuletti NA,Pousson M,et al.Isokinetic strength and anaerobic power of elite,subelite and amateur French soccer players[J].Int J Sports Med.2001,22(1):45-51.
[16]马继政.影响短跑运动成绩的相关生物学因素分析[J].南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),2002,1(2):14-6.
[17]Spiteri T,Newton RU,Nimphius S.Neuromuscular strategies contributing to faster multidirectional agility performance[J].J Electromyogr Kinesiol.2015,25(4):629-36.
[18]Spiteri T,Newton RU,Binetti M,et al.Mechanical determinants of faster change of direction and agility performance in femalebasketball athletes[J].J Strength Cond Res.2015,29(8):2205-14.
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[24]Meckel Y,Atterbom H,Grodjinovsky A,et al.Physiological characteristics of female 100 metre sprinters of different performance levels[J].J Sports Med Phys Fitness.1995,35(3):169-75.
[25]纪玉娣,张亚洲,马继政.体育运动项目中多次大强度短距离跑造成的运动疲劳[J].中国组织工程研究,2007,11(39):7974-77.
[26]Sole CJ,Kavanaugh AA,Reed JP,et al.The sport performance enhancement group:A five-year analysis of interdisciplinary athlete development.In:Beckham GK,Swisher A,editors.8th Annual Coaches and Sport Science College[J].Johnson City,2013:28-30.
[27]Bazyler CD,Beckham GK,Sato K.The use of the isometric squat as a measure of strength and explosiveness[J].J Strength Cond Res.2015,29(5):1386-92.
[28]Garhammer J.Power production by Olympic weightlifters[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc.1980,12(1):54-60.
[29]Flanagan EP,Ebben WP,Jensen RL.Reliability of the reactive strength index and time to stabilization during depth jumps[J].J Strength Cond Res.2008,22(5):1677-82.
[30]Ford P,De Ste Croix M,Lloyd R,et al.The long-term athlete development model:Physiological evidence and application[J].J Sports Sci.2011,29(4):389-402.
[31]Aagaard P,Andersen JL,Dyhre-Poulsen P,et al.A mechanismfor increased contractile strength of human pennate muscle in response to strength training:changes in muscle architecture[J].J Physiol.2001,534(2):613-23.
[32]Blazevich AJ,Cannavan D,Coleman DR,et al.Influence of concentric and eccentric resistance training on architectural adaptation in human quadriceps muscles[J].J Appl Physiol.2007,103(5):1565-75.
[33]喻伯海,徐盛嘉,张震,等.抗阻训练的现实应用[J].体育科技文献通报,2017(6):158-61.
[34]于文兵,高丽丽,李天义,等.三种力量训练方案对健康青年心脏自主神经功能的影响[J].中国康复医学杂志,2017,32(5):548-553.
[35]马继政,牛洁,程武生,等.作战人员的力量训练-可变的非线性周期训练计划的设计和应用[J].体育科技文献通报,2013,21(12):39-45.
[36]胡艳,胡斐,张仁祥等.训练迁移的基本原理和现实应用[J].南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),2015,05:27–32.
[37]马继政,胡澄,乔箐.力量和耐力组合训练分子产生的干扰机制和训练学上的对策[J].体育科技文献通报,2012,20(6):14-19.
[38]马继政,蔡文伟.论基因与运动能力[J].体育科技文献通报,2010,18(11):29-29.
[2]Baker D.A series of studies on the training of high-intensity muscle power in rugby league football players.[J].J Strength Cond Res2001,15(2):198-209.
[3]Young W B,Newton R U,Doyle T L,et al.Physiological and anthropometric characteristics of starters and non-starters and playing positions in elite Australian Rules Football:a case study[J].J Sci Med Sport.2005,8(3):333-45.
[4]Aagaard P,Simonsen EB,Andersen JL,etal.Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training[J].J Appl Physiol.2002,93(4):1318-26.
[5]Kraska J M,Ramsey M W,Haff G G,et al.Relationship Between Strength Characteristics and Unweighted and Weighted Vertical Jump Height[J].IInt J Sports Physiol Perform.2009,4(4):461-73.
[6]Stone M H,Sands W A,Carlock J,et al.The importance of isometric maximum strength and peak rate-of-force development in sprint cycling[J].J Strength Cond Res.2004,18(4):878-84.
[7]Bevan H R,Bunce P J,Owen N J,et al.Optimal loading for the development of peak power output in professional rugby players[J].J Strength Cond Res.2010,24(1):43-7
[8]Gabbett T J.Physiological and anthropometric characteristics of starters and non-starters in junior rugby league players,aged 13-17years[J].JJ Sports Med Phys Fit.2009,49(3):233-9.
[9]乔飞跃,马继政,贾滨,等.周期训练理论研究与进展[J].体育科技文献通报,2013,21(12):141-6.
[10]沙晓林,马继政,牛洁,等.抗阻力训练计划的设计[J].南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),2007,6(2):30-3.
[11]Baker D G,Newton R U.Comparison of lower body strength,power,acceleration,speed,agility,and sprint momentum to describe and compare playing rank among professional rugby league players[J].J Strength Cond Res.2008,22(1):153–8.
[12]Thomas C,Jones PA,Rothwell J,et al.An investigation into the relationship between maximum isometric strength and vertical jump performance[J].J Strength Cond Res.2015,29(8):2176-85.
[13]Cormie P,Mc Guigan MR,Newton RU.Influence of strength on magnitude and mechanisms of adaptation to power training[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc.2010,42(8):1566-81.
[14]Duthie GM,Pyne DB,Marsh DJ,et al.Sprint patterns in rugby union players during competition[J].J Strength Cond Res.2006,20(1):208-14.
[15]Cometti G,Maffiuletti NA,Pousson M,et al.Isokinetic strength and anaerobic power of elite,subelite and amateur French soccer players[J].Int J Sports Med.2001,22(1):45-51.
[16]马继政.影响短跑运动成绩的相关生物学因素分析[J].南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),2002,1(2):14-6.
[17]Spiteri T,Newton RU,Nimphius S.Neuromuscular strategies contributing to faster multidirectional agility performance[J].J Electromyogr Kinesiol.2015,25(4):629-36.
[18]Spiteri T,Newton RU,Binetti M,et al.Mechanical determinants of faster change of direction and agility performance in femalebasketball athletes[J].J Strength Cond Res.2015,29(8):2205-14.
[19]Spiteri T,Nimphius S,Hart NH,et al.Contribution of strength characteristics to change of direction and agility performance in female basketball athletes[J].J Strength Cond Res.2014,28(9):2415–23.
[20]Spiteri T,Cochrane JL,Hart NH,et al.Effect of strength on plant foot kinetics and kinematics during a change of direction task[J].Eur J Sport Sci.2013,13(6):646-52.
[21]沙晓林,马继政.抗阻力训练强度与肌纤维适应[J].湖北体育科技,2007,26(1):57-9.
[22]Stone MH,Sands WA,Carlock J,et al.The importance of isometric maximum strength and peak rate-of-force development in sprint cycling[J].J Strength Cond Res.2004,18(4):878–84.
[23]Gorostiaga EM,Granados C,Ibanez J,et al.Differences in physical fitness and throwing velocity among elite and amateur male handball players[J].Int J Sports Med.2005,26(3):225-32.
[24]Meckel Y,Atterbom H,Grodjinovsky A,et al.Physiological characteristics of female 100 metre sprinters of different performance levels[J].J Sports Med Phys Fitness.1995,35(3):169-75.
[25]纪玉娣,张亚洲,马继政.体育运动项目中多次大强度短距离跑造成的运动疲劳[J].中国组织工程研究,2007,11(39):7974-77.
[26]Sole CJ,Kavanaugh AA,Reed JP,et al.The sport performance enhancement group:A five-year analysis of interdisciplinary athlete development.In:Beckham GK,Swisher A,editors.8th Annual Coaches and Sport Science College[J].Johnson City,2013:28-30.
[27]Bazyler CD,Beckham GK,Sato K.The use of the isometric squat as a measure of strength and explosiveness[J].J Strength Cond Res.2015,29(5):1386-92.
[28]Garhammer J.Power production by Olympic weightlifters[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc.1980,12(1):54-60.
[29]Flanagan EP,Ebben WP,Jensen RL.Reliability of the reactive strength index and time to stabilization during depth jumps[J].J Strength Cond Res.2008,22(5):1677-82.
[30]Ford P,De Ste Croix M,Lloyd R,et al.The long-term athlete development model:Physiological evidence and application[J].J Sports Sci.2011,29(4):389-402.
[31]Aagaard P,Andersen JL,Dyhre-Poulsen P,et al.A mechanismfor increased contractile strength of human pennate muscle in response to strength training:changes in muscle architecture[J].J Physiol.2001,534(2):613-23.
[32]Blazevich AJ,Cannavan D,Coleman DR,et al.Influence of concentric and eccentric resistance training on architectural adaptation in human quadriceps muscles[J].J Appl Physiol.2007,103(5):1565-75.
[33]喻伯海,徐盛嘉,张震,等.抗阻训练的现实应用[J].体育科技文献通报,2017(6):158-61.
[34]于文兵,高丽丽,李天义,等.三种力量训练方案对健康青年心脏自主神经功能的影响[J].中国康复医学杂志,2017,32(5):548-553.
[35]马继政,牛洁,程武生,等.作战人员的力量训练-可变的非线性周期训练计划的设计和应用[J].体育科技文献通报,2013,21(12):39-45.
[36]胡艳,胡斐,张仁祥等.训练迁移的基本原理和现实应用[J].南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),2015,05:27–32.
[37]马继政,胡澄,乔箐.力量和耐力组合训练分子产生的干扰机制和训练学上的对策[J].体育科技文献通报,2012,20(6):14-19.
[38]马继政,蔡文伟.论基因与运动能力[J].体育科技文献通报,2010,18(11):29-29.