生境对啮齿动物介导下锐齿槲栎种子命运的影响
|
摘要
干扰作为森林演替的驱动力,在改变森林结构和地表植被的同时也对林内动物介导下的种子扩散过程产生影响.本研究采用塑料标签标记法,选取秦岭林区不同人为干扰后形成的3种类型生境(未抚育林分、抚育3年后林分、裸地),研究啮齿动物扩散行为对不同生境类型锐齿槲栎种子命运的响应.结果表明:抚育3年后林分的种子扩散速率最大,裸地扩散速率最小.裸地的种子原地取食率显著低于未抚育(25.0%)和抚育3年后林分(36.3%),而抚育3年后林分的种子搬运后取食率显著高于未抚育林分(17.3%)和裸地(5.0%),且抚育3年后的林分中被啮齿动物分散埋藏的种子比例最高(4.3%).种子扩散距离以抚育3年后林分最大(26 m),且扩散距离显著大于裸地和未抚育林分.锐齿槲栎种子的初次扩散过程在不同生境中表现不同,其种子后期成苗率也存在差异.不同类型生境在一定程度上影响啮齿动物的觅食策略,最终导致不同的种子扩散模式和森林天然更新格局的形成.
Disturbance is the driving force of forest succession, which can change forest structure and surface vegetation. Disturbance also affects rodent-mediated seed dispersal. In this study, numbered plastic tags were used to examine the responses of rodent dispersal behavior to the fates of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata acorns at three habitats formed by different artificial disturbances in pine-oak mixed forests in the Qinling Mountains, i.e., unlogged stand, stand in the third year after tending thinning, and bare land. The results showed that seed removal rate from stands in the third year after tending was significantly higher than that in the other two habitats. The proportion of predation in bare land was significantly lower than that in the unlogged stand(25.0%) and in the stand in the third year after tending thinning(36.3%). In the third year after tending thinning, the seed predation rate after seed moving was significantly higher than those in the unlogged stand(17.3%) and bare land(5.0%). Moreover, the proportion of scatter hoarding after removal was also highest in the stand in the third year after tending thinning(4.3%). The longest average dispersal distance(26 m) occurred in the stand in the third year after tending thinning, which was significantly longer than those at the other two habitats. Therefore, the different habitat types significantly influenced the initial seed dispersal process by rodents, with consequences on the rates of seedling establishment. Habitat types affected the foraging strategies of rodents, thereby leading to different seed dispersal modes and natural regeneration patterns in the forest.
Disturbance is the driving force of forest succession, which can change forest structure and surface vegetation. Disturbance also affects rodent-mediated seed dispersal. In this study, numbered plastic tags were used to examine the responses of rodent dispersal behavior to the fates of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata acorns at three habitats formed by different artificial disturbances in pine-oak mixed forests in the Qinling Mountains, i.e., unlogged stand, stand in the third year after tending thinning, and bare land. The results showed that seed removal rate from stands in the third year after tending was significantly higher than that in the other two habitats. The proportion of predation in bare land was significantly lower than that in the unlogged stand(25.0%) and in the stand in the third year after tending thinning(36.3%). In the third year after tending thinning, the seed predation rate after seed moving was significantly higher than those in the unlogged stand(17.3%) and bare land(5.0%). Moreover, the proportion of scatter hoarding after removal was also highest in the stand in the third year after tending thinning(4.3%). The longest average dispersal distance(26 m) occurred in the stand in the third year after tending thinning, which was significantly longer than those at the other two habitats. Therefore, the different habitat types significantly influenced the initial seed dispersal process by rodents, with consequences on the rates of seedling establishment. Habitat types affected the foraging strategies of rodents, thereby leading to different seed dispersal modes and natural regeneration patterns in the forest.
引文
[1] Xiao ZS,Zhang ZB.Behavioural responses to acorn germination by tree squirrels in an old forest where white oaks have long been extirpated.Animal Behaviour,2012,83:945-951
[2] Lichti NI,Steele MA,Swihart RK.Seed fate and decision-making processes in scatter-hoarding rodents.Biological Reviews,2017,92:474-504
[3] Yao X-L (姚晓琳),Piao Z-J (朴正吉),Li B-H (李步杭),et al.Pinus koraiensis seed consumption by rodents and birds.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2008,19(8):1759-1763 (in Chinese)
[4] Cheng Z,Lucasa W,Stefan VD,et al.Annual variation in predation and dispersal of Arolla pine (Pinus cembra L.) seeds by Eurasian red squirrels and other seed-eaters.Forest Ecology and Management,2010,260:587-594
[5] Soler R,Espelta JM,Lencinas MV,et al.Masting has different effects on seed predation by insects and birds in antarctic beech forests with no influence of forest mana-gement.Forest Ecology and Management,2017,400:173-180
[6] Yu F,Wang DX,Yi XF,et al.Does animal-mediated seed dispersal facilitate the formation of Pinus armandii-Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata forests?PLoS One,2014,9(2):e89886
[7] Thompson S,Katul G.Secondary seed dispersal and its role in landscape organization.Geophysical Research Letters,2009,36:270-271
[8] Ma Q-L (马庆亮),Zhao X-F (赵雪峰),Sun M-Y (孙明洋),et al.Seasonal variations of wild apricot seed dispersal and hoarding by rodents in rehabilitated land.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2010,21(5):1238-1243 (in Chinese)
[9] Vander Wall SB.Food Hoarding in Animals.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1990
[10] Zhang Z-B (张知彬).Effect of burial and environmental factors on seedling recruitment of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2001,21(3):374-384 (in Chinese)
[11] Zhou L-B (周立彪),Yan X-F (闫兴富),Wang J-L (王建礼),et al.Predation and removal of rodents on the seeds with different size and pericarp traits.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2013,24(8):2325-2332 (in Chinese)
[12] Jansen PA,Visser MD,Joseph WS,et al.Negative density dependence of seed dispersal and seedling recruitment in a neotropical palm.Ecology Letters,2014,17:1111-1120
[13] Tadwalkar MD,Joglekar AM,Mhaskar M,et al.Dispersal modes of woody species from the Northern Wes-tern Ghats,India.Tropical Ecology,2012,53:53-67
[14] Kang H-B (康海斌),Wang D-X (王得祥),Chang M-J (常明捷),et al.Selection mechanism of rodents on the removal and predation microhabitats of seeds from different tree species.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2017,37(22):7604-7613 (in Chinese)
[15] Luo Y-H (罗永红),Yan X-F (闫兴富),Zhou L-B (周立彪),et al.Effects of seed traits and seed production on the seed predation and dispersal behavior of rodents.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(12):4181-4190 (in Chinese)
[16] Wang J (王静),Yan Q-L (闫巧玲).Effects of disturbances on animal-mediated seed dispersal effectiveness of forest plants:A review.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2017,28(5):1716-1726 (in Chinese)
[17] Chen L-D (陈利顶),Fu B-J (傅伯杰).Ecological significance,characteristics and types of disturbance.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2000,20(4):581-586 (in Chinese)
[18] Zhu J-J (朱教君),Liu S-R (刘世荣).Ecological Research on Forest Disturbance.Beijing:China Forestry Press,2007 (in Chinese)
[19] Li C-Y (李春义),Ma L-Y (马履一),Xu X (徐昕).Reviews on research progress of effect of tending on forest biodiversity.World Forestry Research (世界林业研究),2006,19(6):27-32 (in Chinese)
[20] Yu L-Z (于立忠),Zhu J-J (朱教君),Kong X-W (孔祥文),et al.The effects of anthropogenic disturbances (thinning) on plant species diversity of Pinus koreansis plantations.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2006,26(11):3757-3764 (in Chinese)
[21] Castro-Luna AA,Sosa VJ,Castillo-Campos G.Bat diversity and abundance associated with the degree of secondary succession in a tropical forest mosaic in south-eastern Mexico.Animal Conservation,2007,10:219-228
[22] González-Castro A,Calviňo-Cancela M,Nogales M.Comparing seed dispersal effectiveness by frugivores at the community level.Ecology,2015,96:808-818
[23] Gutiérrezgranados G.Effect of logging on rodent scatter-hoarding dynamics in tropical forests:Implications for plant recruitment.Integrative Zoology,2011,6:74-80
[24] Peng S-L (彭舜磊),Wang D-X (王得祥).Comparison of community characteristics of plantation and secondary forest of Pinus armandii in Huoditang forest region of Qinling Mountain.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica (西北植物学报),2009,29(11):2301-2311 (in Chinese)
[25] Li HJ,Zhang ZB.Effect of rodents on acorn dispersal and survival of the Liaodong oak (Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.).Forest Ecology and Management,2003,176:387-396
[26] Yi XF,Zhang ZB.Seed predation and dispersal of glabrous filbert (Corylus heterophylla) and pilose filbert (Corylus mandshurica) by small mammals in a tempe-rate forest,northeast China.Plant Ecology,2008,196:135-142
[27] Fontúrbel FE,Candia AB,Malebrán J,et al.Meta-analysis of anthropogenic habitat disturbance effects on animal-mediated seed dispersal.Global Change Biology,2015,21:3951-3960
[28] Yu F (于飞).Seed Dispersal Process and Natural Regerneration Pattern of Constructive Species in the Pine-Oak Forests of the Qinling Mountains,China.PhD Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2014 (in Chinese)
[29] Wilkinson EB,Branch LC,Miller DL.Functional habitat connectivity for beach mice depends on perceived predation risk.Landscape Ecology,2013,28:547-558
[30] Steele MA,Rompre G,Stratford JA,et al.Scatterhoarding rodents favor higher predation risks for cache sites:The potential for predators to influence the seed dispersal process.Integrative Zoology,2015,10:257-266
[31] Jones FA,Peterson CJ,Haines BL.Seed predation in neotropical pre-montane pastures:Site,distance,and species effects.Biotropica,2003,35:219-225
[32] Zhang H-M (张洪茂).Interactions between Rodents and Forest Seeds in the Donglingshan Mountain,Northwestern Beijing.PhD Thesis.Beijing:Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2007 (in Chinese)
[33] Bergstedt J,Milberg P.The impact of logging intensity on field-layer vegetation in Swedish boreal forests.Forest Ecology and Management,2001,154:105-115
[34] Lu J-Q (路纪琪),Zhang Z-B (张知彬).Effects of high and low shrubs on acorn hoarding and dispersal of Liaodong oak Quercus liaotungensis by small rodents.Acta Zoologica Sinica (动物学报),2005,51(2):195-204 (in Chinese)
[35] Yu F,Shi XX,Zhang X,et al.Effects of selective logging on rodent-mediated seed dispersal.Forest Ecology and Management,2017,406:147-154
[36] Velho N,Ratnam J,Srinivasan U,et al.Shifts in community structure of tropical trees and avian frugivores in forests recovering from past logging.Biological Conservation,2012,153:32-40
[37] Jenkins SH,Peters RA.Spatial patterns of food storage by Merriam’s kangaroo rats.Behavioral Ecology,1992,3:60-65
[38] Chang G,Jin TZ,Pei JF,et al.Seed dispersal of three sympatric oak species by forest rodents in the Qinling Mountains,Central China.Plant Ecology,2012,213:1633-1642
[39] Zhao Y (赵玉),Liu Y (刘影),Wang J-M (王建明),et al.Effects of rodents and litter coverage on the seed fate of wild Prunus divaricata in wild fruit forest of Tianshan Mountain,Northwest China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2014,25(9):2557-2562 (in Chinese)
[40] Yu F (于飞),Shi X-X (史晓晓),Yi X-F (易现峰),et al.Effects of relative abundance of Quercus mongolica acorns on five tree species seed dispersal in Xiaoxing’an Mountains,Northeast China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2013,24(6):1531-1535 (in Chinese)
[2] Lichti NI,Steele MA,Swihart RK.Seed fate and decision-making processes in scatter-hoarding rodents.Biological Reviews,2017,92:474-504
[3] Yao X-L (姚晓琳),Piao Z-J (朴正吉),Li B-H (李步杭),et al.Pinus koraiensis seed consumption by rodents and birds.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2008,19(8):1759-1763 (in Chinese)
[4] Cheng Z,Lucasa W,Stefan VD,et al.Annual variation in predation and dispersal of Arolla pine (Pinus cembra L.) seeds by Eurasian red squirrels and other seed-eaters.Forest Ecology and Management,2010,260:587-594
[5] Soler R,Espelta JM,Lencinas MV,et al.Masting has different effects on seed predation by insects and birds in antarctic beech forests with no influence of forest mana-gement.Forest Ecology and Management,2017,400:173-180
[6] Yu F,Wang DX,Yi XF,et al.Does animal-mediated seed dispersal facilitate the formation of Pinus armandii-Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata forests?PLoS One,2014,9(2):e89886
[7] Thompson S,Katul G.Secondary seed dispersal and its role in landscape organization.Geophysical Research Letters,2009,36:270-271
[8] Ma Q-L (马庆亮),Zhao X-F (赵雪峰),Sun M-Y (孙明洋),et al.Seasonal variations of wild apricot seed dispersal and hoarding by rodents in rehabilitated land.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2010,21(5):1238-1243 (in Chinese)
[9] Vander Wall SB.Food Hoarding in Animals.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1990
[10] Zhang Z-B (张知彬).Effect of burial and environmental factors on seedling recruitment of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2001,21(3):374-384 (in Chinese)
[11] Zhou L-B (周立彪),Yan X-F (闫兴富),Wang J-L (王建礼),et al.Predation and removal of rodents on the seeds with different size and pericarp traits.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2013,24(8):2325-2332 (in Chinese)
[12] Jansen PA,Visser MD,Joseph WS,et al.Negative density dependence of seed dispersal and seedling recruitment in a neotropical palm.Ecology Letters,2014,17:1111-1120
[13] Tadwalkar MD,Joglekar AM,Mhaskar M,et al.Dispersal modes of woody species from the Northern Wes-tern Ghats,India.Tropical Ecology,2012,53:53-67
[14] Kang H-B (康海斌),Wang D-X (王得祥),Chang M-J (常明捷),et al.Selection mechanism of rodents on the removal and predation microhabitats of seeds from different tree species.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2017,37(22):7604-7613 (in Chinese)
[15] Luo Y-H (罗永红),Yan X-F (闫兴富),Zhou L-B (周立彪),et al.Effects of seed traits and seed production on the seed predation and dispersal behavior of rodents.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(12):4181-4190 (in Chinese)
[16] Wang J (王静),Yan Q-L (闫巧玲).Effects of disturbances on animal-mediated seed dispersal effectiveness of forest plants:A review.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2017,28(5):1716-1726 (in Chinese)
[17] Chen L-D (陈利顶),Fu B-J (傅伯杰).Ecological significance,characteristics and types of disturbance.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2000,20(4):581-586 (in Chinese)
[18] Zhu J-J (朱教君),Liu S-R (刘世荣).Ecological Research on Forest Disturbance.Beijing:China Forestry Press,2007 (in Chinese)
[19] Li C-Y (李春义),Ma L-Y (马履一),Xu X (徐昕).Reviews on research progress of effect of tending on forest biodiversity.World Forestry Research (世界林业研究),2006,19(6):27-32 (in Chinese)
[20] Yu L-Z (于立忠),Zhu J-J (朱教君),Kong X-W (孔祥文),et al.The effects of anthropogenic disturbances (thinning) on plant species diversity of Pinus koreansis plantations.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2006,26(11):3757-3764 (in Chinese)
[21] Castro-Luna AA,Sosa VJ,Castillo-Campos G.Bat diversity and abundance associated with the degree of secondary succession in a tropical forest mosaic in south-eastern Mexico.Animal Conservation,2007,10:219-228
[22] González-Castro A,Calviňo-Cancela M,Nogales M.Comparing seed dispersal effectiveness by frugivores at the community level.Ecology,2015,96:808-818
[23] Gutiérrezgranados G.Effect of logging on rodent scatter-hoarding dynamics in tropical forests:Implications for plant recruitment.Integrative Zoology,2011,6:74-80
[24] Peng S-L (彭舜磊),Wang D-X (王得祥).Comparison of community characteristics of plantation and secondary forest of Pinus armandii in Huoditang forest region of Qinling Mountain.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica (西北植物学报),2009,29(11):2301-2311 (in Chinese)
[25] Li HJ,Zhang ZB.Effect of rodents on acorn dispersal and survival of the Liaodong oak (Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.).Forest Ecology and Management,2003,176:387-396
[26] Yi XF,Zhang ZB.Seed predation and dispersal of glabrous filbert (Corylus heterophylla) and pilose filbert (Corylus mandshurica) by small mammals in a tempe-rate forest,northeast China.Plant Ecology,2008,196:135-142
[27] Fontúrbel FE,Candia AB,Malebrán J,et al.Meta-analysis of anthropogenic habitat disturbance effects on animal-mediated seed dispersal.Global Change Biology,2015,21:3951-3960
[28] Yu F (于飞).Seed Dispersal Process and Natural Regerneration Pattern of Constructive Species in the Pine-Oak Forests of the Qinling Mountains,China.PhD Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2014 (in Chinese)
[29] Wilkinson EB,Branch LC,Miller DL.Functional habitat connectivity for beach mice depends on perceived predation risk.Landscape Ecology,2013,28:547-558
[30] Steele MA,Rompre G,Stratford JA,et al.Scatterhoarding rodents favor higher predation risks for cache sites:The potential for predators to influence the seed dispersal process.Integrative Zoology,2015,10:257-266
[31] Jones FA,Peterson CJ,Haines BL.Seed predation in neotropical pre-montane pastures:Site,distance,and species effects.Biotropica,2003,35:219-225
[32] Zhang H-M (张洪茂).Interactions between Rodents and Forest Seeds in the Donglingshan Mountain,Northwestern Beijing.PhD Thesis.Beijing:Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2007 (in Chinese)
[33] Bergstedt J,Milberg P.The impact of logging intensity on field-layer vegetation in Swedish boreal forests.Forest Ecology and Management,2001,154:105-115
[34] Lu J-Q (路纪琪),Zhang Z-B (张知彬).Effects of high and low shrubs on acorn hoarding and dispersal of Liaodong oak Quercus liaotungensis by small rodents.Acta Zoologica Sinica (动物学报),2005,51(2):195-204 (in Chinese)
[35] Yu F,Shi XX,Zhang X,et al.Effects of selective logging on rodent-mediated seed dispersal.Forest Ecology and Management,2017,406:147-154
[36] Velho N,Ratnam J,Srinivasan U,et al.Shifts in community structure of tropical trees and avian frugivores in forests recovering from past logging.Biological Conservation,2012,153:32-40
[37] Jenkins SH,Peters RA.Spatial patterns of food storage by Merriam’s kangaroo rats.Behavioral Ecology,1992,3:60-65
[38] Chang G,Jin TZ,Pei JF,et al.Seed dispersal of three sympatric oak species by forest rodents in the Qinling Mountains,Central China.Plant Ecology,2012,213:1633-1642
[39] Zhao Y (赵玉),Liu Y (刘影),Wang J-M (王建明),et al.Effects of rodents and litter coverage on the seed fate of wild Prunus divaricata in wild fruit forest of Tianshan Mountain,Northwest China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2014,25(9):2557-2562 (in Chinese)
[40] Yu F (于飞),Shi X-X (史晓晓),Yi X-F (易现峰),et al.Effects of relative abundance of Quercus mongolica acorns on five tree species seed dispersal in Xiaoxing’an Mountains,Northeast China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2013,24(6):1531-1535 (in Chinese)