Dynamic changes in intramedullary pressure 72 hours after spinal cord injury
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摘要
Intramedullary pressure increases after spinal cord injury, and this can be an important factor for secondary spinal cord injury. Until now there have been no studies of the dynamic changes of intramedullary pressure after spinal cord injury. In this study, telemetry systems were used to observe changes in intramedullary pressure in the 72 hours following spinal cord injury to explore its pathological mechanisms. Spinal cord injury was induced using an aneurysm clip at T10 of the spinal cord of 30 Japanese white rabbits, while another 32 animals were only subjected to laminectomy. The feasibility of this measurement was assessed. Intramedullary pressure was monitored in anesthetized and conscious animals. The dynamic changes of intramedullary pressure after spinal cord injury were divided into three stages: stage I(steep rise) 1–7 hours, stage Ⅱ(steady rise) 8–38 hours, and stage Ⅲ(descending) 39–72 hours. Blood-spinal barrier permeability, edema, hemorrhage, and histological results in the 72 hours following spinal cord injury were evaluated according to intramedullary pressure changes. We found that spinal cord hemorrhage was most severe at 1 hour post-spinal cord injury and then gradually decreased; albumin and aquaporin 4 immunoreactivities first increased and then decreased, peaking at 38 hours. These results confirm that severe bleeding in spinal cord tissue is the main cause of the sharp increase in intramedullary pressure in early spinal cord injury. Spinal cord edema and blood-spinal barrier destruction are important factors influencing intramedullary pressure in stages Ⅱ and Ⅲ of spinal cord injury.
Intramedullary pressure increases after spinal cord injury, and this can be an important factor for secondary spinal cord injury. Until now there have been no studies of the dynamic changes of intramedullary pressure after spinal cord injury. In this study, telemetry systems were used to observe changes in intramedullary pressure in the 72 hours following spinal cord injury to explore its pathological mechanisms. Spinal cord injury was induced using an aneurysm clip at T10 of the spinal cord of 30 Japanese white rabbits, while another 32 animals were only subjected to laminectomy. The feasibility of this measurement was assessed. Intramedullary pressure was monitored in anesthetized and conscious animals. The dynamic changes of intramedullary pressure after spinal cord injury were divided into three stages: stage I(steep rise) 1–7 hours, stage Ⅱ(steady rise) 8–38 hours, and stage ⅡI(descending) 39–72 hours. Blood-spinal barrier permeability, edema, hemorrhage, and histological results in the 72 hours following spinal cord injury were evaluated according to intramedullary pressure changes. We found that spinal cord hemorrhage was most severe at 1 hour post-spinal cord injury and then gradually decreased; albumin and aquaporin 4 immunoreactivities first increased and then decreased, peaking at 38 hours. These results confirm that severe bleeding in spinal cord tissue is the main cause of the sharp increase in intramedullary pressure in early spinal cord injury. Spinal cord edema and blood-spinal barrier destruction are important factors influencing intramedullary pressure in stages Ⅱ and ⅡI of spinal cord injury.
Intramedullary pressure increases after spinal cord injury, and this can be an important factor for secondary spinal cord injury. Until now there have been no studies of the dynamic changes of intramedullary pressure after spinal cord injury. In this study, telemetry systems were used to observe changes in intramedullary pressure in the 72 hours following spinal cord injury to explore its pathological mechanisms. Spinal cord injury was induced using an aneurysm clip at T10 of the spinal cord of 30 Japanese white rabbits, while another 32 animals were only subjected to laminectomy. The feasibility of this measurement was assessed. Intramedullary pressure was monitored in anesthetized and conscious animals. The dynamic changes of intramedullary pressure after spinal cord injury were divided into three stages: stage I(steep rise) 1–7 hours, stage Ⅱ(steady rise) 8–38 hours, and stage ⅡI(descending) 39–72 hours. Blood-spinal barrier permeability, edema, hemorrhage, and histological results in the 72 hours following spinal cord injury were evaluated according to intramedullary pressure changes. We found that spinal cord hemorrhage was most severe at 1 hour post-spinal cord injury and then gradually decreased; albumin and aquaporin 4 immunoreactivities first increased and then decreased, peaking at 38 hours. These results confirm that severe bleeding in spinal cord tissue is the main cause of the sharp increase in intramedullary pressure in early spinal cord injury. Spinal cord edema and blood-spinal barrier destruction are important factors influencing intramedullary pressure in stages Ⅱ and ⅡI of spinal cord injury.
引文
Baba H,Tanoue Y,Maeda T,Kobayashi M,Oda S,Tominaga R(2010)Protective effects of cold spinoplegia with fasudil against ischemic spinal cord injury in rabbits.J Vasc Surg 51:445-452.
Badner A,Vawda R,Laliberte A,Hong J,Mikhail M,Jose A,Dragas R,Fehlings M(2016)Early intravenous delivery of human brain stromal cells modulates systemic inflammation and leads to vasoprotection in traumatic spinal cord injury.Stem Cells Transl Med 5:991-1003.
Batchelor PE,Kerr NF,Gatt AM,Cox SF,Ghasem-Zadeh A,Wills TE,Sidon TK,Howells DW(2011)Intracanal pressure in compressive spinal cord injury:reduction with hypothermia.J Neurotrauma28:809-820.
Bazett-Jones DM,Tylinksi T,Krstic J,Stromquist A,Sparks J(2017)Peak hip muscle torque measurements are influenced by sagittal plane hip position.Int J Sports Phys Ther 12:535-542.
Borgens RB,Liu-Snyder P(2012)Understanding secondary injury.QRev Biol 87:89-127.
Chavanne A,Pettigrew DB,Holtz JR,Dollin N,Kuntz CT(2011)Spinal cord intramedullary pressure in cervical kyphotic deformity:a cadaveric study.Spine(Phila Pa 1976)36:1619-1626.
Chen M,Yan Q,Sun J,Jin G,Qin M(2017)Investigating the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid and magnetic induction phase shift in rabbit intracerebral hematoma expansion monitoring by MRI.Sci Rep 7:11186.
Chen S,Gallagher MJ,Papadopoulos MC,Saadoun S(2018)Non-linear dynamical analysis of intraspinal pressure signal predicts outcome after spinal cord injury.Front Neurol 9:493.
Chen Y,He Y,DeVivo MJ(2016)Changing demographics and injury profile of new traumatic spinal cord injuries in the United States,1972-2014.Arch Phys Med Rehabil 97:1610-1619.
Dakson A,Brandman D,Thibault-Halman G,Christie SD(2017)Optimization of the mean arterial pressure and timing of surgical decompression in traumatic spinal cord injury:a retrospective study.Spinal Cord 55:1033-1038.
Dong X,Yang D,Li J,Liu C,Yang M,Du L,Gu R,Hu A,Zhang H(2016)Intramedullary pressure changes in rats after spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord 54:947-950.
Dorantes-Mendez G,Aletti F,Toschi N,Guerrisi M,Coniglione F,Dauri M,Baselli G,Signorini MG,Cerutti S,Ferrario M(2012)Effects of propofol anesthesia induction on the relationship between arterial blood pressure and heart rate.Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2012:2835-2838.
Fehlings MG,Tator CH(1995)The relationships among the severity of spinal cord injury,residual neurological function,axon counts,and counts of retrogradely labeled neurons after experimental spinal cord injury.Exp Neurol 132:220-228.
Figley SA,Khosravi R,Legasto JM,Tseng YF,Fehlings MG(2014)Characterization of vascular disruption and blood-spinal cord barrier permeability following traumatic spinal cord injury.J Neurotrauma 31:541-552.
Furlan JC,Craven BC,Massicotte EM,Fehlings MG(2016)Early versus delayed surgical decompression of spinal cord after traumatic cervical spinal cord injury:a cost-utility analysis.World Neurosurg8:166-174.
Guild SJ,McBryde FD,Malpas SC(2015)Recording of intracranial pressure in conscious rats via telemetry.J Appl Physiol(1985)119:576-581.
Horn EM,Theodore N,Assina R,Spetzler RF,Sonntag VK,Preul MC(2008)The effects of intrathecal hypotension on tissue perfusion and pathophysiological outcome after acute spinal cord injury.Neurosurg Focus 25:E12.
Hou S,Blesch A,Lu P(2014)A radio-telemetric system to monitor cardiovascular function in rats with spinal cord transection and embryonic neural stem cell grafts.J Vis Exp:e51914.
Hu AM,Li JJ,Sun W,Yang DG,Yang ML,Du LJ,Gu R,Gao F,Li J,Chu HY,Zhang X,Gao LJ(2015)Myelotomy reduces spinal cord edema and inhibits aquaporin-4 and aquaporin-9 expression in rats with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord 53:98-102.
Iida H,Tachibana S(1995)Spinal cord intramedullary pressure:direct cord traction test.Neurol Med Chir(Tokyo)35:75-77.
Jones CF,Cripton PA,Kwon BK(2012)Gross morphological changes of the spinal cord immediately after surgical decompression in a large animal model of traumatic spinal cord injury.Spine(Phila Pa1976)37:890-899.
Jones CF,Lee JH,Kwon BK,Cripton PA(2012)Development of a large-animal model to measure dynamic cerebrospinal fluid pressure during spinal cord injury:Laboratory investigation.J Neurosurg Spine 16:624-635.
Khaing ZZ,Cates LN,Fischedick AE,McClintic AM,Mourad PD,Hofstetter CP(2017)Temporal and spatial evolution of raised intraspinal pressure after traumatic spinal cord injury.J Neurotrauma34:645-651.
Koeners MP,Ow C,Russell DM,Evans RG,Malpas SC(2016)Prolonged and continuous measurement of kidney oxygenation in conscious rats.Methods Mol Biol 1397:93-111.
Kreinest M,Ludes L,Biglari B,Kuffer M,Turk A,Grutzner PA,Matschke S(2016)Influence of previous comorbidities and common complications on motor function after early surgical treatment of patients with traumatic spinal cord injury.J Neurotrauma 33:2175-2180.
Kwon BK,Curt A,Belanger LM,Bernardo A,Chan D,Markez JA,Gorelik S,Slobogean GP,Umedaly H,Giffin M,Nikolakis MA,Street J,Boyd MC,Paquette S,Fisher CG,Dvorak MF(2009)Intrathecal pressure monitoring and cerebrospinal fluid drainage in acute spinal cord injury:a prospective randomized trial.J Neurosurg Spine 10:181-193.
Lee BB,Cripps RA,Fitzharris M,Wing PC(2014)The global map for traumatic spinal cord injury epidemiology:update 2011,global incidence rate.Spinal Cord 52:110-116.
Leonard AV,Vink R(2013)The effect of an NK1 receptor antagonist on blood spinal cord barrier permeability following balloon compression-induced spinal cord injury.Acta Neurochir Suppl 118:303-306.
Leonard AV,Thornton E,Vink R(2013)Substance P as a mediator of neurogenic inflammation after balloon compression induced spinal cord injury.J Neurotrauma 30:1812-1823.
Leonard AV,Thornton E,Vink R(2015)The relative contribution of edema and hemorrhage to raised intrathecal pressure after traumatic spinal cord injury.J Neurotrauma 32:397-402.
Liu C,Yang D,Li J,Li D,Yang M,Sun W,Meng Q,Zhang W,Cai C,Du L,Li J,Gao F,Gu R,Feng Y,Dong X,Miao Q,Yang X,Zuo Z(2018)Dynamic diffusion tensor imaging of spinal cord contusion:A canine model.J Neurosci Res 96:1093-1103.
Liu CB,Yang DG,Meng QR,Li DP,Yang ML,Sun W,Zhang WH,Cai C,Du LJ,Li J,Gao F,Yu Y,Zhang X,Zuo ZT,Li JJ(2018)Dynamic correlation of diffusion tensor imaging and neurological function scores in beagles with spinal cord injury.Neural Regen Res13:877-886.
Liu Y,Shi CG,Wang XW,Chen HJ,Wang C,Cao P,Gao R,Ren XJ,Luo ZJ,Wang B,Xu JG,Tian JW,Yuan W(2015)Timing of surgical decompression for traumatic cervical spinal cord injury.Int Orthop 39:2457-2463.
Martirosyan NL,Kalani MY,Bichard WD,Baaj AA,Gonzalez LF,Preul MC,Theodore N(2015)Cerebrospinal fluid drainage and induced hypertension improve spinal cord perfusion after acute spinal cord injury in pigs.Neurosurgery 76:461-469.
Matsushita A,Maeda T,Mori E,Yuge I,Kawano O,Ueta T,Shiba K(2017)Can the acute magnetic resonance imaging features reflect neurologic prognosis in patients with cervical spinal cord injury?Spine J 17:1319-1324.
McCann ME,Schouten AN(2014)Beyond survival;influences of blood pressure,cerebral perfusion and anesthesia on neurodevelopment.Paediatr Anaesth 24:68-73.
Miyanji F,Furlan JC,Aarabi B,Arnold PM,Fehlings MG(2007)Acute cervical traumatic spinal cord injury:MR imaging findings correlated with neurologic outcome--prospective study with 100consecutive patients.Radiology 243:820-827.
Noussitou FL,Gorgas D,Rohrbach H,Henke D,Howard J,Forterre F(2015)Assessment of intramedullary spinal pressure in small breed dogs with thoracolumbar disk extrusion undergoing hemilaminectomy.Vet Surg 44:944-948.
Ostrup RC,Luerssen TG,Marshall LF,Zornow MH(1987)Continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure with a miniaturized fiberoptic device.J Neurosurg 67:206-209.
Oyinbo CA(2011)Secondary injury mechanisms in traumatic spinal cord injury:a nugget of this multiply cascade.Acta Neurobiol Exp(Wars)71:281-299.
Pan W,Kastin AJ,Bell RL,Olson RD(1999)Upregulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha transport across the blood-brain barrier after acute compressive spinal cord injury.J Neurosci 19:3649-3655.
Phang I,Zoumprouli A,Papadopoulos MC,Saadoun S(2016)Microdialysis to optimize cord perfusion and drug delivery in spinal cord injury.Ann Neurol 80:522-531.
Piazza M,Schuster J(2017)Timing of surgery after spinal cord injury.Neurosurg Clin N AM 28:31-39.
Renfu Q,Rongliang C,Mengxuan D,Liang Z,Jinwei X,Zongbao Y,Disheng Y(2014)Anti-apoptotic signal transduction mechanism of electroacupuncture in acute spinal cord injury.Acupunct Med32:463-471.
Saadoun S,Bell BA,Verkman AS,Papadopoulos MC(2008)Greatly improved neurological outcome after spinal cord compression injury in AQP4-deficient mice.Brain 131:1087-1098.
Soo JC,Lacey S,Kluger R,Silbert BS(2011)Defining intra-operative hypotension-a pilot comparison of blood pressure during sleep and general anaesthesia.Anaesthesia 66:354-360.
Soubeyrand M,Badner A,Vawda R,Chung YS,Fehlings MG(2014)Very high resolution ultrasound imaging for real-time quantitative visualization of vascular disruption after spinal cord injury.J Neurotrauma 31:1767-1775.
Soubeyrand M,Laemmel E,Dubory A,Vicaut E,Court C,Duranteau J(2012)Real-time and spatial quantification using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of spinal cord perfusion during experimental spinal cord injury.Spine(Phila Pa 1976)37:1376-1382.
Soubeyrand M,Laemmel E,Court C,Dubory A,Vicaut E,Duranteau J(2013)Rat model of spinal cord injury preserving dura mater integrity and allowing measurements of cerebrospinal fluid pressure and spinal cord blood flow.Eur Spine J 22:1810-1819.
Vachon C,Belanger MC,Burns PM(2014)Evaluation of oscillometric and Doppler ultrasonic devices for blood pressure measurements in anesthetized and conscious dogs.Res Vet Sci 97:111-117.
Varghese F,Bukhari AB,Malhotra R,De A(2014)IHC Profiler:an open source plugin for the quantitative evaluation and automated scoring of immunohistochemistry images of human tissue samples.PLoS One 9:e96801.
Vink R,Young A,Bennett CJ,Hu X,Connor CO,Cernak I,Nimmo AJ(2003)Neuropeptide release influences brain edema formation after diffuse traumatic brain injury.Acta Neurochir Suppl 86:257-260.
Werndle MC,Saadoun S,Phang I,Czosnyka M,Varsos GV,Czosnyka ZH,Smielewski P,Jamous A,Bell BA,Zoumprouli A,Papadopoulos MC(2014)Monitoring of spinal cord perfusion pressure in acute spinal cord injury:initial findings of the injured spinal cord pressure evaluation study.Crit Care Med 42:646-655.
Yang DG,Li JJ,Gu R,Yang ML,Zhang X,Du LJ,Sun W,Gao F,Hu AM,Wu YY,He JG,Feng YT,Chu HY(2013)Optimal time window of myelotomy in rats with acute traumatic spinal cord injury:a preliminary study.Spinal Cord 51:673-678.
Yang XX,Huang ZQ,Li ZH,Ren DF,Tang JG(2017)Risk factors and the surgery affection of respiratory complication and its mortality after acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury.Medicine(Baltimore)96:e7887.
Zhang Y,Shen CL,Dong FL,Zhang RJ,Ge P(2018)Correlation of cytokine levels in the peripheral blood within 24 hours after cervical spinal cord injury with the American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale:a comparative study.Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongcheng Yanjiu 22:3824-3830.
Badner A,Vawda R,Laliberte A,Hong J,Mikhail M,Jose A,Dragas R,Fehlings M(2016)Early intravenous delivery of human brain stromal cells modulates systemic inflammation and leads to vasoprotection in traumatic spinal cord injury.Stem Cells Transl Med 5:991-1003.
Batchelor PE,Kerr NF,Gatt AM,Cox SF,Ghasem-Zadeh A,Wills TE,Sidon TK,Howells DW(2011)Intracanal pressure in compressive spinal cord injury:reduction with hypothermia.J Neurotrauma28:809-820.
Bazett-Jones DM,Tylinksi T,Krstic J,Stromquist A,Sparks J(2017)Peak hip muscle torque measurements are influenced by sagittal plane hip position.Int J Sports Phys Ther 12:535-542.
Borgens RB,Liu-Snyder P(2012)Understanding secondary injury.QRev Biol 87:89-127.
Chavanne A,Pettigrew DB,Holtz JR,Dollin N,Kuntz CT(2011)Spinal cord intramedullary pressure in cervical kyphotic deformity:a cadaveric study.Spine(Phila Pa 1976)36:1619-1626.
Chen M,Yan Q,Sun J,Jin G,Qin M(2017)Investigating the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid and magnetic induction phase shift in rabbit intracerebral hematoma expansion monitoring by MRI.Sci Rep 7:11186.
Chen S,Gallagher MJ,Papadopoulos MC,Saadoun S(2018)Non-linear dynamical analysis of intraspinal pressure signal predicts outcome after spinal cord injury.Front Neurol 9:493.
Chen Y,He Y,DeVivo MJ(2016)Changing demographics and injury profile of new traumatic spinal cord injuries in the United States,1972-2014.Arch Phys Med Rehabil 97:1610-1619.
Dakson A,Brandman D,Thibault-Halman G,Christie SD(2017)Optimization of the mean arterial pressure and timing of surgical decompression in traumatic spinal cord injury:a retrospective study.Spinal Cord 55:1033-1038.
Dong X,Yang D,Li J,Liu C,Yang M,Du L,Gu R,Hu A,Zhang H(2016)Intramedullary pressure changes in rats after spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord 54:947-950.
Dorantes-Mendez G,Aletti F,Toschi N,Guerrisi M,Coniglione F,Dauri M,Baselli G,Signorini MG,Cerutti S,Ferrario M(2012)Effects of propofol anesthesia induction on the relationship between arterial blood pressure and heart rate.Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2012:2835-2838.
Fehlings MG,Tator CH(1995)The relationships among the severity of spinal cord injury,residual neurological function,axon counts,and counts of retrogradely labeled neurons after experimental spinal cord injury.Exp Neurol 132:220-228.
Figley SA,Khosravi R,Legasto JM,Tseng YF,Fehlings MG(2014)Characterization of vascular disruption and blood-spinal cord barrier permeability following traumatic spinal cord injury.J Neurotrauma 31:541-552.
Furlan JC,Craven BC,Massicotte EM,Fehlings MG(2016)Early versus delayed surgical decompression of spinal cord after traumatic cervical spinal cord injury:a cost-utility analysis.World Neurosurg8:166-174.
Guild SJ,McBryde FD,Malpas SC(2015)Recording of intracranial pressure in conscious rats via telemetry.J Appl Physiol(1985)119:576-581.
Horn EM,Theodore N,Assina R,Spetzler RF,Sonntag VK,Preul MC(2008)The effects of intrathecal hypotension on tissue perfusion and pathophysiological outcome after acute spinal cord injury.Neurosurg Focus 25:E12.
Hou S,Blesch A,Lu P(2014)A radio-telemetric system to monitor cardiovascular function in rats with spinal cord transection and embryonic neural stem cell grafts.J Vis Exp:e51914.
Hu AM,Li JJ,Sun W,Yang DG,Yang ML,Du LJ,Gu R,Gao F,Li J,Chu HY,Zhang X,Gao LJ(2015)Myelotomy reduces spinal cord edema and inhibits aquaporin-4 and aquaporin-9 expression in rats with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord 53:98-102.
Iida H,Tachibana S(1995)Spinal cord intramedullary pressure:direct cord traction test.Neurol Med Chir(Tokyo)35:75-77.
Jones CF,Cripton PA,Kwon BK(2012)Gross morphological changes of the spinal cord immediately after surgical decompression in a large animal model of traumatic spinal cord injury.Spine(Phila Pa1976)37:890-899.
Jones CF,Lee JH,Kwon BK,Cripton PA(2012)Development of a large-animal model to measure dynamic cerebrospinal fluid pressure during spinal cord injury:Laboratory investigation.J Neurosurg Spine 16:624-635.
Khaing ZZ,Cates LN,Fischedick AE,McClintic AM,Mourad PD,Hofstetter CP(2017)Temporal and spatial evolution of raised intraspinal pressure after traumatic spinal cord injury.J Neurotrauma34:645-651.
Koeners MP,Ow C,Russell DM,Evans RG,Malpas SC(2016)Prolonged and continuous measurement of kidney oxygenation in conscious rats.Methods Mol Biol 1397:93-111.
Kreinest M,Ludes L,Biglari B,Kuffer M,Turk A,Grutzner PA,Matschke S(2016)Influence of previous comorbidities and common complications on motor function after early surgical treatment of patients with traumatic spinal cord injury.J Neurotrauma 33:2175-2180.
Kwon BK,Curt A,Belanger LM,Bernardo A,Chan D,Markez JA,Gorelik S,Slobogean GP,Umedaly H,Giffin M,Nikolakis MA,Street J,Boyd MC,Paquette S,Fisher CG,Dvorak MF(2009)Intrathecal pressure monitoring and cerebrospinal fluid drainage in acute spinal cord injury:a prospective randomized trial.J Neurosurg Spine 10:181-193.
Lee BB,Cripps RA,Fitzharris M,Wing PC(2014)The global map for traumatic spinal cord injury epidemiology:update 2011,global incidence rate.Spinal Cord 52:110-116.
Leonard AV,Vink R(2013)The effect of an NK1 receptor antagonist on blood spinal cord barrier permeability following balloon compression-induced spinal cord injury.Acta Neurochir Suppl 118:303-306.
Leonard AV,Thornton E,Vink R(2013)Substance P as a mediator of neurogenic inflammation after balloon compression induced spinal cord injury.J Neurotrauma 30:1812-1823.
Leonard AV,Thornton E,Vink R(2015)The relative contribution of edema and hemorrhage to raised intrathecal pressure after traumatic spinal cord injury.J Neurotrauma 32:397-402.
Liu C,Yang D,Li J,Li D,Yang M,Sun W,Meng Q,Zhang W,Cai C,Du L,Li J,Gao F,Gu R,Feng Y,Dong X,Miao Q,Yang X,Zuo Z(2018)Dynamic diffusion tensor imaging of spinal cord contusion:A canine model.J Neurosci Res 96:1093-1103.
Liu CB,Yang DG,Meng QR,Li DP,Yang ML,Sun W,Zhang WH,Cai C,Du LJ,Li J,Gao F,Yu Y,Zhang X,Zuo ZT,Li JJ(2018)Dynamic correlation of diffusion tensor imaging and neurological function scores in beagles with spinal cord injury.Neural Regen Res13:877-886.
Liu Y,Shi CG,Wang XW,Chen HJ,Wang C,Cao P,Gao R,Ren XJ,Luo ZJ,Wang B,Xu JG,Tian JW,Yuan W(2015)Timing of surgical decompression for traumatic cervical spinal cord injury.Int Orthop 39:2457-2463.
Martirosyan NL,Kalani MY,Bichard WD,Baaj AA,Gonzalez LF,Preul MC,Theodore N(2015)Cerebrospinal fluid drainage and induced hypertension improve spinal cord perfusion after acute spinal cord injury in pigs.Neurosurgery 76:461-469.
Matsushita A,Maeda T,Mori E,Yuge I,Kawano O,Ueta T,Shiba K(2017)Can the acute magnetic resonance imaging features reflect neurologic prognosis in patients with cervical spinal cord injury?Spine J 17:1319-1324.
McCann ME,Schouten AN(2014)Beyond survival;influences of blood pressure,cerebral perfusion and anesthesia on neurodevelopment.Paediatr Anaesth 24:68-73.
Miyanji F,Furlan JC,Aarabi B,Arnold PM,Fehlings MG(2007)Acute cervical traumatic spinal cord injury:MR imaging findings correlated with neurologic outcome--prospective study with 100consecutive patients.Radiology 243:820-827.
Noussitou FL,Gorgas D,Rohrbach H,Henke D,Howard J,Forterre F(2015)Assessment of intramedullary spinal pressure in small breed dogs with thoracolumbar disk extrusion undergoing hemilaminectomy.Vet Surg 44:944-948.
Ostrup RC,Luerssen TG,Marshall LF,Zornow MH(1987)Continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure with a miniaturized fiberoptic device.J Neurosurg 67:206-209.
Oyinbo CA(2011)Secondary injury mechanisms in traumatic spinal cord injury:a nugget of this multiply cascade.Acta Neurobiol Exp(Wars)71:281-299.
Pan W,Kastin AJ,Bell RL,Olson RD(1999)Upregulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha transport across the blood-brain barrier after acute compressive spinal cord injury.J Neurosci 19:3649-3655.
Phang I,Zoumprouli A,Papadopoulos MC,Saadoun S(2016)Microdialysis to optimize cord perfusion and drug delivery in spinal cord injury.Ann Neurol 80:522-531.
Piazza M,Schuster J(2017)Timing of surgery after spinal cord injury.Neurosurg Clin N AM 28:31-39.
Renfu Q,Rongliang C,Mengxuan D,Liang Z,Jinwei X,Zongbao Y,Disheng Y(2014)Anti-apoptotic signal transduction mechanism of electroacupuncture in acute spinal cord injury.Acupunct Med32:463-471.
Saadoun S,Bell BA,Verkman AS,Papadopoulos MC(2008)Greatly improved neurological outcome after spinal cord compression injury in AQP4-deficient mice.Brain 131:1087-1098.
Soo JC,Lacey S,Kluger R,Silbert BS(2011)Defining intra-operative hypotension-a pilot comparison of blood pressure during sleep and general anaesthesia.Anaesthesia 66:354-360.
Soubeyrand M,Badner A,Vawda R,Chung YS,Fehlings MG(2014)Very high resolution ultrasound imaging for real-time quantitative visualization of vascular disruption after spinal cord injury.J Neurotrauma 31:1767-1775.
Soubeyrand M,Laemmel E,Dubory A,Vicaut E,Court C,Duranteau J(2012)Real-time and spatial quantification using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of spinal cord perfusion during experimental spinal cord injury.Spine(Phila Pa 1976)37:1376-1382.
Soubeyrand M,Laemmel E,Court C,Dubory A,Vicaut E,Duranteau J(2013)Rat model of spinal cord injury preserving dura mater integrity and allowing measurements of cerebrospinal fluid pressure and spinal cord blood flow.Eur Spine J 22:1810-1819.
Vachon C,Belanger MC,Burns PM(2014)Evaluation of oscillometric and Doppler ultrasonic devices for blood pressure measurements in anesthetized and conscious dogs.Res Vet Sci 97:111-117.
Varghese F,Bukhari AB,Malhotra R,De A(2014)IHC Profiler:an open source plugin for the quantitative evaluation and automated scoring of immunohistochemistry images of human tissue samples.PLoS One 9:e96801.
Vink R,Young A,Bennett CJ,Hu X,Connor CO,Cernak I,Nimmo AJ(2003)Neuropeptide release influences brain edema formation after diffuse traumatic brain injury.Acta Neurochir Suppl 86:257-260.
Werndle MC,Saadoun S,Phang I,Czosnyka M,Varsos GV,Czosnyka ZH,Smielewski P,Jamous A,Bell BA,Zoumprouli A,Papadopoulos MC(2014)Monitoring of spinal cord perfusion pressure in acute spinal cord injury:initial findings of the injured spinal cord pressure evaluation study.Crit Care Med 42:646-655.
Yang DG,Li JJ,Gu R,Yang ML,Zhang X,Du LJ,Sun W,Gao F,Hu AM,Wu YY,He JG,Feng YT,Chu HY(2013)Optimal time window of myelotomy in rats with acute traumatic spinal cord injury:a preliminary study.Spinal Cord 51:673-678.
Yang XX,Huang ZQ,Li ZH,Ren DF,Tang JG(2017)Risk factors and the surgery affection of respiratory complication and its mortality after acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury.Medicine(Baltimore)96:e7887.
Zhang Y,Shen CL,Dong FL,Zhang RJ,Ge P(2018)Correlation of cytokine levels in the peripheral blood within 24 hours after cervical spinal cord injury with the American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale:a comparative study.Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongcheng Yanjiu 22:3824-3830.