硬膜外穿透后头痛的诊疗进展
|
摘要
虽然近年来硬膜外及腰麻的技术在不断改进,但临床上仍时有硬膜穿透后头痛(PDPH)发生,由此还可能引发医疗纠纷。麻醉医生为产妇提供舒适化硬膜外分娩镇痛的同时,应掌握对PDPH这一最常见并发症的预防、诊断和治疗。本文总结了PDPH的发病机制,发生PDPH的一系列相关因素、持续时间、除头痛外其他并发症、PDPH引起的法律诉讼、鉴别诊断和几种治疗方案,强调了血补丁(EBP)治疗的有效性,并解答常见的临床问题。
Although techniques of epidural and spinal anesthesia have improved gradually in recent years,post-dural puncture headache( PDPH) still happens,as a result,sometimes it may cause medical malpractice dispute. While providing epidural analgesia for obstetric patients,anesthesiologists should master the skills how to prevent,diagnose and treat PDPH,the most common complication of epidural and spinal anesthesia. This article thoroughly reviews the pathophysiology,a series of attributing factors,duration,other clinical manifestation,malpractice claims,differential diagnosis and several treatment options of PDPH,emphasizes the effectiveness of epidural blood patch and answers common questions in our daily practice.
Although techniques of epidural and spinal anesthesia have improved gradually in recent years,post-dural puncture headache( PDPH) still happens,as a result,sometimes it may cause medical malpractice dispute. While providing epidural analgesia for obstetric patients,anesthesiologists should master the skills how to prevent,diagnose and treat PDPH,the most common complication of epidural and spinal anesthesia. This article thoroughly reviews the pathophysiology,a series of attributing factors,duration,other clinical manifestation,malpractice claims,differential diagnosis and several treatment options of PDPH,emphasizes the effectiveness of epidural blood patch and answers common questions in our daily practice.
引文
[1]BRULL R,MCCARTNEY C J,CHAN V W,et al.Disclosure of risks associated with regional anesthesia:a survey of academic regional anesthesiologists[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2007,32(1):7-11.DOI:10.1016/j.rapm.2006.07.005.
[2]ZEIDAN A,FARHAT O,MAALIKI H,et al.Does postdural puncture headache left untreated lead to subdural hematoma?Case report and review of the literature[J].Int J Obstet Anesth,2006,15(1):50-58.DOI:10.1016/j.ijoa.2005.07.001.
[3]SPRIGGE J S,HARPER S J.Accidental dural puncture and post dural puncture headache in obstetric anaesthesia:presentation and management:a 23-year survey in a district general hospital[J].Anaesthesia,2008,63(1):36-43.DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05285.x.
[4]EVANS R W,ARMON C,FROHMAN E M,et al.Assessment:prevention of post-lumbar puncture headaches:report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the american academy of neurology[J].Neurology,2000,55(7):909-914.
[5]LIU H,KAYE A D,COMARDA N,et al.Paradoxical postural cerebrospinal fluid leak-induced headache:report of two cases[J].J Clin Anesth,2009,20(5):383-385.DOI:10.1016/j.jclinane.2008.01.011.
[6]TURNBULL D K,SHEPHERD D B.Post-dural puncture headache:pathogenesis,prevention and treatment[J].Br J Anaesth,2003,91(5):718-729.
[7]PANNULLO S C,REICH J B,KROL G.MRI changes in intracranial hypotension[J].Neurology,1993,43(5):919-926.
[8]STELLA C L,JODICKE C D,HOW H Y,et al.Postpartum headache:is your work-up complete?[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2007,196(4):318.e1-318.e7.DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.01.034.
[9]BRADBURY C L,SINGH S I,BADDER S R,et al.Prevention of post-dural puncture headache in parturients:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2013,57(4):417-430.DOI:10.1111/aas.12047.
[10]AYAD S,DEMIAN Y,NAROUZE S N,et al.Subarachnoid catheter placement after wet tap for analgesia in labor:influence on the risk of headache in obstetric patients[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2003,28(6):512-515.
[11]BOLDEN N,GEBRE E.Accidental dural puncture management:10-year experience at an academic tertiary care center[J].Reg Anes Pain Med,2016,41(2):169-174.DOI:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000339.
[12]HEESEN M,KLHR S,ROSSAINT R,et al.Insertion of an intrathecal catheter following accidental dural puncture:a meta-analysis[J].Int J Obstet Anesth,2013,22(1):26-30.DOI:10.1016/j.ijoa.2012.10.004.
[13]COHEN S,STRICKER P,SAKR A.Cerebrospinal fluid leak after disconnection of an intrathecal catheter adapter placed after accidental dural puncture[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2005,30(6):591.DOI:10.1016/j.rapm.2005.06.004.
[14]COHEN S,HUNTER C W,SAKR A,et al.Meningitis following intrathecal catheter placement after accidental dural puncture[J].Int J Obstet Anesth,2006,15(2):172.DOI:10.1016/j.ijoa.2005.10.001.
[15]RUTTER S V,SHIELDS F,BROADBENT C R,et al.Management of accidental dural puncture in labour with intrathecal catheters:an analysis of 10 years,experience[J].Int J Obstet Anesth,2001,10(3):177-181.DOI:10.1054/ijoa.2001.0854.
[16]VAN DE VELDE M.Modern neuraxial labor analgesia:options for initiation,maintenance and drug selection[J].Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim,2009,56(9):546-561.
[17]MAHONEY B,HOLCK G,CAPPIELLO E,et al.Chronotropic variation in the incidence of unintentional dural puncture in parturients undergoing epidural placement[J].Int J Obstet Anesth,2015,24(2):192-193.DOI:10.1016/j.ijoa.2015.01.001.
[18]D'ANGELO R,SMILEY R M,RILEY E T,et al.Serious complications related to obstetric anesthesia:the serious complication repository project of the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology[J].Anesthesiology,2014,120(6):1505-1512.DOI:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000253.
[19]RUSSELL I F.A prospective controlled study of continuous spinal analgesia versus repeat epidural analgesia after accidental dural puncture in labour[J].Int J Obstet Anesth,2012,21(1):7-16.DOI:10.1016/j.ijoa.2011.10.005.
[20]CAPPIELLO E,O'ROURKE N,SEGAL S,et al.A randomized trial of dural puncture epidural technique compared with the standard epidural technique for labor analgesia[J].Anesth Analg,2008,107(5):1646-1651.DOI:10.1213/ane.0b013e318184ec14.
[21]DAVIES J M,POSNER K L,LEE L A,et al.Liability associated with obstetric anesthesia:a closed claims analysis[J].Anesthesiology,2009,110(1):131-139.DOI:10.1097/ALN.0b013e318190e16a.
[22]SZYPULA K,ASHPOLE K J,BOGOD D,et al.Litigation related to regional anaesthesia:an analysis of claims against the NHS in England 1995-2007[J].Anaesthesia,2010,65(5):443-452.DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06248.x.
[23]BAYSINGER C L,POPE J E,LOCKHART E M,et al.The management of accidental dural puncture and postdural puncture headache:a North American survey[J].J Clin Anesth,2011,23(5):349-360.DOI:10.1016/j.jclinane.2011.04.003.
[24]NEWMAN M J,CYNA A M.Immediate management of inadvertent dural puncture during insertion of a labour epidural:a survey of Australian obstetric anaesthetists[J].Anaesth Intensive Care,2008,36(1):96-101.
[25]CHOI P T,GALINSKI S E,TAKEUCHI L,et al.PDPH is a common complication of neuraxial blockade in parturients:a meta-analysis of obstetrical studies[J].Can J Anaesth,2003,50(5):460-469.DOI:10.1007/BF03021057.
[26]LAMBERT D H,HURLEY R J,HERTWIG L,et al.Role of needle gauge and tip configuration in the production of lumbar puncture headache[J].Reg Anesth,1997,22(1):66-72.
[27]RICHMAN J M,JOE E M,COHEN S R,et al.Bevel direction and postdural puncture headache:a meta-analysis[J].Neurologist,2006,12(4):224-228.DOI:10.1097/01.nrl.0000219638.81115.c4.
[28]AIDA S,TAGA K,YAMAKURA T,et al.Headache after attempted epidural block:the role of intrathecal air[J].Anesthesiology,1998,88(1):76-81.
[29]LYBECKER H,MLLER J T,MAY O,et al.Incidence and prediction of postdural puncture headache.A prospective study of 1021spinal anesthesias[J].Anesth Analg,1990,70(4):389-394.
[30]LEE Y,TANAKA M,CARVALHO J C.Sonoanatomy of the lumbar spine in patients with previous unintentional dural punctures during labor epidurals[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2008,33(3):266-270.DOI:10.1016/j.rapm.2007.12.002.
[31]AMORIM J A,VALENCA M M.Postdural puncture headache is a risk factor for new postdural puncture headache[J].Cephalalgia,2008,28(1):5-8.DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01454.x.
[32]ANGLE P J,KRONBERG J E,THOMPSON D E,et al.Dural tissue trauma and cerebrospinal fluid leak after epidural needle puncture:effect of needle design,angle,and bevel orientation[J].Anesthesiology,2003,99(6):1376-1382.
[33]AL-METWALLI R R.Epidural morphine injections for prevention of post dural puncture headache[J].Anaesthesia,2008,63(8):847-850.DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05494.x.
[34]KANG S B,GOODNOUGH D E,LEE Y K,et al.Comparison of26-and 27-G needles for spinal anesthesia for ambulatory surgery patients[J].Anesthesiology,1992,76(5):734-738.
[35]DRIPPS R D,VANDAM L D.Long-term follow-up of patients who received 10,098 spinal anesthetics:failure to discover major neurological sequelae[J].J Am Med Assoc,1954,156(16):1486-1491.
[36]KLEPSTAD P.Relief of postural post dural puncture headache by an epidural blood patch 12 months after dural puncture[J].Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,1999,43(9):964-966.
[37]FOG J,WANG L P,SUNDBERG A,et al.Hearing loss after spinal anesthesia is related to needle size[J].Anesth Analg,1990,70(5):517-522.
[38]BCHARD P,PERRON G,LAROCHELLE D,et al.Case report:epidural blood patch in the treatment of abducens palsy after a dural puncture[J].Can J Anaesth,2007,54(2):146-150.DOI:10.1007/BF03022012.
[39]HEESEN M,KLHR S,ROSSAINT R,et al.Can the incidence of accidental dural puncture in laboring women be reduced?A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Minerva Anestesiol,2013,79(10):1187-1197.
[40]SECHZER P H,ABEL L.Post-spinal anesthesia headache treated with caffeine.Evaluation with demand method.Part I[J].Curr Ther Res,1978,24:307-312.
[41]FATTAHI Z,HADAVI S M,SAHMEDDINI M A.Effect of ondansetron on post-dural puncture headache(PDPH)in parturients undergoing cesarean section:a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study[J].J Anesth,2015,29(5):702-707.DOI:10.1007/s00540-015-2000-5.
[42]DIGIOVANNI A J,GALBERT M W,WAHLE W M.Epidural injection of autologous blood for postlumbar-puncture headache.Ⅱ.Additional clinical experiences and laboratory investigation[J].Anesth Analg,1972,51(2):226-232.
[43]SZEINFELD M,IHMEIDAN I H,MOSER M M,et al.Epidural blood patch:evaluation of the volume and spread of blood injected into the epidural space[J].Anesthesiology,1986,64(6):820-822.
[44]SU C S,LAN M Y,CHANG Y Y,et al.Clinical features,neuroimaging and treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension and magnetic resonance imaging evidence of blind epidural blood patch[J].Eur Neurol,2009,61(5):301-307.DOI:10.1159/000206856.
[45]DUBOST C,LE GOUEZ A,ZETLAOUI P J,et al.Increase in optic nerve sheath diameter induced by epidural blood patch:a preliminary report[J].Br J Anaesth,2011,107(4):627-630.DOI:10.1093/bja/aer186.
[46]ROSENBERG P H,HEAVENR J E.In vitro study of the effect of epidural blood patch on leakage through a dural puncture[J].Anesth Analg,1985,64(5):501-504.
[47]PAECH M J,DOHERTY D A,CHRISTMAS T,et al.The volume of blood for epidural blood patch in obstetrics:a randomized,blinded clinical trial[J].Anesth Analg,2011,113(1):126-133.DOI:10.1213/ANE.0b013e318218204d.
[48]CHEN L K,HUANG C H,JEAN W H,et al.Effective epidural blood patch volumes for postdural puncture headache in Taiwanese women[J].J Formos Med Assoc,2007,106(2):134-140.DOI:10.1016/S0929-6646(09)60229-1.
[49]RILEY C A,SPIEGEL J E.Complications following large-volume epidural blood patches for postdural puncture headache.Lumbar subdural hematoma and arachnoiditis:initial cause or final effect?[J].J Clin Anesth,2009,21(5):355-359.DOI:10.1016/j.jclinane.2008.08.028.
[50]VAN KOOTEN F,OEDIT R,BAKKER S L,et al.Epidural blood patch in post dural puncture headache:a randomised,observerblind,controlled clinical trial[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2008,79(5):553-558.DOI:10.1136/jnnp.2007.122879.
[51]ABOULEISH E,VEGA S,BLENDINGER I,et al.Long-term follow-up of epidural blood patch[J].Anesth Analg,1975,54(4):459-463.
[52]SAFA-TISSERONT V,THORMANN F,MALASSINP,et al.Effectiveness of epidural blood patch in the management of post-dural puncture headache[J].Anesthesiology,2001,95(2):334-339.
[53]KOKKI M,SJVALL S,KEINNEN M,et al.The influence of timing on the effectiveness of epidural blood patches in parturients[J].Int J Obstet Anesth,2013,22(4):303-309.DOI:10.1016/j.ijoa.2013.04.012.
[54]SCAVONE B M,WONG C A,SULLIVAN J T,et al.Efficacy of a prophylactic epidural blood patch in preventing post dural puncture headache in parturients after inadvertent dural puncture[J].Anesthesiology,2004,101(6):1422-1427.
[55]BOONMAK P,BOONMAK S.Epidural blood patching for preventing and treating post-dural puncture headache[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2010,20(1):CD001791.DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD001791.pub2.
[56]SHAPARIN N,GRITSENKO K,SHAPIRO D,et al.Timing of neuraxial pain interventions following blood patch for post dural puncture headache[J].Pain Physician,2014,17(2):119-125.
[57]OLSEN K S.Epidural blood patch in the treatment of post-lumbar puncture headache[J].Pain,1987,30(3):293-301.
[58]CESUR M,ALICI H A,ERDEM A F,et al.Epidural blood patch with allogeneic blood for post-dural puncture headache[J].Int J Obstet Anesth,2005,14(3):261-262.DOI:10.1016/j.ijoa.2004.11.006.
[59]ANDREWS P J,ACKERMAN W E,JUNEJA M,et al.Transient bradycardia associated with extradural blood patch after inadvertent dural puncture in parturients[J].Br J Anaesth,1992,69(4):401-403.
[60]KUEPER M,GOERICKE S L,KASTRUP O.Cerebral venous thrombosis after epidural blood patch:coincidence or causal relation?A case report and review of the literature[J].Cephalalgia,2008,28(7):769-773.DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01573.x.
[61]PAGANI-ESTVEZ G L,CHEN J J,WATSON J C,et al.Acute vision loss secondary to epidural blood patch:terson syndrome[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2016,41(2):164-168.DOI:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000352.
[62]KALINA P,CRAIGO P,WEINGARTEN T.Intrathecal injection of epidural blood patch:a case report and review of the literature[J].Emerg Radiol,2004,11(1):56-59.DOI:10.1007/s10140-004-0365-0.
[63]TOM D J,GULEVICH S J,SHAPIRO H M,et al.Epidural blood patch in the HIV-positive patient.Review of clinical experience.San Diego HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center[J].Anesthesiology,1992,76(6):943-947.
[64]HEBL J R,HORLOCKER T T,CHANTIGIAN R C,et al.Epidural anesthesia and analgesia are not impaired after dural puncture with or without epidural blood patch[J].Anesth Analg,1999,89(2):390-394.
[65]CHANNABASAPPA S M,MANJUNATH S,BOMMALINGAPPA B,et al.Transnasal sphenopalatine ganglion block for the treatment of postdural puncture headache following spinal anesthesia[J].Saudi JAnaesth,2017,11(3):362-363.DOI:10.4103/sja.SJA_59_17.
[66]NAIR A S,RAYANI B K.Sphenopalatine ganglion block for relieving postdural puncture headache:technique and mechanism of action of block with a narrative review of efficacy[J].Korean J Pain,2017,30(2):93-97.DOI:10.3344/kjp.2017.30.2.93.
[67]AKIN TAKMAZ S,UNAL KANTEKIN C,KAYMAK C,et al.Treatment of post-dural puncture headache with bilateral greater occipital nerve block[J].Headache,2010,50(5):869-872.DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01656.x.
[2]ZEIDAN A,FARHAT O,MAALIKI H,et al.Does postdural puncture headache left untreated lead to subdural hematoma?Case report and review of the literature[J].Int J Obstet Anesth,2006,15(1):50-58.DOI:10.1016/j.ijoa.2005.07.001.
[3]SPRIGGE J S,HARPER S J.Accidental dural puncture and post dural puncture headache in obstetric anaesthesia:presentation and management:a 23-year survey in a district general hospital[J].Anaesthesia,2008,63(1):36-43.DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05285.x.
[4]EVANS R W,ARMON C,FROHMAN E M,et al.Assessment:prevention of post-lumbar puncture headaches:report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the american academy of neurology[J].Neurology,2000,55(7):909-914.
[5]LIU H,KAYE A D,COMARDA N,et al.Paradoxical postural cerebrospinal fluid leak-induced headache:report of two cases[J].J Clin Anesth,2009,20(5):383-385.DOI:10.1016/j.jclinane.2008.01.011.
[6]TURNBULL D K,SHEPHERD D B.Post-dural puncture headache:pathogenesis,prevention and treatment[J].Br J Anaesth,2003,91(5):718-729.
[7]PANNULLO S C,REICH J B,KROL G.MRI changes in intracranial hypotension[J].Neurology,1993,43(5):919-926.
[8]STELLA C L,JODICKE C D,HOW H Y,et al.Postpartum headache:is your work-up complete?[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2007,196(4):318.e1-318.e7.DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.01.034.
[9]BRADBURY C L,SINGH S I,BADDER S R,et al.Prevention of post-dural puncture headache in parturients:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2013,57(4):417-430.DOI:10.1111/aas.12047.
[10]AYAD S,DEMIAN Y,NAROUZE S N,et al.Subarachnoid catheter placement after wet tap for analgesia in labor:influence on the risk of headache in obstetric patients[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2003,28(6):512-515.
[11]BOLDEN N,GEBRE E.Accidental dural puncture management:10-year experience at an academic tertiary care center[J].Reg Anes Pain Med,2016,41(2):169-174.DOI:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000339.
[12]HEESEN M,KLHR S,ROSSAINT R,et al.Insertion of an intrathecal catheter following accidental dural puncture:a meta-analysis[J].Int J Obstet Anesth,2013,22(1):26-30.DOI:10.1016/j.ijoa.2012.10.004.
[13]COHEN S,STRICKER P,SAKR A.Cerebrospinal fluid leak after disconnection of an intrathecal catheter adapter placed after accidental dural puncture[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2005,30(6):591.DOI:10.1016/j.rapm.2005.06.004.
[14]COHEN S,HUNTER C W,SAKR A,et al.Meningitis following intrathecal catheter placement after accidental dural puncture[J].Int J Obstet Anesth,2006,15(2):172.DOI:10.1016/j.ijoa.2005.10.001.
[15]RUTTER S V,SHIELDS F,BROADBENT C R,et al.Management of accidental dural puncture in labour with intrathecal catheters:an analysis of 10 years,experience[J].Int J Obstet Anesth,2001,10(3):177-181.DOI:10.1054/ijoa.2001.0854.
[16]VAN DE VELDE M.Modern neuraxial labor analgesia:options for initiation,maintenance and drug selection[J].Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim,2009,56(9):546-561.
[17]MAHONEY B,HOLCK G,CAPPIELLO E,et al.Chronotropic variation in the incidence of unintentional dural puncture in parturients undergoing epidural placement[J].Int J Obstet Anesth,2015,24(2):192-193.DOI:10.1016/j.ijoa.2015.01.001.
[18]D'ANGELO R,SMILEY R M,RILEY E T,et al.Serious complications related to obstetric anesthesia:the serious complication repository project of the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology[J].Anesthesiology,2014,120(6):1505-1512.DOI:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000253.
[19]RUSSELL I F.A prospective controlled study of continuous spinal analgesia versus repeat epidural analgesia after accidental dural puncture in labour[J].Int J Obstet Anesth,2012,21(1):7-16.DOI:10.1016/j.ijoa.2011.10.005.
[20]CAPPIELLO E,O'ROURKE N,SEGAL S,et al.A randomized trial of dural puncture epidural technique compared with the standard epidural technique for labor analgesia[J].Anesth Analg,2008,107(5):1646-1651.DOI:10.1213/ane.0b013e318184ec14.
[21]DAVIES J M,POSNER K L,LEE L A,et al.Liability associated with obstetric anesthesia:a closed claims analysis[J].Anesthesiology,2009,110(1):131-139.DOI:10.1097/ALN.0b013e318190e16a.
[22]SZYPULA K,ASHPOLE K J,BOGOD D,et al.Litigation related to regional anaesthesia:an analysis of claims against the NHS in England 1995-2007[J].Anaesthesia,2010,65(5):443-452.DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06248.x.
[23]BAYSINGER C L,POPE J E,LOCKHART E M,et al.The management of accidental dural puncture and postdural puncture headache:a North American survey[J].J Clin Anesth,2011,23(5):349-360.DOI:10.1016/j.jclinane.2011.04.003.
[24]NEWMAN M J,CYNA A M.Immediate management of inadvertent dural puncture during insertion of a labour epidural:a survey of Australian obstetric anaesthetists[J].Anaesth Intensive Care,2008,36(1):96-101.
[25]CHOI P T,GALINSKI S E,TAKEUCHI L,et al.PDPH is a common complication of neuraxial blockade in parturients:a meta-analysis of obstetrical studies[J].Can J Anaesth,2003,50(5):460-469.DOI:10.1007/BF03021057.
[26]LAMBERT D H,HURLEY R J,HERTWIG L,et al.Role of needle gauge and tip configuration in the production of lumbar puncture headache[J].Reg Anesth,1997,22(1):66-72.
[27]RICHMAN J M,JOE E M,COHEN S R,et al.Bevel direction and postdural puncture headache:a meta-analysis[J].Neurologist,2006,12(4):224-228.DOI:10.1097/01.nrl.0000219638.81115.c4.
[28]AIDA S,TAGA K,YAMAKURA T,et al.Headache after attempted epidural block:the role of intrathecal air[J].Anesthesiology,1998,88(1):76-81.
[29]LYBECKER H,MLLER J T,MAY O,et al.Incidence and prediction of postdural puncture headache.A prospective study of 1021spinal anesthesias[J].Anesth Analg,1990,70(4):389-394.
[30]LEE Y,TANAKA M,CARVALHO J C.Sonoanatomy of the lumbar spine in patients with previous unintentional dural punctures during labor epidurals[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2008,33(3):266-270.DOI:10.1016/j.rapm.2007.12.002.
[31]AMORIM J A,VALENCA M M.Postdural puncture headache is a risk factor for new postdural puncture headache[J].Cephalalgia,2008,28(1):5-8.DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01454.x.
[32]ANGLE P J,KRONBERG J E,THOMPSON D E,et al.Dural tissue trauma and cerebrospinal fluid leak after epidural needle puncture:effect of needle design,angle,and bevel orientation[J].Anesthesiology,2003,99(6):1376-1382.
[33]AL-METWALLI R R.Epidural morphine injections for prevention of post dural puncture headache[J].Anaesthesia,2008,63(8):847-850.DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05494.x.
[34]KANG S B,GOODNOUGH D E,LEE Y K,et al.Comparison of26-and 27-G needles for spinal anesthesia for ambulatory surgery patients[J].Anesthesiology,1992,76(5):734-738.
[35]DRIPPS R D,VANDAM L D.Long-term follow-up of patients who received 10,098 spinal anesthetics:failure to discover major neurological sequelae[J].J Am Med Assoc,1954,156(16):1486-1491.
[36]KLEPSTAD P.Relief of postural post dural puncture headache by an epidural blood patch 12 months after dural puncture[J].Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,1999,43(9):964-966.
[37]FOG J,WANG L P,SUNDBERG A,et al.Hearing loss after spinal anesthesia is related to needle size[J].Anesth Analg,1990,70(5):517-522.
[38]BCHARD P,PERRON G,LAROCHELLE D,et al.Case report:epidural blood patch in the treatment of abducens palsy after a dural puncture[J].Can J Anaesth,2007,54(2):146-150.DOI:10.1007/BF03022012.
[39]HEESEN M,KLHR S,ROSSAINT R,et al.Can the incidence of accidental dural puncture in laboring women be reduced?A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Minerva Anestesiol,2013,79(10):1187-1197.
[40]SECHZER P H,ABEL L.Post-spinal anesthesia headache treated with caffeine.Evaluation with demand method.Part I[J].Curr Ther Res,1978,24:307-312.
[41]FATTAHI Z,HADAVI S M,SAHMEDDINI M A.Effect of ondansetron on post-dural puncture headache(PDPH)in parturients undergoing cesarean section:a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study[J].J Anesth,2015,29(5):702-707.DOI:10.1007/s00540-015-2000-5.
[42]DIGIOVANNI A J,GALBERT M W,WAHLE W M.Epidural injection of autologous blood for postlumbar-puncture headache.Ⅱ.Additional clinical experiences and laboratory investigation[J].Anesth Analg,1972,51(2):226-232.
[43]SZEINFELD M,IHMEIDAN I H,MOSER M M,et al.Epidural blood patch:evaluation of the volume and spread of blood injected into the epidural space[J].Anesthesiology,1986,64(6):820-822.
[44]SU C S,LAN M Y,CHANG Y Y,et al.Clinical features,neuroimaging and treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension and magnetic resonance imaging evidence of blind epidural blood patch[J].Eur Neurol,2009,61(5):301-307.DOI:10.1159/000206856.
[45]DUBOST C,LE GOUEZ A,ZETLAOUI P J,et al.Increase in optic nerve sheath diameter induced by epidural blood patch:a preliminary report[J].Br J Anaesth,2011,107(4):627-630.DOI:10.1093/bja/aer186.
[46]ROSENBERG P H,HEAVENR J E.In vitro study of the effect of epidural blood patch on leakage through a dural puncture[J].Anesth Analg,1985,64(5):501-504.
[47]PAECH M J,DOHERTY D A,CHRISTMAS T,et al.The volume of blood for epidural blood patch in obstetrics:a randomized,blinded clinical trial[J].Anesth Analg,2011,113(1):126-133.DOI:10.1213/ANE.0b013e318218204d.
[48]CHEN L K,HUANG C H,JEAN W H,et al.Effective epidural blood patch volumes for postdural puncture headache in Taiwanese women[J].J Formos Med Assoc,2007,106(2):134-140.DOI:10.1016/S0929-6646(09)60229-1.
[49]RILEY C A,SPIEGEL J E.Complications following large-volume epidural blood patches for postdural puncture headache.Lumbar subdural hematoma and arachnoiditis:initial cause or final effect?[J].J Clin Anesth,2009,21(5):355-359.DOI:10.1016/j.jclinane.2008.08.028.
[50]VAN KOOTEN F,OEDIT R,BAKKER S L,et al.Epidural blood patch in post dural puncture headache:a randomised,observerblind,controlled clinical trial[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2008,79(5):553-558.DOI:10.1136/jnnp.2007.122879.
[51]ABOULEISH E,VEGA S,BLENDINGER I,et al.Long-term follow-up of epidural blood patch[J].Anesth Analg,1975,54(4):459-463.
[52]SAFA-TISSERONT V,THORMANN F,MALASSINP,et al.Effectiveness of epidural blood patch in the management of post-dural puncture headache[J].Anesthesiology,2001,95(2):334-339.
[53]KOKKI M,SJVALL S,KEINNEN M,et al.The influence of timing on the effectiveness of epidural blood patches in parturients[J].Int J Obstet Anesth,2013,22(4):303-309.DOI:10.1016/j.ijoa.2013.04.012.
[54]SCAVONE B M,WONG C A,SULLIVAN J T,et al.Efficacy of a prophylactic epidural blood patch in preventing post dural puncture headache in parturients after inadvertent dural puncture[J].Anesthesiology,2004,101(6):1422-1427.
[55]BOONMAK P,BOONMAK S.Epidural blood patching for preventing and treating post-dural puncture headache[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2010,20(1):CD001791.DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD001791.pub2.
[56]SHAPARIN N,GRITSENKO K,SHAPIRO D,et al.Timing of neuraxial pain interventions following blood patch for post dural puncture headache[J].Pain Physician,2014,17(2):119-125.
[57]OLSEN K S.Epidural blood patch in the treatment of post-lumbar puncture headache[J].Pain,1987,30(3):293-301.
[58]CESUR M,ALICI H A,ERDEM A F,et al.Epidural blood patch with allogeneic blood for post-dural puncture headache[J].Int J Obstet Anesth,2005,14(3):261-262.DOI:10.1016/j.ijoa.2004.11.006.
[59]ANDREWS P J,ACKERMAN W E,JUNEJA M,et al.Transient bradycardia associated with extradural blood patch after inadvertent dural puncture in parturients[J].Br J Anaesth,1992,69(4):401-403.
[60]KUEPER M,GOERICKE S L,KASTRUP O.Cerebral venous thrombosis after epidural blood patch:coincidence or causal relation?A case report and review of the literature[J].Cephalalgia,2008,28(7):769-773.DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01573.x.
[61]PAGANI-ESTVEZ G L,CHEN J J,WATSON J C,et al.Acute vision loss secondary to epidural blood patch:terson syndrome[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2016,41(2):164-168.DOI:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000352.
[62]KALINA P,CRAIGO P,WEINGARTEN T.Intrathecal injection of epidural blood patch:a case report and review of the literature[J].Emerg Radiol,2004,11(1):56-59.DOI:10.1007/s10140-004-0365-0.
[63]TOM D J,GULEVICH S J,SHAPIRO H M,et al.Epidural blood patch in the HIV-positive patient.Review of clinical experience.San Diego HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center[J].Anesthesiology,1992,76(6):943-947.
[64]HEBL J R,HORLOCKER T T,CHANTIGIAN R C,et al.Epidural anesthesia and analgesia are not impaired after dural puncture with or without epidural blood patch[J].Anesth Analg,1999,89(2):390-394.
[65]CHANNABASAPPA S M,MANJUNATH S,BOMMALINGAPPA B,et al.Transnasal sphenopalatine ganglion block for the treatment of postdural puncture headache following spinal anesthesia[J].Saudi JAnaesth,2017,11(3):362-363.DOI:10.4103/sja.SJA_59_17.
[66]NAIR A S,RAYANI B K.Sphenopalatine ganglion block for relieving postdural puncture headache:technique and mechanism of action of block with a narrative review of efficacy[J].Korean J Pain,2017,30(2):93-97.DOI:10.3344/kjp.2017.30.2.93.
[67]AKIN TAKMAZ S,UNAL KANTEKIN C,KAYMAK C,et al.Treatment of post-dural puncture headache with bilateral greater occipital nerve block[J].Headache,2010,50(5):869-872.DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01656.x.